{"id":12051,"date":"2020-12-23T11:11:39","date_gmt":"2020-12-23T13:11:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/?p=12051"},"modified":"2023-01-05T14:32:04","modified_gmt":"2023-01-05T17:32:04","slug":"nerve-impulses-the-action-potential","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/sv_se\/nervimpulser-verkan-potential\/","title":{"rendered":"Nervimpulser DEL 1 - Aktionspotentialen"},"content":{"rendered":"

F\u00f6r att f\u00f6rst\u00e5 hur en neuron fungerar finns det tv\u00e5 begrepp som vi m\u00e5ste ta en titt p\u00e5. Det f\u00f6rsta \u00e4r relaterat till vad som h\u00e4nder inuti neuronen n\u00e4r informationen f\u00f6rs fram\u00e5t - aktionspotentialen - det andra \u00e4r hur en information hoppar fr\u00e5n en till en annan cell - synapsen. Med hj\u00e4lp av dessa tv\u00e5 processer kan nervsystemets celler \u00f6verf\u00f6ra den mest komplexa information genom hela kroppen, fr\u00e5n neuron till neuron, tills den slutligen n\u00e5r m\u00e5lcellen. I den h\u00e4r artikeln kommer vi att diskutera det f\u00f6rsta konceptet, aktionspotential<\/strong>.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nervimpulsen \u00e4r en elektrokemisk signal; det \u00e4r den huvudsakliga mekanismen som anv\u00e4nds f\u00f6r att transportera information inuti en neuron. Dendriterna hos en viss neuron uppt\u00e4cker och tar emot impulsen fr\u00e5n en tidigare cell, och nervimpulsen f\u00e4rdas l\u00e4ngs v\u00e4gen fr\u00e5n dendriter <\/strong>till K\u00e4rna <\/strong>\u00e4n till den axon<\/strong>och slutligen till axon terminal<\/strong> n\u00e4r impulsen \u00f6verf\u00f6rs till n\u00e4sta neuron. Denna process forts\u00e4tter <\/strong>upprepade g\u00e5nger tills den n\u00e5r m\u00e5lcellen.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Den elektrokemiska signalen genereras genom att joner r\u00f6r sig mellan den inre och den yttre delen av neuronens plasmamembran. Jonerna g\u00e5r fr\u00e5n utsidan till insidan och skapar en potentialskillnad i membranet. Den \"bro\" som jonerna anv\u00e4nder f\u00f6r att ta sig in i cellerna \u00e4r ett transmembranprotein som kallas sp\u00e4nningsstyrda jonkanaler<\/strong>.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dessa sp\u00e4nningskanaler styrs av elektriska sp\u00e4nningar, som en form av svar p\u00e5 elektriska stimuli, med andra ord \u00e4r dessa kanaler inte alltid \u00f6ppna f\u00f6r passage av joner, de \u00f6ppnar och st\u00e4nger bara \u00f6ver vissa elektriska sp\u00e4nningsstimuli.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

N\u00e4r cellen inte uts\u00e4tts f\u00f6r stimuli, n\u00e4r membranet \u00e4r i vila, uppr\u00e4tth\u00e5lls en potentialskillnad mellan den inre och den yttre delen av en neuron. I vila har membranet en potential p\u00e5 -70 mV, en negativ potential, medan utsidan har en positiv potential. Denna potentialskillnad kallas vilande membranpotential, <\/strong>och den uppr\u00e4tth\u00e5lls fr\u00e4mst av natrium- och kaliumjoner via natrium-kaliumpumpen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vid elektrisk sp\u00e4nningsstimulering b\u00f6rjar membranets potentialskillnad att invertera sig sj\u00e4lv, natriumkanaler \u00f6ppnas s\u00e5 att m\u00e5nga natriumjoner kan ta sig in i cellen, vilket g\u00f6r att membranet tillf\u00e4lligt f\u00f6rvandlas depolariserad<\/strong>, eller \u00e4nnu b\u00e4ttre, natriumjonerna f\u00f6rvandlar membranets inre region till ett positivt n\u00e4t. Denna r\u00f6relse av depolarisering \u00e4r den ber\u00f6mda aktionspotential<\/strong>membranpotentialen stiger och sjunker snabbt. Potentialen stiger till +40 mV p\u00e5 lite mer \u00e4n 2 millisekunder och \u00e5terg\u00e5r till vilol\u00e4get p\u00e5 mindre \u00e4n 3 millisekunder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aktionspotentialen uppst\u00e5r inte i hela neuronen p\u00e5 en g\u00e5ng, utan depolariseringen av membranet b\u00f6rjar i dendriterna och sedan till k\u00e4rnan bit f\u00f6r bit, depolariseras och g\u00e5r tillbaka till vilopotentialen strax efter\u00e5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

