{"id":29632,"date":"2023-09-25T12:23:00","date_gmt":"2023-09-25T15:23:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/academic-success-copy\/"},"modified":"2023-09-25T16:18:14","modified_gmt":"2023-09-25T19:18:14","slug":"footnotes-in-a-paper","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/sk\/poznamky-pod-ciarou-v-novinach\/","title":{"rendered":"Pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010diarou v dokumente: Ako ich efekt\u00edvne pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 v p\u00edsan\u00ed?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010diarou v \u010dl\u00e1nku m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 cenn\u00fdm n\u00e1strojom, ktor\u00fd n\u00e1m umo\u017en\u00ed doplni\u0165 p\u00edsanie o \u010fal\u0161ie inform\u00e1cie, cit\u00e1cie a vysvetlenia bez toho, aby sme naru\u0161ili plynulos\u0165 hlavn\u00e9ho textu. Mnoh\u00ed autori si v\u0161ak nemusia by\u0165 ist\u00ed, kedy a ako pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010diarou efekt\u00edvne pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165. V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku sa budeme zaobera\u0165 v\u00fdznamom a pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00edm pozn\u00e1mok pod \u010diarou v akademickom p\u00edsan\u00ed a poskytneme praktick\u00e9 tipy na za\u010dlenenie pozn\u00e1mok pod \u010diarou do vlastn\u00e9ho p\u00edsania. Bez oh\u013eadu na to, \u010di ste sk\u00fasen\u00fd akademick\u00fd spisovate\u013e alebo pr\u00e1ve za\u010d\u00ednate, pochopenie pou\u017e\u00edvania pozn\u00e1mok pod \u010diarou v\u00e1m pom\u00f4\u017ee zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 zrozumite\u013enos\u0165 a d\u00f4veryhodnos\u0165 v\u00e1\u0161ho p\u00edsania.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010co s\u00fa pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010diarou?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010diarou s\u00fa u\u017eito\u010dn\u00fdm n\u00e1strojom v akademickom p\u00edsan\u00ed, ktor\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje zahrn\u00fa\u0165 do dokumentu alebo textu dodato\u010dn\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie alebo pozn\u00e1mky. Pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010diarou, ktor\u00e9 sa v hlavnom texte zvy\u010dajne ozna\u010duj\u00fa mal\u00fdm \u010d\u00edslom alebo symbolom, sa v dokumente objavuj\u00fa na konci strany a m\u00f4\u017eu sl\u00fa\u017ei\u0165 na r\u00f4zne \u00fa\u010dely. Pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010diarou sa m\u00f4\u017eu pou\u017ei\u0165 napr\u00edklad na objasnenie nejak\u00e9ho bodu, poskytnutie z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch inform\u00e1ci\u00ed alebo uvedenie zdroja, ktor\u00fd nie je priamo citovan\u00fd alebo na ktor\u00fd sa neodkazuje v hlavnom texte. S\u00fa tie\u017e u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e9, aby nenaru\u0161ovali plynulos\u0165 hlavn\u00e9ho textu, najm\u00e4 ak s\u00fa potrebn\u00e9 dlh\u00e9 cit\u00e1cie alebo vysvetlenia. Stru\u010dne povedan\u00e9, pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010diarou poskytuj\u00fa \u010ditate\u013eom dodato\u010dn\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie alebo odkazy s\u00favisiace s konkr\u00e9tnymi \u010das\u0165ami textu, \u010do z nich rob\u00ed cenn\u00fd n\u00e1stroj pre v\u00fdskumn\u00edkov.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n
\n
\"pozn\u00e1mky
Cez EasybBib<\/a><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Ako nap\u00edsa\u0165 pozn\u00e1mku pod \u010diarou<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ak chcete nap\u00edsa\u0165 pozn\u00e1mku pod \u010diarou k \u010dl\u00e1nku, postupujte pod\u013ea t\u00fdchto v\u0161eobecn\u00fdch krokov:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. Ur\u010dite, ak\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie je potrebn\u00e9 uvies\u0165 v pozn\u00e1mke pod \u010diarou. M\u00f4\u017ee \u00eds\u0165 o meno autora, n\u00e1zov zdroja, d\u00e1tum vydania, vydavate\u013ea a \u010d\u00edslo strany (str\u00e1n), na ktor\u00e9 sa odkazujete.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Umiestnite \u010d\u00edslo alebo symbol pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010diarou na koniec vety alebo ustanovenia, ktor\u00e9 si vy\u017eaduje pozn\u00e1mku pod \u010diarou. \u010c\u00edslo alebo symbol pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010diarou by sa mal umiestni\u0165 za interpunk\u010dn\u00e9 znamienko, napr\u00edklad za bodku alebo \u010diarku.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. Samotn\u00fa pozn\u00e1mku pod \u010diarou nap\u00ed\u0161te na koniec strany. Prv\u00fd riadok pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010diarou by mal by\u0165 odsaden\u00fd a \u010fal\u0161ie riadky by mali by\u0165 zarovno s \u013eav\u00fdm okrajom.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. Pozn\u00e1mku pod \u010diarou naform\u00e1tujte pod\u013ea \u0161t\u00fdlu citovania, ktor\u00fd pou\u017e\u00edvate (napr. MLA, APA<\/a>, Chicago). Ka\u017ed\u00fd cita\u010dn\u00fd \u0161t\u00fdl m\u00e1 \u0161pecifick\u00e9 pravidl\u00e1 pre form\u00e1tovanie pozn\u00e1mok pod \u010diarou, preto si podrobnosti pozrite v pr\u00edslu\u0161nej pr\u00edru\u010dke \u0161t\u00fdlu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  5. Ak pou\u017e\u00edvate program na spracovanie textu, napr\u00edklad Microsoft Word, m\u00f4\u017eete pou\u017ei\u0165 funkciu \"Vlo\u017ei\u0165 pozn\u00e1mku pod \u010diarou\" na automatick\u00e9 vlo\u017eenie pozn\u00e1mok pod \u010diarou a ich spr\u00e1vne form\u00e1tovanie.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    Rozdiel medzi pozn\u00e1mkami pod \u010diarou a koncov\u00fdmi pozn\u00e1mkami<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Hlavn\u00fdm rozdielom medzi pozn\u00e1mkami pod \u010diarou a pozn\u00e1mkami na konci je ich umiestnenie v dokumente. Pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010diarou sa zobrazuj\u00fa na konci strany, na ktor\u00fa sa odkazuj\u00fa, zatia\u013e \u010do pozn\u00e1mky na konci sa zobrazuj\u00fa na konci dokumentu, kapitoly alebo \u010dasti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Tu je nieko\u013eko \u010fal\u0161\u00edch rozdielov medzi pozn\u00e1mkami pod \u010diarou a pozn\u00e1mkami na konci textu:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    <\/div>\n\n\n\n
    <\/th>Pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010diarou<\/strong><\/th>Pozn\u00e1mky na z\u00e1ver<\/strong><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
    Defin\u00edcia<\/td>Pozn\u00e1mky sa uv\u00e1dzaj\u00fa v spodnej \u010dasti tej istej strany ako odkaz.<\/td>Pozn\u00e1mky umiestnen\u00e9 na konci dokumentu.<\/td><\/tr>
    Umiestnenie<\/td>Pod textom, na ktor\u00fd odkazuj\u00fa, zvy\u010dajne men\u0161ou ve\u013ekos\u0165ou p\u00edsma.<\/td>Na konci dokumentu, zvy\u010dajne v rovnakej ve\u013ekosti p\u00edsma ako hlavn\u00fd text.<\/td><\/tr>
    Pou\u017e\u00edvanie<\/td>Pou\u017e\u00edva sa na poskytnutie dodato\u010dn\u00fdch inform\u00e1ci\u00ed alebo vysvetlenie bodu v texte.<\/td>Pou\u017e\u00edva sa na poskytnutie dodato\u010dn\u00fdch inform\u00e1ci\u00ed, vysvetlenia alebo cit\u00e1cie zdroja.<\/td><\/tr>
    V\u00fdhody<\/td>\u013dahko sa vyh\u013ead\u00e1va a \u010d\u00edta v kontexte textu.<\/td>Zachovajte \u010distotu a preh\u013eadnos\u0165 textu.<\/td><\/tr>
    Nev\u00fdhody<\/td>M\u00f4\u017ee preplni\u0165 str\u00e1nku a rozpty\u013eova\u0165 \u010ditate\u013ea.<\/td>M\u00f4\u017ee vy\u017eadova\u0165, aby \u010ditate\u013e listoval medzi textom a pozn\u00e1mkami pod \u010diarou.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
    <\/div>\n\n\n\n

