{"id":29197,"date":"2023-08-25T09:37:03","date_gmt":"2023-08-25T12:37:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/one-way-anova-copy\/"},"modified":"2024-12-05T15:49:02","modified_gmt":"2024-12-05T18:49:02","slug":"types-of-sampling","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/sk\/typy-vzorkovania\/","title":{"rendered":"Ako vybra\u0165 spr\u00e1vne typy vzoriek pre v\u00e1\u0161 v\u00fdskum"},"content":{"rendered":"

V\u00fdber vzorky je z\u00e1kladn\u00fdm aspektom ka\u017ed\u00e9ho v\u00fdskumn\u00e9ho projektu a typ vybranej vzorky m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 v\u00fdznamn\u00fd vplyv na platnos\u0165 a spo\u013eahlivos\u0165 v\u00fdsledkov \u0161t\u00fadie. Ke\u010f\u017ee je k dispoz\u00edcii to\u013eko r\u00f4znych typov techn\u00edk v\u00fdberu vzorky, m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9 vybra\u0165 si t\u00fa najvhodnej\u0161iu pre v\u00e1\u0161 v\u00fdskumn\u00fd projekt. Cie\u013eom tohto \u010dl\u00e1nku je poskytn\u00fa\u0165 komplexn\u00fd preh\u013ead r\u00f4znych typov techn\u00edk v\u00fdberu vzorky a ich v\u00fdhod a nev\u00fdhod, ako aj faktorov, ktor\u00e9 treba zv\u00e1\u017ei\u0165 pri v\u00fdbere typu vzorky, a be\u017en\u00fdch n\u00e1strah, ktor\u00fdm sa treba vyhn\u00fa\u0165.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010co je to v\u00fdber vzoriek?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdber vzorky je proces v\u00fdberu podskupiny jednotlivcov alebo polo\u017eiek z v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ej popul\u00e1cie na reprezent\u00e1ciu a \u0161t\u00fadium. Je nevyhnutnou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iny v\u00fdskumn\u00fdch \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed, preto\u017ee umo\u017e\u0148uje v\u00fdskumn\u00edkom vyvodi\u0165 platn\u00e9 z\u00e1very o celej popul\u00e1cii na z\u00e1klade men\u0161ej vzorky. Cie\u013eom v\u00fdberu vzorky je z\u00edska\u0165 reprezentat\u00edvnu vzorku, ktor\u00e1 presne odr\u00e1\u017ea charakteristiky z\u00e1ujmovej popul\u00e1cie. Pou\u017eit\u00e1 met\u00f3da v\u00fdberu vzorky z\u00e1vis\u00ed od v\u00fdskumnej ot\u00e1zky, charakterist\u00edk popul\u00e1cie a dostupn\u00fdch zdrojov.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Typy odberu vzoriek<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdber vzorky je proces v\u00fdberu reprezentat\u00edvnej skupiny jednotlivcov alebo jednotiek z v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ej popul\u00e1cie. Dva hlavn\u00e9 typy v\u00fdberu vzoriek s\u00fa pravdepodobnostn\u00fd a nepravdepodobnostn\u00fd v\u00fdber.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pravdepodobnostn\u00fd v\u00fdber vzorky<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Pri pravdepodobnostnom v\u00fdbere sa pou\u017e\u00edva n\u00e1hodn\u00e1 technika, ktor\u00e1 zabezpe\u010duje, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010dlen popul\u00e1cie m\u00e1 rovnak\u00fa alebo zn\u00e1mu \u0161ancu by\u0165 vybran\u00fd, \u010d\u00edm sa z\u00edska spravodliv\u00e1 a reprezentat\u00edvna vzorka. Existuje nieko\u013eko typov pravdepodobnostn\u00e9ho v\u00fdberu vr\u00e1tane:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jednoduch\u00fd n\u00e1hodn\u00fd v\u00fdber vzorky<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Jednoduch\u00fd n\u00e1hodn\u00fd v\u00fdber je popul\u00e1rna a jednoduch\u00e1 met\u00f3da v\u00fdberu vzoriek v \u0161tatistike. Zah\u0155\u0148a v\u00fdber podmno\u017einy jednotlivcov alebo prvkov z v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ej popul\u00e1cie tak\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd