{"id":26890,"date":"2023-02-24T17:29:11","date_gmt":"2023-02-24T20:29:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/what-are-nanomaterials-copy\/"},"modified":"2023-02-28T17:41:23","modified_gmt":"2023-02-28T20:41:23","slug":"observer-bias","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/sk\/predsudky-pozorovatela\/","title":{"rendered":"Prekonanie zaujatosti pozorovate\u013ea vo v\u00fdskume: Ako ju minimalizova\u0165?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Na\u0161e o\u010dak\u00e1vania a presved\u010denia m\u00f4\u017eu ma\u0165 ve\u013ek\u00fd vplyv na to, ako vn\u00edmame a ch\u00e1peme svet okolo n\u00e1s. Pokia\u013e ide o v\u00fdskum, tieto predsudky m\u00f4\u017eu sp\u00f4sobi\u0165, \u017ee \u0161t\u00fadia bude \u00faplne zaujat\u00e1, \u010do m\u00f4\u017ee vies\u0165 k skreslen\u00fdm, klamliv\u00fdm alebo dokonca \u00faplne nespr\u00e1vnym z\u00e1verom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tento jav je zn\u00e1my ako zaujatos\u0165 pozorovate\u013ea a vo v\u00fdskume sa vyskytuje pravidelne. Je to norm\u00e1lna \u013eudsk\u00e1 predispoz\u00edcia interpretova\u0165 inform\u00e1cie in\u0161tinkt\u00edvne sp\u00f4sobom, ktor\u00fd posil\u0148uje vlastn\u00e9 presved\u010denie, o\u010dak\u00e1vania alebo predsudky. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku chceme nielen vysvetli\u0165, \u010do je to zaujatos\u0165 pozorovate\u013ea, ale aj poskytn\u00fa\u0165 nieko\u013eko odpor\u00fa\u010dan\u00ed, ako ju minimalizova\u0165.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010co je to pozorovac\u00ed v\u00fdskum?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Pozorovac\u00ed v\u00fdskum je v podstate u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e1 met\u00f3da na zhroma\u017e\u010fovanie \u00fadajov a pochopenie spr\u00e1vania a udalost\u00ed neinvaz\u00edvnym pr\u00edstupom. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pr\u00edkladom pozorovacieho v\u00fdskumu je naturalistick\u00e9 pozorovanie, z\u00fa\u010dastnen\u00e9 pozorovanie a arch\u00edvny v\u00fdskum. Okrem toho sa pozorovacie \u0161t\u00fadie pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa v mnoh\u00fdch oblastiach v\u00fdskumu vr\u00e1tane medic\u00edny, psychol\u00f3gie, behavior\u00e1lnych vied a etnografie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010co je to zaujatos\u0165 pozorovate\u013ea?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Vplyv osobn\u00fdch n\u00e1zorov, o\u010dak\u00e1van\u00ed alebo predsudkov v\u00fdskumn\u00edka na v\u00fdsledky v\u00fdskumnej \u0161t\u00fadie sa ozna\u010duje ako zaujatos\u0165 pozorovate\u013ea. Doch\u00e1dza k nemu vtedy, ke\u010f v\u00fdskumn\u00edk podvedome ovplyv\u0148uje v\u00fdsledky \u0161t\u00fadie na z\u00e1klade vlastn\u00fdch n\u00e1zorov alebo predpojat\u00fdch predpokladov, \u010do vedie k nepresnej interpret\u00e1cii \u00fadajov.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vzh\u013eadom na povahu v\u00fdskumnej met\u00f3dy je v pozorovacom v\u00fdskume pravdepodobnej\u0161ie, \u017ee d\u00f4jde k zaujatosti pozorovate\u013ea. V\u00fdskumn\u00edk je pri observa\u010dnom v\u00fdskume \u010dasto pas\u00edvnym pozorovate\u013eom, ktor\u00fd je pri z\u00edskavan\u00ed \u00fadajov z\u00e1visl\u00fd od vlastn\u00fdch pozorovan\u00ed a interpret\u00e1ci\u00ed. V d\u00f4sledku toho m\u00f4\u017eu osobn\u00e9 n\u00e1zory, o\u010dak\u00e1vania alebo predsudky v\u00fdskumn\u00edka ovplyvni\u0165 sp\u00f4sob, ak\u00fdm interpretuje a uv\u00e1dza \u00fadaje, \u010d\u00edm sa zvy\u0161uje riziko zaujatosti pozorovate\u013ea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
