{"id":28012,"date":"2023-05-24T10:07:19","date_gmt":"2023-05-24T13:07:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/?p=28012"},"modified":"2023-05-24T10:07:21","modified_gmt":"2023-05-24T13:07:21","slug":"sampling-bias","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/tr\/ornekleme-onyargisi\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00d6rnekleme yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ad\u0131 verilen bir sorun"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Kullan\u0131lan metodoloji veya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan disiplin ne olursa olsun, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 pop\u00fclasyonun \u00f6zelliklerini yans\u0131tan temsili \u00f6rneklemler kulland\u0131klar\u0131ndan emin olmalar\u0131 gerekir. Bu makalede \u00f6rnekleme yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 kavram\u0131, farkl\u0131 t\u00fcrleri ve uygulama yollar\u0131 ile etkilerini azaltmaya y\u00f6nelik en iyi uygulamalar ele al\u0131nacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00d6rnekleme yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedir?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00d6rnekleme yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, bir pop\u00fclasyondaki belirli bireylerin veya gruplar\u0131n bir \u00f6rne\u011fe dahil edilme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n di\u011ferlerine g\u00f6re daha y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu ve bunun da yanl\u0131 veya temsili olmayan bir \u00f6rne\u011fe yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir durumu ifade eder. Bu durum, rastgele olmayan \u00f6rnekleme y\u00f6ntemleri, kendi kendini se\u00e7me yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli nedenlerle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, \u00f6rneklem yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00f6rneklemi daha b\u00fcy\u00fck pop\u00fclasyonu temsil etmeyebilecek belirli \u00f6zellikler veya perspektifler lehine \u00e7arp\u0131tarak ara\u015ft\u0131rma bulgular\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini ve genelle\u015ftirilebilirli\u011fini zay\u0131flatabilir.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130deal olarak, t\u00fcm anket kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 rastgele bir \u015fekilde se\u00e7meniz gerekir. Ancak, pratikte, maliyet ve kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 mevcudiyeti gibi k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar nedeniyle rastgele kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 se\u00e7imi yapmak zor olabilir. Rastgele bir veri toplama i\u015flemi yapmasan\u0131z bile, verilerinizde mevcut olabilecek potansiyel \u00f6nyarg\u0131lar\u0131n fark\u0131nda olman\u0131z \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00d6rnekleme yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n baz\u0131 \u00f6rnekleri \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><strong>G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc \u00f6nyarg\u0131s\u0131<\/strong>: Bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya kat\u0131lmak i\u00e7in g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc olan kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar, g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc olmayanlardan farkl\u0131 \u00f6zelliklere sahip olabilir ve bu da temsili olmayan bir \u00f6rnekleme yol a\u00e7abilir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Rastgele olmayan \u00f6rnekleme<\/strong>: Bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131n\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 yaln\u0131zca belirli yerlerden se\u00e7mesi ya da yaln\u0131zca belirli \u00f6zelliklere sahip kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 se\u00e7mesi yanl\u0131 bir \u00f6rnekleme yol a\u00e7abilir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Hayatta kalma \u00f6nyarg\u0131s\u0131<\/strong>: Bu durum, bir \u00f6rneklem sadece belirli bir durumda hayatta kalan veya ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olan bireyleri i\u00e7erdi\u011finde, hayatta kalamayan veya ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olanlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015far\u0131da b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Uygunluk \u00f6rneklemesi<\/strong>: Bu \u00f6rnekleme t\u00fcr\u00fc, yak\u0131nlarda bulunanlar veya \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i bir ankete yan\u0131t verenler gibi kolayca eri\u015filebilen kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n se\u00e7ilmesini i\u00e7erir, ancak bu kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar daha b\u00fcy\u00fck n\u00fcfusu temsil etmeyebilir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Do\u011frulama \u00f6nyarg\u0131s\u0131<\/strong>: Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, hipotezlerini veya ara\u015ft\u0131rma sorular\u0131n\u0131 destekleyen kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 bilin\u00e7sizce veya kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak se\u00e7ebilir ve bu da yanl\u0131 sonu\u00e7lara yol a\u00e7abilir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Hawthorne etkisi<\/strong>: Kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar, \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 veya g\u00f6zlemlendiklerini bildiklerinde davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 veya tepkilerini de\u011fi\u015ftirebilir ve bu da temsili olmayan sonu\u00e7lara yol a\u00e7abilir.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;Bu \u00f6nyarg\u0131lar\u0131n fark\u0131ndaysan\u0131z, \u00f6nyarg\u0131 d\u00fczeltmesi yapmak ve verilerinizin temsil etti\u011fi pop\u00fclasyonu daha iyi anlamak i\u00e7in analizde bunlar\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00d6rnekleme yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcrleri<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Se\u00e7im yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong>\u00d6rneklem pop\u00fclasyonu temsil etmedi\u011finde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcm yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong>Toplanan veriler hatal\u0131 veya eksik oldu\u011funda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Raporlama \u00f6nyarg\u0131s\u0131<\/strong>Kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar yanl\u0131\u015f veya eksik bilgi verdi\u011finde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Yan\u0131t vermeme yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong>N\u00fcfusun baz\u0131 \u00fcyeleri ankete yan\u0131t vermedi\u011finde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar ve temsili olmayan bir \u00f6rnekleme yol a\u00e7ar.