jednotlivec alebo prvok m\u00e1 rovnak\u00fa \u0161ancu by\u0165 zahrnut\u00fd do vzorky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Systematick\u00fd v\u00fdber vzoriek<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Systematick\u00fd v\u00fdber je met\u00f3da v\u00fdberu \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkov z popul\u00e1cie v pravideln\u00fdch intervaloch. Napr\u00edklad, ak je ve\u013ekos\u0165 popul\u00e1cie 100 a po\u017eadovan\u00e1 ve\u013ekos\u0165 vzorky je 20, do vzorky sa vyberie ka\u017ed\u00fd piaty \u010dlen popul\u00e1cie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stratifikovan\u00fd v\u00fdber vzoriek<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Stratifikovan\u00fd v\u00fdber je technika, ktor\u00e1 zah\u0155\u0148a rozdelenie popul\u00e1cie do r\u00f4znych podskup\u00edn alebo vrstiev na z\u00e1klade \u0161pecifick\u00fdch charakterist\u00edk, ako je vek alebo pohlavie. \u00da\u010dastn\u00edci sa potom vyberaj\u00fa z ka\u017edej vrstvy \u00famerne ve\u013ekosti danej vrstvy v popul\u00e1cii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zhlukov\u00fd v\u00fdber vzoriek<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Zhlukov\u00fd v\u00fdber zah\u0155\u0148a rozdelenie popul\u00e1cie do zhlukov alebo skup\u00edn a n\u00e1sledn\u00fd v\u00fdber n\u00e1hodnej vzorky z t\u00fdchto zhlukov. Do vzorky sa potom zahrn\u00fa v\u0161etci \u010dlenovia vybran\u00fdch zhlukov.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Viacstup\u0148ov\u00fd odber vzoriek<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Viacstup\u0148ov\u00fd v\u00fdber vzoriek zah\u0155\u0148a kombin\u00e1ciu r\u00f4znych techn\u00edk v\u00fdberu vzoriek s cie\u013eom z\u00edska\u0165 reprezentat\u00edvnu vzorku. V\u00fdskumn\u00edk m\u00f4\u017ee napr\u00edklad pou\u017ei\u0165 stratifikovan\u00fd v\u00fdber na v\u00fdber skup\u00edn a potom pou\u017ei\u0165 jednoduch\u00fd n\u00e1hodn\u00fd v\u00fdber na v\u00fdber \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkov z t\u00fdchto skup\u00edn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nepravdepodobnostn\u00fd v\u00fdber vzoriek<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Nepravdepodobnostn\u00fd v\u00fdber je technika v\u00fdberu vzorky, pri ktorej je v\u00fdber \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkov zalo\u017een\u00fd na in\u00fdch faktoroch ako na pravdepodobnosti. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee niektor\u00ed \u010dlenovia popul\u00e1cie m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 do vzorky zaraden\u00ed s v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ou pravdepodobnos\u0165ou ako in\u00ed. Existuje nieko\u013eko typov nepravdepodobnostn\u00e9ho v\u00fdberu vzoriek vr\u00e1tane:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdhodn\u00fd v\u00fdber vzoriek<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdber vhodnej vzorky je technika, pri ktorej sa \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edci vyberaj\u00fa na z\u00e1klade ich \u013eahkej dostupnosti alebo pr\u00edstupnosti. V\u00fdskumn\u00edk m\u00f4\u017ee napr\u00edklad vybera\u0165 \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkov z triedy, ktor\u00fa vyu\u010duje, alebo z online f\u00f3ra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdber kv\u00f3t<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Kv\u00f3tov\u00fd v\u00fdber je met\u00f3da v\u00fdberu \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkov, ktorej cie\u013eom je zabezpe\u010di\u0165 zast\u00fapenie \u0161pecifick\u00fdch charakterist\u00edk vo vzorke, ktor\u00e9 odr\u00e1\u017eaj\u00fa