{"id":12051,"date":"2020-12-23T11:11:39","date_gmt":"2020-12-23T13:11:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/?p=12051"},"modified":"2023-01-05T14:32:04","modified_gmt":"2023-01-05T17:32:04","slug":"nerve-impulses-the-action-potential","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/sl\/zivcni-impulzi-akcijski-potencial\/","title":{"rendered":"Nervni impulzi 1. DEL - Akcijski potencial"},"content":{"rendered":"

Da bi razumeli, kako deluje nevron, moramo preu\u010diti dva pojma. Prvi je povezan s tem, kaj se dogaja znotraj nevrona, ko informacija prehaja naprej - akcijski potencial -, drugi pa s tem, kako informacija prehaja iz ene celice v drugo - sinapsa. S tema dvema procesoma so celice \u017eiv\u010dnega sistema sposobne prena\u0161ati najzahtevnej\u0161e informacije po celotnem telesu in jih prena\u0161ati od nevrona do nevrona, dokler kon\u010dno ne dose\u017eejo ciljne celice. V tem \u010dlanku bomo obravnavali prvi koncept, tj. akcijski potencial<\/strong>.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u017div\u010dni impulz je elektrokemi\u010dni signal, ki je glavni mehanizem za prenos informacij znotraj nevrona. Dendrit nekega nevrona zazna in sprejme impulz iz prej\u0161nje celice, \u017eiv\u010dni impulz pa potuje od prej\u0161nje celice do prej\u0161nje celice. dendritov <\/strong>na jedro <\/strong>kot na akson<\/strong>in nazadnje na aksonski terminal<\/strong> ko se impulz prenese na naslednji nevron. Ta proces se nadaljuje <\/strong>dokler ne dose\u017ee ciljne celice.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Elektrokemi\u010dni signal nastane zaradi gibanja ionov med notranjim in zunanjim delom plazemske membrane nevrona. Ioni prehajajo iz zunanjega v notranji del in ustvarjajo razliko potencialov v membrani. Most, po katerem ti ioni prehajajo v notranjost celic, je transmembranski protein, imenovan ionski kanali z napetostnim krmiljenjem<\/strong>.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Te napetostne kanale nadzirajo elektri\u010dne napetosti kot obliko odziva na elektri\u010dne dra\u017eljaje, z drugimi besedami, ti kanali niso vedno odprti za prehod ionov, ampak se odpirajo in zapirajo le ob dolo\u010denih elektri\u010dnih napetostnih dra\u017eljajih.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Ko celica ni pod vplivom dra\u017eljajev in je membrana v mirovanju, se med notranjim in zunanjim delom nevrona ohranja potencialna razlika. V mirovanju ima membrana potencial -70 mV, torej negativni potencial, medtem ko ima zunanja stran pozitivni potencial. Ta razlika potencialov se imenuje membranski potencial v mirovanju, <\/strong>in ga vzdr\u017eujejo predvsem natrijevi in kalijevi ioni prek natrijevokalijeve \u010drpalke.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ob elektri\u010dnih napetostnih dra\u017eljajih se razlika membranskih potencialov za\u010dne obra\u010dati, natrijevi kanali se odprejo in omogo\u010dijo prehod \u0161tevilnih natrijevih ionov v notranjost celice, kar membrano za trenutek spremeni depolarizirani<\/strong>ali bolje, natrijevi ioni spremenijo notranji del membrane v pozitivno mre\u017eo. To gibanje depolarizacije je znani akcijski potencial<\/strong>; membranski potencial hitro nara\u0161\u010da in pada. Potencial se dvigne na +40 mV v nekaj ve\u010d kot 2 milisekundah in se vrne v stanje mirovanja v manj kot 3 milisekundah.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Akcijski potencial ne nastane v celotnem nevronu naenkrat, ampak se depolarizacija membrane za\u010dne v dendritih in nato po delih v jedru, kjer se depolarizira in kmalu zatem vrne v stanje mirovanja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Da bi ponovno vzpostavili mirujo\u010di membranski potencial, se natrijevi kanali zaprejo, napetostno vodeni kalijevi kanali pa odprejo, tako da kalijevi ioni vstopijo v notranjost celice, kar povzro\u010di repolarizacijo membrane, pri \u010demer se notranji del membrane ponovno negativno nabije, zunanji del pa pozitivno. Natrijevo-kalijeva \u010drpalka pomaga obnoviti pravo koli\u010dino vsakega iona v celici, saj na vsaka dva kalijeva iona izpusti tri natrijeve ione.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Predstavljamo si ga lahko kot sinhronizirano gibanje od trenutka odziva akcijskega potenciala do trenutka vzpostavitve stanja mirovanja.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Zanimivo je, da medtem ko v aksonu obstajajo napetostno zaporni ionski kanali, ki ustvarjajo in \u0161irijo \u017eiv\u010dni impulz, v dendritih teh kanalov ni. V teh predelih nevronov se signal ne prena\u0161a z akcijskim potencialom, temve\u010d ocenjen potencial, <\/strong>a <\/strong>druga\u010dna oblika \u0161irjenja signala, pri kateri se lestvica signala na poti pove\u010duje, dokler se ne spremeni v akcijski potencial na aksonu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Upo\u0161tevajte, da je natrijev ion odgovoren za \u0161irjenje akcijskega potenciala, kalijev pa za vzpostavitev stanja mirovanja. Pomanjkanje teh ionov v organizmu lahko povzro\u010di te\u017eave v kakovosti in u\u010dinkovitosti akcijskega potenciala, kar pomeni te\u017eave na sinapsah in pri prenosu informacij po \u017eiv\u010dnem sistemu. Vse te te\u017eave lahko spro\u017eijo zaplete in bolezni du\u0161evnega zdravja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Naslednji korak je prenos \u017eiv\u010dnega impulza do naslednjega nevrona. V prostoru med dvema nevronoma, v sinapti\u010dni razpoki, se dogaja nekaj drugega. Sinapti\u010dni razcep je zelo pomemben prostor za opazovanje in preu\u010devanje, saj v njem za\u010dnejo delovati \u0161tevilni razli\u010dni nevrotransmiterji, ki aktivirajo novo signalno pot z uporabo receptorjev, drugih beljakovin in ionov poleg natrija in kalija. Toda to bomo prepustili naslednji razpravi v \u010dlanku Nervni impulz 2. DEL - Sinapti\u010dni razcep<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali so vam bile infografike v tem \u010dlanku v\u0161e\u010d? Tudi vi lahko uporabite Mind the Graph in naredite tak\u0161ne informativne slike. Get at Mind the Graph<\/a> in si oglejte galerija ilustracij<\/a>, je na voljo nevrologija<\/a> in . biokemija<\/a> ilustracije, in \u010de potrebujete pomo\u010d, prosim stopite v stik z nami<\/a>!<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Da bi razumeli, kako deluje nevron, moramo preu\u010diti dva pojma. Prvi je povezan s tem, kaj se dogaja znotraj nevrona, ko informacija prehaja naprej - akcijski potencial -, drugi pa s tem, kako informacija prehaja iz ene celice v drugo - [...]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":12055,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959],"tags":[812,813],"yoast_head":"\nNerve Impulses PART 1 \u2013 The Action Potential - MTG<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"It's a deep dive into nerve impulses. 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