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00d6rnekleme yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n nedenleri<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Uygunluk \u00f6rneklemesi<\/strong>: bilimsel bir y\u00f6ntem kullanmak yerine uygunlu\u011fa dayal\u0131 bir \u00f6rneklem se\u00e7mek.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Kendi kendini se\u00e7me \u00f6nyarg\u0131s\u0131<\/strong>: sadece ankete kat\u0131lmaya g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc olanlar dahil edilmi\u015ftir, bu da n\u00fcfusu temsil etmeyebilir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u00d6rnekleme \u00e7er\u00e7evesi yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong>\u00d6rneklemi se\u00e7mek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan \u00f6rnekleme \u00e7er\u00e7evesi pop\u00fclasyonu temsil etmedi\u011finde.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Hayatta kalma \u00f6nyarg\u0131s\u0131<\/strong>: N\u00fcfusun sadece belirli \u00fcyelerinin kat\u0131lmas\u0131, temsil edici olmayan bir \u00f6rnekleme yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131nda. \u00d6rne\u011fin, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar sadece hayatta olan ki\u015filerle anket yaparlarsa, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yap\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f olan ki\u015filerden bilgi alamayabilirler.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Bilgi eksikli\u011finden kaynaklanan \u00f6rnekleme yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong>Yanl\u0131 tahminlere yol a\u00e7abilecek de\u011fi\u015fkenlik kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mamak.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u00d6rneklem y\u00f6netimindeki hatalardan kaynaklanan \u00f6rnekleme yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong>Uygun veya iyi i\u015fleyen bir \u00f6rnekleme \u00e7er\u00e7evesi kullanmamak veya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya kat\u0131lmay\u0131 reddederek \u00f6rneklemin yanl\u0131 se\u00e7ilmesine yol a\u00e7mak.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Klinik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda \u00f6rnekleme yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Klinik deneyler, yeni bir tedavinin veya ilac\u0131n belirli bir pop\u00fclasyon \u00fczerindeki etkinli\u011fini test etmekten sorumludur. Bunlar ila\u00e7 geli\u015ftirme s\u00fcrecinin \u00f6nemli bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r ve bir tedavinin genel olarak halka sunulmadan \u00f6nce g\u00fcvenli ve etkili olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirler. Ancak, klinik deneyler ayn\u0131 zamanda se\u00e7im yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na da e\u011filimlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Se\u00e7im yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan \u00f6rneklemin temsil etmesi gereken pop\u00fclasyonu temsil etmedi\u011fi durumlarda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Klinik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda, kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar se\u00e7ilerek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya dahil edildiklerinde ya da kendi kendilerini se\u00e7tiklerinde se\u00e7im yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Diyelim ki bir ila\u00e7 \u015firketi yeni bir kanser ilac\u0131n\u0131n etkinli\u011fini test etmek i\u00e7in bir klinik ara\u015ft\u0131rma y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcyor. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7in kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 hastaneler, klinikler ve kanser destek gruplar\u0131ndaki reklamlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i ba\u015fvurular yoluyla toplamaya karar verirler. Ancak toplad\u0131klar\u0131 \u00f6rneklem, bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya kat\u0131lmaya daha istekli olanlara veya belirli bir kanser t\u00fcr\u00fcne sahip olanlara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nyarg\u0131l\u0131 olabilir. Bu da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n daha geni\u015f bir n\u00fcfusa genelle\u015ftirilmesini zorla\u015ft\u0131rabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Klinik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda se\u00e7im yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 en aza indirmek i\u00e7in ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar kat\u0131 dahil etme ve hari\u00e7 tutma kriterleri ve rastgele se\u00e7im s\u00fcre\u00e7leri uygulamal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7in se\u00e7ilen kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 \u00f6rnekleminin daha b\u00fcy\u00fck pop\u00fclasyonu temsil etmesini sa\u011flayacak ve toplanan verilerdeki herhangi bir yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 en aza indirecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00d6rnekleme yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan kaynaklanan sorunlar<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00d6rnekleme yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunludur \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00f6rneklemden hesaplanan bir istatisti\u011fin sistematik olarak hatal\u0131 olmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Pop\u00fclasyondaki ilgili parametrenin sistematik olarak fazla veya eksik tahmin edilmesine yol a\u00e7abilir. \u00d6rneklemede m\u00fckemmel rastgeleli\u011fi sa\u011flamak pratikte imkans\u0131z oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in uygulamada ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yanl\u0131\u015f temsilin derecesi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckse, \u00f6rneklem rastgele bir \u00f6rnekleme makul bir yakla\u015f\u0131m olarak ele al\u0131nabilir. Buna ek olarak, \u00f6rneklem \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclen miktar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan belirgin bir farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6stermiyorsa, tarafl\u0131 bir \u00f6rneklem yine de makul bir tahmin olabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Baz\u0131 ki\u015filer yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar elde etmek i\u00e7in kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak tarafl\u0131 bir \u00f6rneklem kullanabilirken, daha s\u0131kl\u0131kla tarafl\u0131 bir \u00f6rneklem, ger\u00e7ekten temsili bir \u00f6rneklem elde etmenin zorlu\u011funun veya \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm veya analiz s\u00fcre\u00e7lerindeki yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmesinin bir yans\u0131mas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ekstrapolasyon: aral\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6tesinde<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130statistikte, veri aral\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesinde bir \u015fey hakk\u0131nda sonu\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131karmaya ekstrapolasyon denir. \u00d6nyarg\u0131l\u0131 bir \u00f6rneklemden bir sonu\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131karmak, ekstrapolasyonun bir \u015feklidir: \u00f6rnekleme y\u00f6ntemi, incelenen pop\u00fclasyonun belirli k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 sistematik olarak hari\u00e7 tuttu\u011fu i\u00e7in, \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131mlar yaln\u0131zca \u00f6rneklenen alt pop\u00fclasyon i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ekstrapolasyon, \u00f6rne\u011fin, \u00fcniversite \u00f6\u011frencilerinden olu\u015fan bir \u00f6rnekleme dayal\u0131 bir \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131m\u0131n ya\u015fl\u0131 yeti\u015fkinlere veya yaln\u0131zca sekizinci s\u0131n\u0131f e\u011fitimi alm\u0131\u015f yeti\u015fkinlere uygulanmas\u0131 durumunda da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Ekstrapolasyon, istatistiklerin uygulanmas\u0131 veya yorumlanmas\u0131nda yayg\u0131n bir hatad\u0131r. Bazen, iyi veri elde etmenin zorlu\u011fu veya imkans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle, ekstrapolasyon yapabilece\u011fimizin en iyisidir, ancak her zaman en az\u0131ndan bir tuz tanesi ile ve genellikle b\u00fcy\u00fck bir belirsizlik dozu ile al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Bilimden s\u00f6zde bilime<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sampling_bias\">Wikipedia'da belirtildi\u011fi gibi<\/a>Bir \u00f6nyarg\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilebilece\u011fine dair bir \u00f6rnek, biyolojideki farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc olarak bir oran\u0131n (di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle kat de\u011fi\u015fimi) yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Belirli bir farka sahip iki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck say\u0131 ile b\u00fcy\u00fck bir oran elde etmek daha kolay ve daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir farka sahip iki b\u00fcy\u00fck say\u0131 ile b\u00fcy\u00fck bir oran elde etmek nispeten daha zor oldu\u011fundan, nispeten b\u00fcy\u00fck say\u0131sal \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmler kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rken b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nemli farklar g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7abilir.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Baz\u0131lar\u0131 bunu 's\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rma yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131' olarak adland\u0131rmaktad\u0131r \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc fark (\u00e7\u0131karma) yerine oran (b\u00f6lme) kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 analiz sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 bilimden s\u00f6zde bilime d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Baz\u0131 \u00f6rneklemler, yine de parametrelerin tahmin edilmesine olanak tan\u0131yan yanl\u0131 bir istatistiksel tasar\u0131m kullanmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, ABD Ulusal Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u0130statistikleri Merkezi, bu gruplar i\u00e7indeki tahminler i\u00e7in yeterli hassasiyet elde etmek amac\u0131yla \u00fclke \u00e7ap\u0131ndaki anketlerinin \u00e7o\u011funda az\u0131nl\u0131k n\u00fcfuslar\u0131n\u0131 kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak fazla \u00f6rneklemektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu anketler, t\u00fcm etnik gruplarda uygun tahminler \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in \u00f6rneklem a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir. Belirli ko\u015fullar yerine getirilirse (\u00f6zellikle a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n do\u011fru hesaplanmas\u0131 ve kullan\u0131lmas\u0131) bu \u00f6rnekler n\u00fcfus parametrelerinin do\u011fru tahmin edilmesini sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00d6rnekleme \u00d6nyarg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 Azaltmak i\u00e7in En \u0130yi Uygulamalar<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Elde edilen verilerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan pop\u00fclasyonu do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde yans\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olmak i\u00e7in uygun bir \u00f6rnekleme y\u00f6ntemi se\u00e7mek \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Rastgele \u00d6rnekleme Teknikleri<\/strong>: Rastgele \u00f6rnekleme tekniklerinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, \u00f6rneklemin pop\u00fclasyonu temsil etme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r. Bu teknik, \u00f6rneklemin s\u00f6z konusu pop\u00fclasyonu m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca temsil etmesini ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00f6nyarg\u0131lar i\u00e7ermesinin daha az olas\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u00d6rneklem B\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Hesaplama<\/strong>: \u00d6rneklem b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hesaplamas\u0131, istatistiksel olarak anlaml\u0131 hipotezleri test etmek i\u00e7in yeterli g\u00fcce sahip olacak \u015fekilde yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rneklem b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ne kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck olursa, pop\u00fclasyonu o kadar iyi temsil eder.