rozmanitos\u0165 popul\u00e1cie. V\u00fdskumn\u00edk sa m\u00f4\u017ee napr\u00edklad zamera\u0165 na n\u00e1bor ur\u010dit\u00e9ho po\u010dtu mu\u017eov a \u017eien alebo ur\u010dit\u00e9ho po\u010dtu \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkov z r\u00f4znych vekov\u00fdch skup\u00edn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdber vzorky na z\u00e1klade \u00fasudku<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdber vzorky na z\u00e1klade \u00fasudku zah\u0155\u0148a v\u00fdber \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkov na z\u00e1klade \u00fasudku alebo odborn\u00fdch znalost\u00ed v\u00fdskumn\u00edka. M\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 vhodn\u00fd pri v\u00fdskume vysoko \u0161pecializovanej alebo \u0165a\u017eko dostupnej popul\u00e1cie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdber vzorky snehovej gule<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdber vzoriek met\u00f3dou snehovej gule je met\u00f3da v\u00fdberu \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkov, ktor\u00e1 sa opiera o odpor\u00fa\u010dania od existuj\u00facich \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkov. M\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e1 pri v\u00fdskume popul\u00e1cie, ktor\u00fa je \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 identifikova\u0165 alebo z\u00edska\u0165 k nej priamy pr\u00edstup, ako s\u00fa u\u017e\u00edvatelia drog alebo pris\u0165ahovalci bez dokladov.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pozrite si n\u00e1\u0161 obsahov\u00fd blog o \"V\u00fdber vzorky snehovej gule: Odhalenie tajomstva \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9ho v\u00fdskumn\u00e9ho n\u00e1stroja<\/a>“.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n
\n
\"typy
Vyroben\u00e9 s Mind the Graph<\/a><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdhody a nev\u00fdhody r\u00f4znych typov vzoriek<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ka\u017ed\u00fd typ vzorky m\u00e1 svoje v\u00fdhody a nev\u00fdhody, ktor\u00e9 by mali v\u00fdskumn\u00edci zv\u00e1\u017ei\u0165 pri v\u00fdbere met\u00f3dy v\u00fdberu vzorky. Tu s\u00fa uveden\u00e9 niektor\u00e9 v\u0161eobecn\u00e9 v\u00fdhody a nev\u00fdhody r\u00f4znych typov vzoriek:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jednoduch\u00fd n\u00e1hodn\u00fd v\u00fdber vzorky<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdhody: Je \u013eahko pou\u017eite\u013en\u00fd a poskytuje reprezentat\u00edvnu vzorku popul\u00e1cie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nev\u00fdhody: Vytvorenie \u00fapln\u00e9ho zoznamu obyvate\u013estva m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 n\u00e1kladn\u00e9 a \u010dasovo n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Systematick\u00fd v\u00fdber vzoriek<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdhody: Je menej \u010dasovo n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fd ako jednoduch\u00fd n\u00e1hodn\u00fd v\u00fdber a m\u00f4\u017ee poskytn\u00fa\u0165 reprezentat\u00edvnu vzorku popul\u00e1cie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nev\u00fdhody: Ak m\u00e1 popul\u00e1cia periodick\u00fa \u0161trukt\u00faru, nemus\u00ed poskytn\u00fa\u0165 reprezentat\u00edvnu vzorku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stratifikovan\u00fd v\u00fdber vzoriek<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdhody: M\u00f4\u017ee zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 reprezentat\u00edvnos\u0165 vzorky t\u00fdm, \u017ee zabezpe\u010d\u00ed, aby boli zahrnut\u00e9 d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 podskupiny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nev\u00fdhody: M\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 ur\u010di\u0165 vhodn\u00e9 vrstvy a ich ve\u013ekos\u0165.