{"id":26914,"date":"2023-02-27T12:44:00","date_gmt":"2023-02-27T15:44:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/what-is-stargazing-copy\/"},"modified":"2023-02-28T18:06:09","modified_gmt":"2023-02-28T21:06:09","slug":"earthquake-magnitude","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/sv_se\/jordbavning-magnitud\/","title":{"rendered":"F\u00f6rst\u00e5else f\u00f6r jordb\u00e4vningars magnitud och deras effekter"},"content":{"rendered":"

Jordb\u00e4vningar \u00e4r en utbredd naturh\u00e4ndelse som intr\u00e4ffar regelbundet \u00f6ver hela v\u00e4rlden. Enligt United States Geological Survey (USGS) intr\u00e4ffar hundratusentals jordb\u00e4vningar varje \u00e5r, varav de flesta \u00e4r f\u00f6r svaga f\u00f6r att m\u00e4rkas av m\u00e4nniskor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jordb\u00e4vningarnas frekvens varierar kraftigt beroende p\u00e5 var de intr\u00e4ffar. P\u00e5 grund av sin placering p\u00e5 aktiva plattgr\u00e4nser upplever vissa platser, som Kalifornien och Japan, regelbundna jordb\u00e4vningar, medan andra bara upplever sporadiska jordb\u00e4vningar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Syrien och Turkiet \u00e4r ocks\u00e5 utsatta f\u00f6r jordb\u00e4vningar. Turkiet ligger p\u00e5 gr\u00e4nsen mellan den afrikanska och den eurasiska tektoniska plattan, medan Syrien ligger p\u00e5 gr\u00e4nsen mellan den afrikanska och den arabiska tektoniska plattan. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e4rf\u00f6r drabbades de av en fruktansv\u00e4rd jordb\u00e4vning den 6 februari 2023, som d\u00f6dade \u00f6ver 11 000 m\u00e4nniskor och skadade tiotusentals fler. Jordb\u00e4vningen hade en magnitud p\u00e5 7,8, vilket anses vara en mycket stor och potentiellt destruktiv jordb\u00e4vning. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vad \u00e4r jordb\u00e4vningens magnitud?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

En jordb\u00e4vnings magnitud \u00e4r ett m\u00e5tt p\u00e5 dess storlek eller styrka som anv\u00e4nds f\u00f6r att representera den m\u00e4ngd energi som genereras av jordb\u00e4vningen. Magnituden ber\u00e4knas med hj\u00e4lp av de seismiska v\u00e5gornas storlek och den m\u00e4ngd markr\u00f6relser som observerats. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Richterskalan, som skapades p\u00e5 1930-talet av Charles Richter, var under m\u00e5nga \u00e5r det traditionella m\u00e5ttet p\u00e5 jordb\u00e4vningars magnitud, men i dag har Moment Magnitude Scale i princip ersatt den. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hur m\u00e4ter man jordb\u00e4vningens magnitud? <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Det finns m\u00e5nga metoder f\u00f6r att m\u00e4ta storleken p\u00e5 en jordb\u00e4vning, och varje metod ger en annan uppskattning av jordb\u00e4vningens storlek. Nedan f\u00f6ljer de vanligaste metoderna:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Richterskalan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Richters magnitudskala baseras p\u00e5 den st\u00f6rsta seismiska v\u00e5g som registreras av en seismometer och ger ett enda v\u00e4rde som beskriver jordb\u00e4vningens totala magnitud. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Den \u00e4r logaritmisk, vilket inneb\u00e4r att en liten \u00f6kning av magnituden resulterar i en betydande \u00f6kning av jordb\u00e4vningens storlek. En jordb\u00e4vning med magnitud 7,0 \u00e4r till exempel tio g\u00e5nger st\u00f6rre \u00e4n en jordb\u00e4vning med magnitud 6,0 och hundra g\u00e5nger st\u00f6rre \u00e4n en jordb\u00e4vning med magnitud 5,0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Richterskalan str\u00e4cker sig fr\u00e5n 0 till 9, d\u00e4r tal under 2,0 vanligtvis inte k\u00e4nns av m\u00e4nniskor och tal \u00f6ver 8,0 anses vara stora jordb\u00e4vningar som kan orsaka omfattande skador och katastrofer. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Moment Magnitudskala<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Moment Magnitude Scale introducerades som ett alternativ till Richter magnitudskalan f\u00f6r att best\u00e4mma en jordb\u00e4vnings magnitud. Moment Magnitude Scale, till skillnad fr\u00e5n Richter magnitude scale, uppskattar den totala energin som genereras av en jordb\u00e4vning. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Det baseras p\u00e5 konceptet seismiskt moment, som \u00e4r en jordb\u00e4vningsmagnitud baserad p\u00e5 m\u00e4ngden glidning (r\u00f6relse) p\u00e5 f\u00f6rkastningen, det omr\u00e5de av f\u00f6rkastningen som har glidit och jordskorpans styvhet. Det seismiska momentet genereras fr\u00e5n m\u00e4tningar av seismiska v\u00e5gor och anv\u00e4nds f\u00f6r att bed\u00f6ma jordb\u00e4vningens momentstorlek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Moment Magnitude Scale, liksom Richterskalan, \u00e4r logaritmisk, vilket inneb\u00e4r att en liten \u00f6kning av magnituden motsvarar en enorm \u00f6kning av jordb\u00e4vningens storlek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Momentmagnitudskalan str\u00e4cker sig fr\u00e5n -2,0 till 9,0 och \u00e4r den mest anv\u00e4nda magnitudskalan f\u00f6r jordb\u00e4vningar eftersom den m\u00e4ter storleken p\u00e5 en jordb\u00e4vning mer exakt \u00e4n Richterskalan, s\u00e4rskilt f\u00f6r stora jordb\u00e4vningar som intr\u00e4ffar p\u00e5 betydande djup.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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<\/a>Mercalli-skalan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Mercalli-skalan \u00e4r en skala f\u00f6r jordb\u00e4vningars sv\u00e5righetsgrad som visar hur jordb\u00e4vningar p\u00e5verkar jordskorpan samt individer, byggnader och andra strukturer. Mercalli-skalan anv\u00e4nds ofta i kombination med Richterskalan eller Moment Magnitude Scale, som anv\u00e4nds f\u00f6r att best\u00e4mma jordb\u00e4vningens magnitud.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Skalan \u00e4r baserad p\u00e5 ett romerskt siffersystem fr\u00e5n I till XII, d\u00e4r I inneb\u00e4r svaga skakningar som inte k\u00e4nns av m\u00e4nniskor och XII inneb\u00e4r extremt kraftiga skakningar som orsakar omfattande skador och f\u00f6rst\u00f6relse. Skalan tar h\u00e4nsyn till vilken typ av yta jordb\u00e4vningen sker p\u00e5, vilken typ av strukturer som p\u00e5verkas och hur stor f\u00f6rst\u00f6relse som orsakas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercalli-skalan och Moment Magnitude Scale eller Richterskalan ger tillsammans en mer \u00f6vergripande f\u00f6rst\u00e5else av en jordb\u00e4vning, som omfattar b\u00e5de dess magnitud och konsekvenser. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Om t.ex. en jordb\u00e4vning med h\u00f6gre Moment Magnitude intr\u00e4ffar p\u00e5 en mindre befolkad plats eller om marken \u00e4r mindre k\u00e4nslig f\u00f6r skador, kanske den inte g\u00f6r lika stor skada som en jordb\u00e4vning med l\u00e4gre Moment Magnitude i ett mycket befolkat omr\u00e5de eller om marken \u00e4r mycket k\u00e4nslig f\u00f6r skador, kan skadorna i denna situation vara st\u00f6rre. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e4rf\u00f6r kan det vara b\u00e4st att kombinera de tv\u00e5 skalorna eftersom Mercalli-skalan baseras p\u00e5 observationer av personer som upplevde jordb\u00e4vningen och rapporterade om de effekter de s\u00e5g.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hur lokaliserar man en jordb\u00e4vnings epicentrum?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Seismologer anv\u00e4nder en teknik som kallas triangulering f\u00f6r att fastst\u00e4lla en jordb\u00e4vnings epicentrum. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Den bakomliggande id\u00e9n till triangulering \u00e4r att seismiska v\u00e5gor fr\u00e5n en jordb\u00e4vning f\u00e4rdas med varierande hastighet genom olika material och anl\u00e4nder vid olika tidpunkter till seismografiska stationer som ligger p\u00e5 olika avst\u00e5nd fr\u00e5n epicentrum. Seismologer kan uppskatta epicentrums position genom att studera de seismiska v\u00e5gornas ankomsttider vid flera seismografiska platser.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jordb\u00e4vningens intensitet<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Storleksordning<\/th>Intensitet<\/th>Inverkan<\/th>Den genomsnittliga frekvensen av jordb\u00e4vningar<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
2,0 eller l\u00e4gre<\/strong><\/td>Mikro<\/td>K\u00e4nns s\u00e4llan<\/td>\u00d6ver miljoner per \u00e5r<\/td><\/tr>
2,0 till 2,9<\/strong><\/td>Mindre<\/td>L\u00e4tt filtrerad<\/td>\u00d6ver en miljon per \u00e5r<\/td><\/tr>
3,0 till 3,9<\/strong><\/td>Mer \u00e4n mindre<\/td>Ofta k\u00e4nt<\/td>\u00d6ver hundra tusen per \u00e5r<\/td><\/tr>
4,0 till 4,9<\/strong><\/td>Ljus<\/td>K\u00e4nns av de flesta m\u00e4nniskor<\/td>\u00d6ver tiotusen per \u00e5r<\/td><\/tr>
5,0 till 5,9<\/strong><\/td>Moderat<\/td>Kan skada d\u00e5liga strukturer<\/td>\u00d6ver tusen per \u00e5r<\/td><\/tr>
6,0 till 6,9<\/strong><\/td>Stark<\/td>Orsakar skador p\u00e5 m\u00e5ttliga v\u00e4lbyggda strukturer<\/td>\u00d6ver hundra per \u00e5r<\/td><\/tr>
7,0 till 7,9<\/strong><\/td>St\u00f6rre<\/td>Orsakar skador p\u00e5 de flesta byggnader<\/td>Tio till tjugo per \u00e5r<\/td><\/tr>
8,0 till 8,9<\/strong><\/td>Stor<\/td>Stora skador p\u00e5 byggnader<\/td>En per \u00e5r<\/td><\/tr>
9,0 eller mer<\/strong><\/td>St\u00f6rsta<\/td>Kan rasera alla byggnader<\/td>En p\u00e5 tio \u00e5r eller mer<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Vi \u00e4r specialiserade p\u00e5 grafiska sammanfattningar, vetenskapsfigurer som alla \u00e4r kuraterade av forskare<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Grafiska sammanfattningar kan hj\u00e4lpa forskare att f\u00f6rmedla komplicerade begrepp, betona viktiga resultat, \u00f6ka forskningens uppt\u00e4ckbarhet och fr\u00e4mja tv\u00e4rvetenskapligt arbete. Forskare kan g\u00f6ra sina studier mer tillg\u00e4ngliga och begripliga genom att anv\u00e4nda grafiska sammanfattningar, vilket kan bidra till framsteg inom det vetenskapliga omr\u00e5det \u00f6ver hela linjen. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Om du beh\u00f6ver ett enkelt verktyg f\u00f6r att skapa grafiska abstraktioner kan du anv\u00e4nda Mind The Graph, ett verktyg som \u00e4r t\u00e4nkt att vara anv\u00e4ndarv\u00e4nligt, s\u00e5 att alla, \u00e4ven de med begr\u00e4nsade designkunskaper, kan skapa grafik av professionell kvalitet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Det \u00e4r dags att f\u00f6rst\u00e5 jordb\u00e4vningsmagnituden, de mest anv\u00e4nda skalorna och hur de kan f\u00f6ruts\u00e4ga hur allvarlig en h\u00e4ndelse \u00e4r.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":28,"featured_media":26924,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959,28],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nUnderstanding Earthquake Magnitudes and Their Impact<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"It's time to understand the earthquake magnitude, the most often used scales, and how they might predict the severity of an event.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/sv_se\/wielkosc-trzesienia-ziemi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sv_SE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" 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