    Chicago<\/a> Pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010diarou k \u0161t\u00fdlu<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010diarou v chicagskom \u0161t\u00fdle s\u00fa be\u017en\u00fdm cita\u010dn\u00fdm \u0161t\u00fdlom pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdm vo v\u00fdskumn\u00fdch pr\u00e1cach. V tomto form\u00e1te sa pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010diarou pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa na poskytnutie inform\u00e1ci\u00ed o zdroji v r\u00e1mci textu. Existuj\u00fa dva typy pozn\u00e1mok pod \u010diarou v chicagskom \u0161t\u00fdle: kr\u00e1tka forma a dlh\u00e1 forma. Kr\u00e1tka forma cit\u00e1ci\u00ed obsahuje len z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 \u00fadaje o zdroji, ak je uveden\u00e1 \u00fapln\u00e1 bibliografia, zatia\u013e \u010do dlh\u00e1 forma cit\u00e1ci\u00ed obsahuje \u00fapln\u00fa cit\u00e1ciu pri prvom citovan\u00ed zdroja, pri\u010dom pri \u010fal\u0161\u00edch cit\u00e1ci\u00e1ch sa pou\u017e\u00edva kr\u00e1tka forma. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Tu je pr\u00edklad pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010diarou v chicagskom \u0161t\u00fdle s pou\u017eit\u00edm skr\u00e1tenej formy:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    \"Koncepcia soci\u00e1lneho kapit\u00e1lu bola v posledn\u00fdch rokoch \u0161iroko diskutovan\u00e1, pri\u010dom Putnamova kniha Bowling Alone\u00b9 je jedn\u00fdm z najvplyvnej\u0161\u00edch diel v tejto oblasti.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    V dolnej \u010dasti strany sa pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e1 pozn\u00e1mka pod \u010diarou zobraz\u00ed takto:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u00b9 Putnam, Bowling Alone, 26.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