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Typy zaujatosti pozorovate\u013ea<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Existuje nieko\u013eko typov zaujatosti pozorovate\u013ea; pre\u010d\u00edtajte si o nich viac.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Predpojatos\u0165 akt\u00e9ra a pozorovate\u013ea<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Predpojatos\u0165 akt\u00e9ra a pozorovate\u013ea sa vz\u0165ahuje na sklon \u013eud\u00ed pripisova\u0165 svoje vlastn\u00e9 spr\u00e1vanie podmienkam prostredia, zatia\u013e \u010do konanie in\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed pripisuj\u00fa ich osobnostiam alebo dispoz\u00edci\u00e1m. In\u00fdmi slovami, ke\u010f \u013eudia uva\u017euj\u00fa o svojom vlastnom spr\u00e1van\u00ed, s\u00fa n\u00e1chylnej\u0161\u00ed hodnoti\u0165 kontext a okolnosti, ktor\u00e9 viedli k ich spr\u00e1vaniu, ale ke\u010f vidia konanie in\u00fdch, s\u00fa n\u00e1chylnej\u0161\u00ed pripisova\u0165 tak\u00e9to spr\u00e1vanie osobnostn\u00fdm vlastnostiam alebo vn\u00fatorn\u00fdm sklonom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

Pr\u00edklad: <\/strong>Ja som me\u0161kal na stretnutie, preto\u017ee som uviazol v z\u00e1pche, ale ona me\u0161kala, preto\u017ee bola neorganizovan\u00e1.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Efekt o\u010dak\u00e1vania pozorovate\u013ea<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Efekt o\u010dak\u00e1vania pozorovate\u013ea zah\u0155\u0148a vplyv, ktor\u00fd m\u00f4\u017eu ma\u0165 o\u010dak\u00e1vania alebo presved\u010denia pozorovate\u013ea na to, ako vn\u00edma a interpretuje d\u00f4kazy. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Napr\u00edklad, ak m\u00e1 pozorovate\u013e vopred vytvoren\u00fa predstavu o ur\u010ditej skupine os\u00f4b alebo \u0161pecifick\u00fdch javoch, m\u00f4\u017ee sa prednostne venova\u0165 inform\u00e1ci\u00e1m, ktor\u00e9 podporuj\u00fa jeho presved\u010denie, a ignorova\u0165 d\u00f4kazy, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa s t\u00fdmto presved\u010den\u00edm v rozpore.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Praktick\u00fdm pr\u00edkladom je fyziol\u00f3g, ktor\u00fd vykon\u00e1va v\u00fdskum \u00fa\u010dinnosti potenci\u00e1lnej lie\u010dby \u00fazkostn\u00fdch por\u00fach. Pri hodnoten\u00ed \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkov sa psychol\u00f3g m\u00f4\u017ee ne\u00famyselne zamera\u0165 na d\u00f4kazy, ktor\u00e9 podporuj\u00fa jeho hypot\u00e9zu, \u017ee terapia je mimoriadne prospe\u0161n\u00e1, a m\u00f4\u017ee prehliadnu\u0165 alebo minimalizova\u0165 \u00fadaje, ktor\u00e9 sved\u010dia o opaku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Predpojatos\u0165 experiment\u00e1tora<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Predpojatos\u0165 experiment\u00e1tora je vplyv, ktor\u00fd m\u00f4\u017eu ma\u0165 o\u010dak\u00e1vania, presved\u010denie alebo osobn\u00e9 predsudky experiment\u00e1tora na v\u00fdsledky