F\u00f6r att \u00e5terst\u00e4lla den vilande membranpotentialen st\u00e4ngs natriumkanalerna och de sp\u00e4nningsstyrda kaliumkanalerna \u00f6ppnas, vilket g\u00f6r att kaliumjoner kan ta sig in i cellen och repolarisera membranet, vilket inneb\u00e4r att den inre delen av membranet blir negativt laddad igen och den yttre delen positiv. Natrium-kaliumpumpen hj\u00e4lper till att \u00e5terst\u00e4lla r\u00e4tt m\u00e4ngd av varje jon inuti cellen genom att sl\u00e4ppa ut tre natriumjoner f\u00f6r varje tv\u00e5 kaliumjoner.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vi kan f\u00f6rest\u00e4lla oss det som en synkroniserad r\u00f6relse, fr\u00e5n det \u00f6gonblick d\u00e5 aktionspotentialen svarar till det \u00f6gonblick d\u00e5 vilotillst\u00e5ndet \u00e5terst\u00e4lls.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Intressant nog har vi sp\u00e4nningsstyrda jonkanaler i axonen som genererar och sprider nervimpulsen, medan dessa kanaler inte finns i dendriterna. I dessa neuronregioner \u00f6verf\u00f6rs signalen inte av aktionspotentialen utan av en graderad potential, <\/strong>a <\/strong>annan form av signalutbredning, d\u00e4r signalskalan \u00f6kar l\u00e4ngs v\u00e4gen tills den omvandlas till aktionspotentialen p\u00e5 axonen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Observera att natriumjonen \u00e4r den som ansvarar f\u00f6r att sprida aktionspotentialen, och kaliumjonen f\u00f6r att \u00e5terst\u00e4lla vilotillst\u00e5ndet. Brist p\u00e5 dessa joner i organismen kan orsaka problem med aktionspotentialens kvalitet och effektivitet, vilket inneb\u00e4r problem vid synapserna och med informations\u00f6verf\u00f6ringen genom nervsystemet. Alla dessa problem kan utl\u00f6sa psykiska komplikationer och sjukdomar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e4sta steg \u00e4r att nervimpulsen \u00f6verf\u00f6rs till n\u00e4sta neuron. En annan sak h\u00e4nder i utrymmet mellan de tv\u00e5 neuronerna, i den synaptiska klyftan. Synapsklyftan \u00e4r en mycket viktig plats att titta p\u00e5 och studera, det \u00e4r d\u00e4r m\u00e5nga olika neurotransmittorer tr\u00e4der i kraft och aktiverar en ny signalv\u00e4g med hj\u00e4lp av receptorer, andra proteiner och joner f\u00f6rutom natrium och kalium. Men det l\u00e4mnar vi till n\u00e4sta diskussion i artikeln Nervimpuls DEL 2 - Den synaptiska klyftan<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gillade du infografikerna i den h\u00e4r artikeln? Du kan ocks\u00e5 anv\u00e4nda Mind the Graph och g\u00f6ra liknande informativa bilder. G\u00e5 till Mind the Graph<\/a> och ta en titt p\u00e5 illustrationsgalleri<\/a>, det finns tillg\u00e4ngliga neurologi<\/a> och biokemi<\/a> illustrationer, och om du beh\u00f6ver n\u00e5gon hj\u00e4lp, v\u00e4nligen Kontakta oss<\/a>!<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

F\u00f6r att f\u00f6rst\u00e5 hur en neuron fungerar finns det tv\u00e5 begrepp som vi m\u00e5ste ta en titt p\u00e5. Det f\u00f6rsta \u00e4r relaterat till vad som h\u00e4nder inuti neuronen n\u00e4r informationen g\u00e5r fram\u00e5t - aktionspotentialen - det andra \u00e4r hur en information hoppar fr\u00e5n en cell till en annan - [...].<\/p>","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":12055,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959],"tags":[812,813],"yoast_head":"\nNerve Impulses PART 1 \u2013 The Action Potential - MTG<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"It's a deep dive into nerve impulses. We discuss the action potential, how that happens along with its impacts.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/sv_se\/\u795e\u7d4c\u30a4\u30f3\u30d1\u30eb\u30b9-\u52d5\u4f5c\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sv_SE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Nerve Impulses PART 1 \u2013 The Action Potential - MTG\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"It's a deep dive into nerve impulses. We discuss the action potential, how that happens along with its impacts.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/sv_se\/\u795e\u7d4c\u30a4\u30f3\u30d1\u30eb\u30b9-\u52d5\u4f5c\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Mind the Graph Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-12-23T13:11:39+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-01-05T17:32:04+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/nerve-impulses-part-1-the-action-potential.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1110\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"600\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Fabricio Pamplona\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Fabricio Pamplona\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Nerve Impulses PART 1 \u2013 The Action Potential - MTG","description":"It's a deep dive into nerve impulses. We discuss the action potential, how that happens along with its impacts.