    V\u0161imnite si, \u017ee priezvisko autora je uveden\u00e9 ako prv\u00e9, za n\u00edm nasleduje skr\u00e1ten\u00fd n\u00e1zov diela (v tomto pr\u00edpade \"Bowling Alone\") a \u010d\u00edslo strany, na ktorej boli inform\u00e1cie n\u00e1jden\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Tu je pozn\u00e1mka pod \u010diarou v chicagskom \u0161t\u00fdle s pou\u017eit\u00edm pr\u00edkladu kr\u00e1tkej formy:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    Prv\u00fd odkaz:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    John Smith, The History of Chicago (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), 25.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    N\u00e1sledn\u00fd odkaz:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Smith, The History of Chicago, 30.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

    Tu je pr\u00edklad chicagskej pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010diarou v texte:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    \"Pod\u013ea Smitha mo\u017eno pojem \u013eudsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v vysledova\u0165 a\u017e do starovekej gr\u00e9ckej filozofie.\u00b9\"\u00b2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Spodn\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 strany:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    John Smith, The Origins of Human Rights (New York: Oxford University Press, 2021), 15.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u00b2Smith, Origins of Human Rights, 22.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

    Pre\u010d\u00edtajte si, ako citova\u0165 v \u0161t\u00fdle Chicago v na\u0161om blogu \"Jednoduch\u00e9 citovanie v \u0161t\u00fdle Chicago: form\u00e1tovanie a pr\u00edklady<\/a>“.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    APA<\/strong><\/a> Pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010diarou k \u0161t\u00fdlu<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Vo form\u00e1te APA sa namiesto pozn\u00e1mok pod \u010diarou zvy\u010dajne pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa cit\u00e1cie v texte v z\u00e1tvork\u00e1ch. Z tohto pravidla v\u0161ak existuj\u00fa dve v\u00fdnimky: pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010diarou k obsahu a uvedenie autorsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v. Pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010diarou k obsahu poskytuj\u00fa dodato\u010dn\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie o jednej t\u00e9me, ktor\u00e9 sa nezmestia do textu, zatia\u013e \u010do pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010diarou s uveden\u00edm autorsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa, ke\u010f autor pou\u017eije dlh\u00fd cit\u00e1t alebo in\u00fd materi\u00e1l chr\u00e1nen\u00fd autorsk\u00fdm pr\u00e1vom, napr\u00edklad fotografiu z fondu. Pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010diarou sa form\u00e1tuj\u00fa podobne ako v chicagskom \u0161t\u00fdle, pri\u010dom za \u00faryvkom nasleduj\u00fa priebe\u017en\u00e9 horn\u00e9 \u010d\u00edsla a pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e1 pozn\u00e1mka pod \u010diarou je na konci strany.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Tu je pr\u00edklad pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010diarou v \u0161t\u00fdle APA pre dopl\u0148uj\u00face inform\u00e1cie:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    In-text:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Pod\u013ea najnov\u0161\u00edch \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed je vakc\u00edna COVID-19 ve\u013emi \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1 pri prevencii infekcie a prenosu v\u00edrusu.\u00b9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Pozn\u00e1mka pod \u010diarou:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u00b9 Viac inform\u00e1ci\u00ed o citovan\u00fdch \u0161t\u00fadi\u00e1ch n\u00e1jdete v \u0161t\u00fadi\u00e1ch Smith et al. (2021) a Jones et al. (2022).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