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Trend Analizi<\/strong>: Alternatif veri kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve se\u00e7ilmemi\u015f olabilecek verilerde g\u00f6zlemlenen e\u011filimlerin analiz edilmesi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u00d6nyarg\u0131 Kontrol\u00fc<\/strong>: Belirli veri noktalar\u0131n\u0131n sistematik olarak hari\u00e7 tutulmas\u0131 veya a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 dahil edilmesini belirlemek i\u00e7in \u00f6nyarg\u0131 olu\u015fumlar\u0131 izlenmelidir.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u00d6rneklere dikkat edin<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00d6rnekleme yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, ara\u015ft\u0131rma y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcrken dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken \u00f6nemli bir husustur. Kullan\u0131lan metodoloji veya \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan disiplin ne olursa olsun, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 pop\u00fclasyonun \u00f6zelliklerini yans\u0131tan temsili \u00f6rneklemler kulland\u0131klar\u0131ndan emin olmalar\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ara\u015ft\u0131rma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 olu\u015fturulurken, \u00f6rneklem se\u00e7im s\u00fcrecinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00f6rneklemden veri toplamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan metodolojiye de \u00e7ok dikkat etmek gerekir. Ara\u015ft\u0131rma sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7erli ve g\u00fcvenilir olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in rastgele \u00f6rnekleme teknikleri, \u00f6rneklem b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hesaplamas\u0131, e\u011filim analizi ve \u00f6nyarg\u0131 kontrol\u00fc gibi en iyi uygulamalar kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r, b\u00f6ylece politika ve uygulamalar\u0131 etkileme olas\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 artar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dakikalar i\u00e7inde g\u00f6z al\u0131c\u0131 bilimsel infografikler<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/\">Mind the Graph<\/a> y\u00fcksek kaliteli bilimsel grafikler ve ill\u00fcstrasyonlar olu\u015fturmas\u0131 gereken bilim insanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i ara\u00e7t\u0131r. Kullan\u0131c\u0131 dostu ve farkl\u0131 teknik uzmanl\u0131k seviyelerine sahip bilim insanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in eri\u015filebilir olan platform, yay\u0131nlar\u0131, sunumlar\u0131 ve di\u011fer bilimsel ileti\u015fim materyalleri i\u00e7in grafikler olu\u015fturmas\u0131 gereken ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar i\u00e7in ideal bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130ster ya\u015fam bilimleri, ister fiziksel bilimler veya m\u00fchendislik alan\u0131nda bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 olun, Mind the Graph ara\u015ft\u0131rma bulgular\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k ve g\u00f6rsel olarak ilgi \u00e7ekici bir \u015fekilde iletmenize yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacak geni\u015f bir kaynak yelpazesi sunar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/r3qiu0qenda-3.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-25130\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button aligncenter\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-background wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/app\/offer-trial\" style=\"border-radius:50px;background-color:#dc1866\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u00dccretsiz \u0130nfografik Olu\u015fturmaya Ba\u015flay\u0131n<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:44px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00d6rnekleme yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, istatistik, sosyal bilimler ve epidemiyoloji gibi disiplinlerde ara\u015ft\u0131rma y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcrken kritik bir husustur. <\/p>","protected":false},"author":38,"featured_media":28013,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959,28],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v19.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>A problem called Sampling bias - Mind the Graph Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Sampling bias is a critical consideration when conducting research within disciplines such as statistics, social science, and epidemiology.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/tr\/ornekleme-onyargisi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"A problem called Sampling bias\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Sampling bias is a critical consideration when conducting research within disciplines such as statistics, social science, and epidemiology.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/tr\/ornekleme-onyargisi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Mind the Graph Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-05-24T13:07:19+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-05-24T13:07:21+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/sampling-bias-blog.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1123\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"612\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Gilberto de Abreu\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"A problem called Sampling bias\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"Sampling bias is a critical consideration when conducting research within disciplines such as statistics, social science, and epidemiology.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:image\" content=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/sampling-bias-blog.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Gilberto de Abreu\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"8 minutes\" \/>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"A problem called Sampling bias - 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