{"id":14781,"date":"2021-10-14T14:28:34","date_gmt":"2021-10-14T17:28:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/?p=14781"},"modified":"2023-01-05T14:53:24","modified_gmt":"2023-01-05T17:53:24","slug":"motivational-tactics-the-math-behind-the-reward-system","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/sv_se\/motiverande-taktik-matten-bakom-beloningssystemet\/","title":{"rendered":"Motiverande taktik: Matematiken bakom bel\u00f6ningssystemet"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bel\u00f6ningssystemet<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

En internt motiverad strategi styr hur mycket vi anstr\u00e4nger oss f\u00f6r att uppn\u00e5 ett m\u00e5l. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fr\u00e5gan \u00e4r: Vad motiverar oss att g\u00f6ra v\u00e5rt b\u00e4sta f\u00f6r att n\u00e5 ett m\u00e5l, hur obetydligt det \u00e4n kan tyckas vara? \u00c4r det v\u00e5r hj\u00e4rna som f\u00f6rs\u00f6ker locka oss till en bel\u00f6ning som en motivationsstrategi som kommer att driva oss fram\u00e5t? Vilka \u00e4r sk\u00e4len bakom v\u00e5ra handlingar?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bel\u00f6ningssystemet f\u00f6rsvagas av m\u00e5nga patologiska tillst\u00e5nd, vilket orsakar brist p\u00e5 motivation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A nyligen genomf\u00f6rd unders\u00f6kning<\/a> i Japan unders\u00f6kte apors n\u00e4tverk av bel\u00f6ningssystem och justerade dem. I sin studie uppt\u00e4ckte forskarna ett par grundl\u00e4ggande aspekter av bel\u00f6ningssystem som syftar till att \u00f6ka motivationen. <\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"Mind<\/a>
Mind the Graph illustration: Vervetapa nykter<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Ur neurologisk synvinkel handlar det om hj\u00e4rnans bel\u00f6ningssystem, som p\u00e5verkar v\u00e5r ben\u00e4genhet att str\u00e4va efter v\u00e5ra m\u00e5l och njuta av den tillfredsst\u00e4llelse som kommer n\u00e4r vi uppn\u00e5r dem. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

F\u00f6r att identifiera k\u00e4llan till de skadliga psykologiska sv\u00e5righeter som vissa grupper av m\u00e4nniskor kan drabbas av (t.ex. personer med depression, schizofreni eller Parkinsons sjukdom, vars bel\u00f6ningssystem vanligtvis \u00e4r nedsatt), unders\u00f6ker forskare bel\u00f6ningssystemets mekanismer och hur det fattar beslut om huruvida vissa handlingar ska inledas eller inte.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"Mind<\/a>
Mind the Graph Mall<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Avkodning av motivation: Vad forskarna kom fram till<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Varje dag v\u00e4ger vi f\u00f6rdelarna och kostnaderna med en handling och avg\u00f6r om vi ska agera eller inte. F\u00f6rdelar (bel\u00f6ningar) \u00f6kar sannolikheten f\u00f6r ett lyckat resultat, medan kostnaden f\u00f6r att uppn\u00e5 detta resultat (risk, f\u00f6rsening och h\u00e5rt arbete) leder till minskade bel\u00f6ningar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dopamin (DA) \u00e4r en viktig komponent i motivation och p\u00e5verkar beteendet baserat p\u00e5 de f\u00f6rv\u00e4ntade bel\u00f6ningarna eller kostnaderna f\u00f6r en handling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Positiv \u00f6kning av fasavfyrning av DA-neuroner i mellanhj\u00e4rnan \u00e4r korrelerad med potentiella bel\u00f6ningar, och kontraproduktiv \u00f6kning \u00e4r korrelerad med risker.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e4r DA \u00f6verf\u00f6r sina effekter i hj\u00e4rnan sker det via DA-receptorer, som s\u00f6ker upp och binder DA-molekylerna och p\u00e5 s\u00e5 s\u00e4tt sprider signalerna i hela nervsystemet. Eftersom egenskaperna hos varje receptor skiljer sig \u00e5t var det viktigt att f\u00f6rst\u00e5 den relativa inverkan som varje receptor har p\u00e5 DA-signalv\u00e4gen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