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zhlukov\u00fd v\u00fdber vzoriek<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdhody: Je u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e1 pre ve\u013ek\u00e9 skupiny obyvate\u013estva, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa geograficky rozpt\u00fdlen\u00e9, a m\u00f4\u017ee zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 n\u00e1klady a \u010das.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nev\u00fdhody: M\u00f4\u017ee zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 reprezentat\u00edvnos\u0165 vzorky, ak zhluky nie s\u00fa reprezentat\u00edvne pre popul\u00e1ciu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Viacstup\u0148ov\u00fd odber vzoriek<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdhody: M\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e1 pre ve\u013ek\u00e9 skupiny obyvate\u013estva, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa geograficky rozpt\u00fdlen\u00e9, a m\u00f4\u017ee zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 n\u00e1klady a \u010das.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nev\u00fdhody: M\u00f4\u017ee zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 reprezentat\u00edvnos\u0165 vzorky, ak zhluky nie s\u00fa reprezentat\u00edvne pre popul\u00e1ciu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdhodn\u00fd v\u00fdber vzoriek<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdhody: Je jednoduch\u00fd a r\u00fdchly na implement\u00e1ciu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nev\u00fdhody: Nev\u00fdhody: M\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 skreslenie a nemus\u00ed by\u0165 reprezentat\u00edvny pre popul\u00e1ciu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdber kv\u00f3t<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdhody: Je \u013eahko realizovate\u013en\u00fd a m\u00f4\u017ee zabezpe\u010di\u0165, \u017ee vzorka zah\u0155\u0148a d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 podskupiny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nev\u00fdhody: Nev\u00fdhody: M\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 skreslenie a nemus\u00ed by\u0165 reprezentat\u00edvny pre popul\u00e1ciu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdber vzorky na z\u00e1klade \u00fasudku<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdhody: Je u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e1 pre \u0161pecializovan\u00e9 popul\u00e1cie a m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 \u00fa\u010dinnej\u0161ia ako in\u00e9 met\u00f3dy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nev\u00fdhody: Nev\u00fdhody: M\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 skreslenie a nemus\u00ed by\u0165 reprezentat\u00edvny pre popul\u00e1ciu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdber vzorky snehovej gule<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdhody: Je u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e1 pre \u0165a\u017eko dostupn\u00e9 skupiny obyvate\u013estva a m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 \u00fa\u010dinnej\u0161ia ako in\u00e9 met\u00f3dy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nev\u00fdhody: Nev\u00fdhody: M\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 skreslenie a nemus\u00ed by\u0165 reprezentat\u00edvny pre popul\u00e1ciu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pozrite si n\u00e1\u0161 obsahov\u00fd blog o \"V\u00fdber vzorky snehovej gule: Odhalenie tajomstva \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9ho v\u00fdskumn\u00e9ho n\u00e1stroja<\/a>“.