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/sv_se\/\u795e\u7d4c\u30a4\u30f3\u30d1\u30eb\u30b9-\u52d5\u4f5c\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\/","og_locale":"sv_SE","og_type":"article","og_title":"Nerve Impulses PART 1 \u2013 The Action Potential - MTG","og_description":"It's a deep dive into nerve impulses. We discuss the action potential, how that happens along with its impacts.","og_url":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/sv_se\/\u795e\u7d4c\u30a4\u30f3\u30d1\u30eb\u30b9-\u52d5\u4f5c\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\/","og_site_name":"Mind the Graph Blog","article_published_time":"2020-12-23T13:11:39+00:00","article_modified_time":"2023-01-05T17:32:04+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1110,"height":600,"url":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/nerve-impulses-part-1-the-action-potential.png","type":"image\/png"}],"author":"Fabricio Pamplona","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Fabricio Pamplona","Est. reading time":"5 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/ja\/%e7%a5%9e%e7%b5%8c%e3%82%a4%e3%83%b3%e3%83%91%e3%83%ab%e3%82%b9-%e5%8b%95%e4%bd%9c%e5%8f%af%e8%83%bd%e6%80%a7\/","url":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/ja\/%e7%a5%9e%e7%b5%8c%e3%82%a4%e3%83%b3%e3%83%91%e3%83%ab%e3%82%b9-%e5%8b%95%e4%bd%9c%e5%8f%af%e8%83%bd%e6%80%a7\/","name":"Nerve Impulses PART 1 \u2013 The Action Potential - MTG","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/#website"},"datePublished":"2020-12-23T13:11:39+00:00","dateModified":"2023-01-05T17:32:04+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/c8eaee6d8007ac319523c3ddc98cedd3"},"description":"It's a deep dive into nerve impulses. We discuss the action potential, how that happens along with its impacts.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/ja\/%e7%a5%9e%e7%b5%8c%e3%82%a4%e3%83%b3%e3%83%91%e3%83%ab%e3%82%b9-%e5%8b%95%e4%bd%9c%e5%8f%af%e8%83%bd%e6%80%a7\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"sv-SE","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/ja\/%e7%a5%9e%e7%b5%8c%e3%82%a4%e3%83%b3%e3%83%91%e3%83%ab%e3%82%b9-%e5%8b%95%e4%bd%9c%e5%8f%af%e8%83%bd%e6%80%a7\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/ja\/%e7%a5%9e%e7%b5%8c%e3%82%a4%e3%83%b3%e3%83%91%e3%83%ab%e3%82%b9-%e5%8b%95%e4%bd%9c%e5%8f%af%e8%83%bd%e6%80%a7\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Nerve Impulses PART 1 \u2013 The Action Potential"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/#website","url":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/","name":"Mind the Graph Blog","description":"Your science can be beautiful!","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"sv-SE"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/c8eaee6d8007ac319523c3ddc98cedd3","name":"Fabricio Pamplona","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"sv-SE","@id":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/da6985d9f20ecb24f3238df103a638ac?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/da6985d9f20ecb24f3238df103a638ac?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Fabricio Pamplona"},"description":"Fabricio Pamplona is the founder of Mind the Graph - a tool used by over 400K users in 60 countries. He has a Ph.D. and solid scientific background in Psychopharmacology and experience as a Guest Researcher at the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry (Germany) and Researcher in D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR, Brazil). Fabricio holds over 2500 citations in Google Scholar. He has 10 years of experience in small innovative businesses, with relevant experience in product design and innovation management. Connect with him on LinkedIn - Fabricio Pamplona.","sameAs":["http:\/\/mindthegraph.com","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/fabriciopamplona"],"url":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/sv_se\/author\/fabricio\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/sv_se\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12051"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/sv_se\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/sv_se\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/sv_se\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/sv_se\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12051"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/sv_se\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12051\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":26030,"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/sv_se\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12051\/revisions\/26030"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/sv_se\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/12055"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/sv_se\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12051"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/sv_se\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12051"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/sv_se\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12051"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}