    Pre\u010d\u00edtajte si, ako citova\u0165 v \u0161t\u00fdle APA v na\u0161om blogu \"Ako vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 cit\u00e1cie s pou\u017eit\u00edm form\u00e1tovania APA: Sprievodca<\/a>“.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    MLA<\/a> Pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010diarou k \u0161t\u00fdlu<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    V \u0161t\u00fdle MLA (Modern Language Association) sa zvy\u010dajne nepou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010diarou. Namiesto toho sa na ozna\u010denie zdroja inform\u00e1ci\u00ed alebo cit\u00e1ci\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa cit\u00e1cie v texte. Ak sa v\u0161ak pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010diarou vy\u017eaduj\u00fa pre konkr\u00e9tnu publik\u00e1ciu alebo zadanie, mo\u017eno postupova\u0165 pod\u013ea nasleduj\u00facich pokynov:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Umiestnenie:<\/strong> Pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010diarou by mali by\u0165 umiestnen\u00e9 na konci strany, na ktorej sa odkaz nach\u00e1dza.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u010c\u00edslovanie: <\/strong>Pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010diarou by mali by\u0165 v celej pr\u00e1ci \u010d\u00edslovan\u00e9 postupne arabsk\u00fdmi \u010d\u00edslicami. \u010c\u00edslo by malo by\u0165 umiestnen\u00e9 za interpunk\u010dn\u00fdmi znamienkami, ako s\u00fa bodky alebo \u010diarky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Form\u00e1tovanie:<\/strong> Pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010diarou by mali by\u0165 p\u00edsan\u00e9 jednoduch\u00fdm riadkovan\u00edm a men\u0161ou ve\u013ekos\u0165ou p\u00edsma ako hlavn\u00fd text.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Obsah: <\/strong>Pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010diarou by mali obsahova\u0165 bibliografick\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie o citovanom zdroji, ako aj v\u0161etky \u010fal\u0161ie inform\u00e1cie potrebn\u00e9 na objasnenie odkazu. Napr\u00edklad pozn\u00e1mka pod \u010diarou ku knihe m\u00f4\u017ee obsahova\u0165 autora, n\u00e1zov, vydavate\u013ea a rok vydania, zatia\u013e \u010do pozn\u00e1mka pod \u010diarou k webovej str\u00e1nke m\u00f4\u017ee obsahova\u0165 URL a d\u00e1tum pr\u00edstupu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Pr\u00edklad pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010diarou v \u0161t\u00fdle MLA pre knihu:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    John Doe, The History of Art (New York: Penguin Books, 2000), 24.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Pr\u00edklad pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010diarou v \u0161t\u00fdle MLA pre webov\u00fa str\u00e1nku:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"Pr\u00ednosy cvi\u010denia\", National Institutes of Health, pr\u00edstup 15. m\u00e1ja 2023, https:\/\/www.nih.gov\/health-information\/benefits-exercise<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

    Pr\u00edklad textu pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010diarou v \u0161t\u00fdle MLA:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    Text: Pod\u013ea ned\u00e1vnej \u0161t\u00fadie m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 pou\u017e\u00edvanie soci\u00e1lnych m\u00e9di\u00ed negat\u00edvny vplyv na du\u0161evn\u00e9 zdravie (Johnson 36).\u00b2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Pozn\u00e1mka pod \u010diarou: \u00b2 Johnson, Sarah. \"Vplyv soci\u00e1lnych m\u00e9di\u00ed na du\u0161evn\u00e9 zdravie.\" Journal of Health Psychology, ro\u010d. 22, \u010d. 1, 2018, s. 35-44.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

    Pre\u010d\u00edtajte si, ako citova\u0165 v \u0161t\u00fdle MLA v na\u0161om blogu \"Sprievodca spisovate\u013ea form\u00e1tom MLA: Ako to urobi\u0165 spr\u00e1vne<\/a>“.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Zlep\u0161ite vplyv a vidite\u013enos\u0165 svojich dokumentov prostredn\u00edctvom kvalitnej vizu\u00e1lnej komunik\u00e1cie<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Mind the Graph<\/a> je inovat\u00edvna platforma, ktor\u00e1 poskytuje \u0161irok\u00fa \u0161k\u00e1lu n\u00e1strojov, ktor\u00e9 pom\u00e1haj\u00fa vedcom zlep\u0161i\u0165 vplyv a vidite\u013enos\u0165 ich pr\u00e1c prostredn\u00edctvom kvalitnej vizu\u00e1lnej komunik\u00e1cie. Pomocou Mind the Graph m\u00f4\u017eu vedci jednoducho vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 grafick\u00e9 abstrakty, plag\u00e1ty a in\u00e9 vizu\u00e1lne pom\u00f4cky, ktor\u00e9 dok\u00e1\u017eu efekt\u00edvne sprostredkova\u0165 v\u00fdsledky ich v\u00fdskumu \u0161ir\u0161iemu publiku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    <\/div>\n\n\n
    \n
    \"vedeck\u00e9<\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
    <\/div>\n\n\n\n
    \n
    Za\u010dnite tvori\u0165 s Mind the Graph<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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