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Faktory, ktor\u00e9 treba zv\u00e1\u017ei\u0165 pri v\u00fdbere typu vzorky<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdber typu vzorky je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm krokom vo v\u00fdskume a zah\u0155\u0148a zv\u00e1\u017eenie viacer\u00fdch faktorov, aby sa zabezpe\u010dilo, \u017ee vzorka je reprezentat\u00edvna pre popul\u00e1ciu a \u017ee v\u00fdsledky s\u00fa platn\u00e9 a spo\u013eahliv\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdskumn\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka: <\/strong>Toto je v\u00fdchodiskov\u00fd bod pre v\u00fdber typu vzorky, preto\u017ee vzorka by mala by\u0165 vybran\u00e1 tak, aby zodpovedala v\u00fdskumnej ot\u00e1zke a cie\u013eom. V\u00fdskumn\u00edci musia ur\u010di\u0165, ak\u00fa popul\u00e1ciu chc\u00fa sk\u00fama\u0165, a vybra\u0165 vzorku, ktor\u00e1 je pre t\u00fato popul\u00e1ciu reprezentat\u00edvna.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obyvate\u013estvo:<\/strong> D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm faktorom, ktor\u00fd treba zoh\u013eadni\u0165, je aj ve\u013ekos\u0165 a charakteristika popul\u00e1cie. V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia popul\u00e1cia si m\u00f4\u017ee vy\u017eadova\u0165 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu ve\u013ekos\u0165 vzorky a charakteristiky popul\u00e1cie m\u00f4\u017eu ovplyvni\u0165 v\u00fdber typu vzorky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ve\u013ekos\u0165 vzorky:<\/strong> Ve\u013ekos\u0165 vzorky by mala by\u0165 dostato\u010dne ve\u013ek\u00e1, aby sa zabezpe\u010dila spo\u013eahlivos\u0165 a platnos\u0165 v\u00fdsledkov. V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia ve\u013ekos\u0165 vzorky zni\u017euje chybovos\u0165 a zvy\u0161uje presnos\u0165 v\u00fdsledkov. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chyba v\u00fdberu vzorky:<\/strong> V\u00fdskumn\u00edci musia zv\u00e1\u017ei\u0165 aj mo\u017enos\u0165 chyby pri v\u00fdbere vzorky a vybra\u0165 typ vzorky, ktor\u00fd t\u00fato chybu minimalizuje. Chyba v\u00fdberu vzorky sa m\u00f4\u017ee vyskytn\u00fa\u0165, ak vzorka nie je reprezentat\u00edvna pre popul\u00e1ciu, \u010do vedie k nepresn\u00fdm v\u00fdsledkom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Met\u00f3da odberu vzoriek:<\/strong> <\/em>Pou\u017eit\u00e1 met\u00f3da v\u00fdberu vzorky by mala by\u0165 vhodn\u00e1 pre dan\u00fd typ vzorky a v\u00fdskumn\u00fa ot\u00e1zku. R\u00f4zne met\u00f3dy v\u00fdberu vzorky maj\u00fa r\u00f4zne siln\u00e9 a slab\u00e9 str\u00e1nky a v\u00fdskumn\u00edci si musia vybra\u0165 met\u00f3du, ktor\u00e1 najlep\u0161ie vyhovuje ich potreb\u00e1m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anal\u00fdza \u00fadajov:<\/strong> <\/em>Tieto met\u00f3dy by sa mali zoh\u013eadni\u0165 aj pri v\u00fdbere typu vzorky. Ve\u013ekos\u0165 vzorky a met\u00f3da v\u00fdberu vzorky m\u00f4\u017eu ovplyvni\u0165 v\u00fdber techn\u00edk anal\u00fdzy \u00fadajov a v\u00fdskumn\u00edci si musia vybra\u0165 met\u00f3du, ktor\u00e1 je vhodn\u00e1 pre ich vzorku a v\u00fdskumn\u00fa ot\u00e1zku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Be\u017en\u00e9 n\u00e1strahy, ktor\u00fdm sa treba vyhn\u00fa\u0165 pri v\u00fdbere vzoriek<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Aby sa v\u00fdskumn\u00edci vyhli n\u00e1strah\u00e1m, mali by starostlivo zv\u00e1\u017ei\u0165 svoje met\u00f3dy v\u00fdberu