experimentu. K tomuto skresleniu m\u00f4\u017ee d\u00f4js\u0165, ke\u010f experiment\u00e1tor ne\u00famyselne manipuluje s \u00fadajmi alebo ich interpretuje tak, aby podporil svoje o\u010dak\u00e1vania alebo n\u00e1zory, \u010do vedie k chybn\u00fdm alebo neobjekt\u00edvnym z\u00e1verom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Skreslenie experimentu sa od efektu o\u010dak\u00e1vania pozorovate\u013ea l\u00ed\u0161i t\u00fdm, \u017ee skreslenie experimentu ovplyv\u0148uje v\u00fdsledky experimentu, ako aj sp\u00f4sob, ak\u00fdm sa experiment vykon\u00e1va a interpretuje, zatia\u013e \u010do efekt o\u010dak\u00e1vania pozorovate\u013ea sa vz\u0165ahuje na vplyv, ktor\u00fd m\u00f4\u017eu ma\u0165 o\u010dak\u00e1vania alebo presved\u010denie pozorovate\u013ea na to, ako vn\u00edma, zbiera, analyzuje a interpretuje \u00fadaje v pozorovan\u00ed. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Okrem toho sa zaujatos\u0165 pozorovate\u013ea zvy\u010dajne sp\u00e1ja s experiment\u00e1lnym v\u00fdskumom, zatia\u013e \u010do zaujatos\u0165 experiment\u00e1tora sa zvy\u010dajne sp\u00e1ja s pozorovan\u00edm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pou\u017eime rovnak\u00fd pr\u00edklad ako pri efekte o\u010dak\u00e1vania pozorovate\u013ea. Fyziol\u00f3g, ktor\u00fd vykon\u00e1va v\u00fdskum \u00fa\u010dinnosti potenci\u00e1lnej lie\u010dby \u00fazkostn\u00fdch por\u00fach. Psychol\u00f3g m\u00f4\u017ee po\u010das v\u00fdskumu ne\u00famyselne zorganizova\u0165 experiment, aby zv\u00fd\u0161il \u0161ancu na dobr\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky. M\u00f4\u017ee napr\u00edklad vybra\u0165 dobrovo\u013en\u00edkov, u ktor\u00fdch je v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia pravdepodobnos\u0165, \u017ee bud\u00fa na liek reagova\u0165 priaznivo, alebo m\u00f4\u017ee zmeni\u0165 d\u00e1vkovanie alebo trvanie lie\u010dby, aby optimalizoval jej pr\u00ednos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hawthornov efekt<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Hawthornov efekt je jav, ktor\u00fd s\u00favis\u00ed s vplyvom, ktor\u00fd m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 na spr\u00e1vanie \u010dloveka vedomie, \u017ee je sledovan\u00fd. Efekt bol nazvan\u00fd pod\u013ea s\u00e9rie experimentov uskuto\u010dnen\u00fdch v 20. a 30. rokoch 20. storo\u010dia v tov\u00e1rni Hawthorne Works v Illinois, kde v\u00fdskumn\u00edci zistili, \u017ee \u00fapravy pracovn\u00fdch podmienok, ako napr\u00edklad lep\u0161ie osvetlenie alebo krat\u0161\u00ed pracovn\u00fd \u010das, viedli k zv\u00fd\u0161eniu pracovn\u00e9ho v\u00fdkonu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdskumn\u00edci zistili, \u017ee zv\u00fd\u0161enie produktivity bolo sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 sk\u00f4r vedom\u00edm pracovn\u00edkov, \u017ee s\u00fa monitorovan\u00ed, a pozornos\u0165ou, ktor\u00e1 sa im v d\u00f4sledku toho dostala, ne\u017e konkr\u00e9tnym zlep\u0161en\u00edm pracovn\u00fdch podmienok.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ako minimalizova\u0165 zaujatos\u0165 pozorovate\u013ea?