F\u00f6r att f\u00f6rst\u00e5 motivation anv\u00e4nde forskare makakapor f\u00f6r att studera tv\u00e5 typer av DA-receptorer: D1-receptorer (D1R) och D2-receptorer (D2R) - som b\u00e5da spelar en roll i bel\u00f6ningsdriven motivation.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"Mind<\/a>
Mind the Graph Mall<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Forskarna anv\u00e4nde en systematisk metod f\u00f6r att modulera D1R- och DA-receptorerna hos dessa apor genom att injicera dem med en molekyl som d\u00e4mpade apornas DA-respons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Med hj\u00e4lp av positronemissionstomografi fastst\u00e4lldes hur m\u00e5nga receptorer som var bundna eller blockerade i djurens hj\u00e4rnor. D\u00e4refter fick aporna uppgifter att slutf\u00f6ra i utbyte mot en bel\u00f6ning. Detta inkluderade att fastst\u00e4lla om de accepterade uppgifterna eller inte, och om de var snabba att svara p\u00e5 signalerna. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

F\u00f6r en djupg\u00e5ende f\u00f6rst\u00e5else av DA:s roll i motivationen \u00e4r det avg\u00f6rande att \u00f6vervaka DA-m\u00f6nster under nytto- och kostnadsfaserna, liksom m\u00e4tningar av DA:s effekt p\u00e5 DA-receptorer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En persons beslutsfattande och motivation p\u00e5verkas av utbytet mellan bel\u00f6ning och kostnad f\u00f6r att erh\u00e5lla bel\u00f6ningen. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Det \u00e4r en allm\u00e4n uppfattning att m\u00e4nniskor och djur f\u00f6redrar omedelbara, relativt sm\u00e5 bel\u00f6ningar framf\u00f6r st\u00f6rre bel\u00f6ningar som tar tid att f\u00e5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Det \u00e4r genom \u00f6verf\u00f6ringen av DA via D1R och D2R som kostnadsbaserad motivation styrs olika beroende p\u00e5 den tillg\u00e4ngliga bel\u00f6ningen och de kostnader som uppst\u00e5r (anstr\u00e4ngningar) f\u00f6r en viss uppgift. Kompensation f\u00f6r arbetsbelastning, \u00e5 andra sidan, var fr\u00e4mst relaterad till D2R-manipulation eftersom den skalade bel\u00f6ningar i enlighet med den anstr\u00e4ngning som kr\u00e4vdes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tv\u00e5 dopaminreceptorsubtyper, som de fann spela kompletterande roller, kan bidra till att fastst\u00e4lla patofysiologin f\u00f6r psykiatriska st\u00f6rningar genom att uppm\u00e4rksamma deras interaktioner. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Forskning som denna visar p\u00e5 m\u00f6jligheten att \u00f6ka motivationsniv\u00e5n hos m\u00e5nga m\u00e4nniskor genom att manipulera deras interna bel\u00f6ningssystem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

F\u00f6r mer information se referens nedan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hori, Yukiko, et al. \"D1- och D2-liknande receptorer f\u00f6rmedlar differentiellt effekterna av dopaminerg \u00f6verf\u00f6ring p\u00e5 kostnads- \/ nyttov\u00e4rdering och motivation hos apor.\" bioRxiv (2021): 2020-11. DOI: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.3<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bel\u00f6ningssystemet En internt motiverad strategi styr hur mycket vi anstr\u00e4nger oss f\u00f6r att uppn\u00e5 ett m\u00e5l. Fr\u00e5gan \u00e4r: Vad motiverar oss att g\u00f6ra v\u00e5rt b\u00e4sta f\u00f6r att n\u00e5 ett m\u00e5l, hur obetydligt det \u00e4n kan tyckas vara? \u00c4r det v\u00e5r hj\u00e4rna som f\u00f6rs\u00f6ker locka oss till en bel\u00f6ning som en motivationsstrategi som [...]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":14787,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959,28],"tags":[554],"yoast_head":"\nMotivational Tactics: The Math Behind the Reward System - MTG<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Is it our brain trying to lure us into a reward as a motivation strategy that will propel us forward? Have you ever thought about that? 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