vzoriek a sna\u017ei\u0165 sa pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 reprezentat\u00edvne a neskreslen\u00e9 vzorky. Mali by tie\u017e prija\u0165 opatrenia na minimaliz\u00e1ciu chyby v\u00fdberu vzorky a na anal\u00fdzu \u00fadajov pou\u017ei\u0165 vhodn\u00e9 \u0161tatistick\u00e9 met\u00f3dy. Tu s\u00fa uveden\u00e9 be\u017en\u00e9 n\u00e1strahy, ktor\u00fdm sa treba vyhn\u00fa\u0165 pri v\u00fdbere vzoriek vo v\u00fdskume:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdberov\u00e9 skreslenie: <\/strong>Skreslen\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky m\u00f4\u017eu vznikn\u00fa\u0165, ak met\u00f3da v\u00fdberu vzorky alebo samotn\u00e1 vzorka nie je reprezentat\u00edvna pre sk\u00faman\u00fa popul\u00e1ciu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chyba v\u00fdberu vzorky:<\/strong> Odber vzorky prirodzene vedie k odch\u00fdlkam, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 nepresn\u00fd odhad parametrov popul\u00e1cie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Neodpovedanie na ot\u00e1zky:<\/strong> K tomu doch\u00e1dza, ke\u010f niektor\u00ed \u010dlenovia vzorky na prieskum alebo \u0161t\u00fadiu neodpovedaj\u00fa, \u010do m\u00f4\u017ee do v\u00fdsledkov vnies\u0165 skreslenie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Skreslenie v\u00fdberov\u00e9ho r\u00e1mca:<\/strong> To vypl\u00fdva z ne\u00fapln\u00e9ho, nepresn\u00e9ho alebo zastaran\u00e9ho r\u00e1mca v\u00fdberu vzoriek, \u010do vedie k skresleniu. Viac inform\u00e1ci\u00ed o tom n\u00e1jdete v na\u0161om blogu o obsahu \"Probl\u00e9m naz\u00fdvan\u00fd skreslenie v\u00fdberu vzorky<\/a>“.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dobrovo\u013en\u00e9 skreslenie odpovede:<\/strong> <\/em>\u00da\u010dastn\u00edci sa do \u0161t\u00fadie vyberaj\u00fa sami, \u010do m\u00f4\u017ee vies\u0165 k skreslen\u00fdm v\u00fdsledkom, preto\u017ee t\u00ed, ktor\u00ed sa rozhodli z\u00fa\u010dastni\u0165, sa m\u00f4\u017eu l\u00ed\u0161i\u0165 od t\u00fdch, ktor\u00ed sa nez\u00fa\u010dastnili.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Predpojatos\u0165 z nedostato\u010dn\u00e9ho krytia: <\/strong>V\u00fdsledky m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 skreslen\u00e9, ak niektor\u00e9 skupiny v r\u00e1mci popul\u00e1cie nie s\u00fa zast\u00fapen\u00e9 vo v\u00fdberovom s\u00fabore, \u010do je zn\u00e1me ako skreslenie z d\u00f4vodu nedostato\u010dn\u00e9ho pokrytia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pr\u00edli\u0161n\u00e9 zov\u0161eobecnenie:<\/strong> <\/em>V\u0161eobecn\u00e1 generaliz\u00e1cia je \u010dastou chybou vo v\u00fdskume, ke\u010f sa na z\u00e1klade malej vzorky vyvodzuj\u00fa rozsiahle z\u00e1very o popul\u00e1cii, \u010do vedie k nepresn\u00fdm v\u00fdsledkom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Techniky v\u00fdberu vzorky v kvalitat\u00edvnom v\u00fdskume<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

V kvalitat\u00edvnom v\u00fdskume patria medzi be\u017en\u00e9 techniky v\u00fdberu vzorky:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00da\u010delov\u00fd v\u00fdber vzorky:<\/strong> Ide o v\u00fdber \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkov na z\u00e1klade \u0161pecifick\u00fdch krit\u00e9ri\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa relevantn\u00e9 pre v\u00fdskumn\u00fa ot\u00e1zku alebo cie\u013e. M\u00f4\u017ee \u00eds\u0165 o v\u00fdber os\u00f4b, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa konkr\u00e9tne odborn\u00e9 znalosti, sk\u00fasenosti alebo jedine\u010dn\u00e9 perspekt\u00edvy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdber vzoriek snehovej gule: <\/strong>Za\u010d\u00edna s malou skupinou \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkov a potom ich po\u017eiada, aby odporu\u010dili \u010fal\u0161\u00edch potenci\u00e1lnych \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkov, ktor\u00ed sp\u013a\u0148aj\u00fa krit\u00e9ri\u00e1 v\u00fdskumu. T\u00e1to technika m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e1, ak je popul\u00e1cia, ktor\u00e1 je predmetom z\u00e1ujmu, \u0165a\u017eko dosiahnute\u013en\u00e1 alebo m\u00e1 n\u00edzku mieru odpoved\u00ed. Pozrite si n\u00e1\u0161 obsahov\u00fd blog o \"V\u00fdber vzorky snehovej gule: Odhalenie tajomstva \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9ho v\u00fdskumn\u00e9ho n\u00e1stroja<\/a>“.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Odber vzoriek s maxim\u00e1lnou odch\u00fdlkou:<\/strong> Pri snahe o h\u013abkov\u00e9 sk\u00famanie javu a zachytenie jeho komplexnosti je v\u00fdhodn\u00e9 vybra\u0165 \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkov, ktor\u00ed zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa \u0161irok\u00e9 spektrum perspekt\u00edv alebo sk\u00fasenost\u00ed relevantn\u00fdch pre v\u00fdskumn\u00fa ot\u00e1zku. Tento pr\u00edstup umo\u017e\u0148uje v\u00fdskumn\u00edkovi obsiahnu\u0165 \u0161ir\u0161ie spektrum poznatkov a zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 komplexnos\u0165 \u0161t\u00fadie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Teoretick\u00fd odber vzoriek: <\/strong>T\u00e1to technika si vy\u017eaduje v\u00fdber \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkov na z\u00e1klade vznikaj\u00facich t\u00e9m alebo vzorcov, ktor\u00e9 sa objavuj\u00fa po\u010das zberu \u00fadajov. Be\u017ene sa pou\u017e\u00edva vo v\u00fdskume zalo\u017eenom na te\u00f3rii, ktor\u00e9ho cie\u013eom je vytvori\u0165 te\u00f3riu, ktor\u00e1 je zakorenen\u00e1 v \u00fadajoch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdhodn\u00fd odber vzoriek: <\/strong>V\u00fdberom vzorky z v\u00fdhodn\u00fdch d\u00f4vodov sa vyberaj\u00fa \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edci, ktor\u00ed s\u00fa \u013eahko pr\u00edstupn\u00ed alebo \u013eahko dostupn\u00ed, aby sa z\u00fa\u010dastnili na v\u00fdskume. V\u00fdskumn\u00edci \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa t\u00fato techniku pri prieskumnom v\u00fdskume alebo v pr\u00edpade, ke\u010f s\u00fa \u010das a zdroje obmedzen\u00e9. M\u00f4\u017ee v\u0161ak vies\u0165 k skresleniu vzorky, ak \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edci nie s\u00fa reprezentat\u00edvni pre z\u00e1ujmov\u00fa popul\u00e1ciu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Techniky v\u00fdberu vzorky v kvantitat\u00edvnom v\u00fdskume<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Tu s\u00fa uveden\u00e9 niektor\u00e9 be\u017en\u00e9 techniky v\u00fdberu vzoriek pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 v kvantitat\u00edvnom v\u00fdskume:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jednoduch\u00fd n\u00e1hodn\u00fd v\u00fdber: <\/strong>Ide o z\u00e1kladn\u00fa techniku v\u00fdberu vzorky, pri ktorej m\u00e1 ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010dlen popul\u00e1cie rovnak\u00fa \u0161ancu by\u0165 vybran\u00fd do vzorky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stratifikovan\u00fd n\u00e1hodn\u00fd v\u00fdber:<\/strong> Na zabezpe\u010denie reprezentat\u00edvnosti zah\u0155\u0148a technika stratifikovan\u00e9ho n\u00e1hodn\u00e9ho v\u00fdberu rozdelenie popul\u00e1cie do vrstiev alebo skup\u00edn na z\u00e1klade ur\u010dit\u00fdch krit\u00e9ri\u00ed a v\u00fdber vzoriek z ka\u017edej vrstvy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zhlukov\u00fd v\u00fdber vzoriek: <\/strong>Ide o techniku, ktor\u00e1 zah\u0155\u0148a v\u00fdber n\u00e1hodnej vzorky zhlukov alebo skup\u00edn, ako s\u00fa \u0161koly alebo \u0161tvrte, a potom v\u00fdber jednotlivcov v r\u00e1mci ka\u017ed\u00e9ho vybran\u00e9ho zhluku, ktor\u00ed tvoria vzorku. Pozrite si n\u00e1\u0161 obsahov\u00fd blog o \"Odomknutie sily zhlukovej anal\u00fdzy<\/a>“.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Systematick\u00fd v\u00fdber vzoriek: <\/strong>Systematick\u00fd v\u00fdber je technika v\u00fdberu jedincov z popul\u00e1cie v\u00fdberom ka\u017ed\u00e9ho n-t\u00e9ho \u010dlena, napr\u00edklad ka\u017edej desiatej osoby zo zoznamu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Viacstup\u0148ov\u00fd v\u00fdber vzoriek:<\/strong> Vzorky sa vyberaj\u00fa v nieko\u013ek\u00fdch f\u00e1zach. V\u00fdskumn\u00edci by napr\u00edklad mohli za\u010da\u0165 v\u00fdberom n\u00e1hodnej vzorky \u0161t\u00e1tov, potom n\u00e1hodnej vzorky miest z t\u00fdchto \u0161t\u00e1tov a nakoniec n\u00e1hodnej vzorky jednotlivcov v t\u00fdchto mest\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdhodn\u00fd odber vzoriek:<\/strong> <\/em>Je to technika, ktor\u00e1 sa vz\u0165ahuje na postup v\u00fdberu \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkov \u0161t\u00fadie, ktor\u00ed s\u00fa pre v\u00fdskumn\u00edka \u013eahko dostupn\u00ed alebo vhodn\u00ed, napr\u00edklad v\u00fdber \u0161tudentov z triedy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdber kv\u00f3t:<\/strong> <\/em>V\u00fdber kv\u00f3t sa vz\u0165ahuje na met\u00f3du v\u00fdberu vzoriek na z\u00e1klade vopred stanoven\u00fdch kv\u00f3t alebo vopred ur\u010den\u00fdch po\u010dtov pre konkr\u00e9tne krit\u00e9ri\u00e1, ako je vek alebo pohlavie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

200+ predpripraven\u00fdch kr\u00e1snych \u0161abl\u00f3n pre profesion\u00e1lne infografiky<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Mind the Graph<\/a> je cenn\u00fdm zdrojom inform\u00e1ci\u00ed pre vedcov, ktor\u00ed sa sna\u017eia zlep\u0161i\u0165 vplyv svojho v\u00fdskumu a efekt\u00edvne komunikova\u0165 svoje v\u00fdsledky. Jednou z k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdch funkci\u00ed platformy je pr\u00edstup k viac ako 200 predpripraven\u00fdm, kr\u00e1snym \u0161abl\u00f3nam pre profesion\u00e1lne infografiky. T\u00e1to funkcia umo\u017e\u0148uje v\u00fdskumn\u00edkom jednoducho a efekt\u00edvne vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 \u00fa\u017easn\u00e9 vizu\u00e1lne reprezent\u00e1cie svojich \u00fadajov, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu pom\u00f4c\u0165 up\u00fata\u0165 pozornos\u0165 cie\u013eov\u00e9ho publika a zlep\u0161i\u0165 celkov\u00fd vplyv ich v\u00fdskumu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n
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\"\"<\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Chcete vedie\u0165, ak\u00e9 s\u00fa typy odberu vzoriek? U\u017e nemus\u00edte h\u013eada\u0165 \u010falej! Z\u00edskajte podrobn\u00fd preh\u013ead o r\u00f4znych technik\u00e1ch pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch pri zbere \u00fadajov.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":35,"featured_media":29203,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959,28],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nHow to Choose the Right Types of Sampling for Your Research - Mind the Graph Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Want to know what are the types of sampling? Look no further! 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