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Vzh\u013eadom na to, \u017ee zaujatos\u0165 pozorovate\u013ea m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 ve\u013ek\u00fd vplyv na platnos\u0165 a spo\u013eahlivos\u0165 v\u00fdsledkov v\u00fdskumu, je potrebn\u00e9 prija\u0165 opatrenia na minimaliz\u00e1ciu jej vplyvu. Tu je nieko\u013eko met\u00f3d na minimaliz\u00e1ciu zaujatosti pozorovate\u013ea:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. Zvy\u0161ovanie povedomia o zaujatosti pozorovate\u013eov a \u0161kolenia o jej vplyve m\u00f4\u017eu pom\u00f4c\u0165 pozorovate\u013eom pri rozpozn\u00e1van\u00ed a kontrole ich zaujatosti v ich zisteniach.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
      \n
    1. Kr\u00ed\u017eov\u00e1 kontrola \u00fadajov s r\u00f4znymi pozorovate\u013emi m\u00f4\u017ee pom\u00f4c\u0165 zabezpe\u010di\u0165 konzistentnos\u0165 a presnos\u0165 pozorovan\u00ed. To m\u00f4\u017ee pom\u00f4c\u0165 pri identifik\u00e1cii ak\u00fdchko\u013evek rozdielov alebo skreslen\u00ed v pozorovaniach, \u010do vedie k d\u00f4veryhodnej\u0161iemu zobrazeniu \u00fadajov. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
        \n
      1. \u0160tandardizovan\u00e9 protokoly m\u00f4\u017eu pom\u00f4c\u0165 zabezpe\u010di\u0165, aby sa pozorovania vykon\u00e1vali d\u00f4sledne a objekt\u00edvne. Elimin\u00e1cia mo\u017enosti individu\u00e1lnej interpret\u00e1cie alebo odch\u00fdlok v pozorovaniach m\u00f4\u017ee pom\u00f4c\u0165 zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 vplyv zaujatosti pozorovate\u013ea.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
          \n
        1. Pr\u00edstupy zaslepenia, ako napr\u00edklad dvojito zaslepen\u00e9 \u0161t\u00fadie, m\u00f4\u017eu pom\u00f4c\u0165 zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 \u00fa\u010dinok zaujatosti pozorovate\u013ea t\u00fdm, \u017ee pozorovate\u013e nevie, ak\u00e1 lie\u010dba alebo intervencia je \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkom pridelen\u00e1. T\u00fdm sa zabezpe\u010d\u00ed, \u017ee o\u010dak\u00e1vania a predsudky pozorovate\u013ea neovplyvnia jeho pozorovanie alebo interpret\u00e1ciu faktov.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
            \n
          1. \u010co najnen\u00e1padnej\u0161ie pozorovanie m\u00f4\u017ee pom\u00f4c\u0165 zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 Hawthornov efekt, ktor\u00fd sa vz\u0165ahuje na vplyv vedomia, \u017ee niekto je sledovan\u00fd, na jeho spr\u00e1vanie.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

            \u0160abl\u00f3ny infografiky vytvoren\u00e9 vedcami<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

            Nie je ni\u010d lep\u0161ie, ako ke\u010f v\u00e1m pom\u00e1ha niekto, kto rozumie va\u0161im potreb\u00e1m. Ak ste vedec a h\u013ead\u00e1te vhodn\u00fd n\u00e1stroj pre svoje infografiky a ilustr\u00e1cie, Pozor na graf<\/a> je to najlep\u0161ie miesto, kam m\u00f4\u017eete \u00eds\u0165, preto\u017ee presne vieme, \u010do potrebujete!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            <\/div>\n\n\n
            \n
            \"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
            <\/div>\n\n\n\n
            \n
            Za\u010dnite pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 Mind the Graph<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
            <\/div>\n\n\n\n

            <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

            Zistite, \u010do je to zaujatos\u0165 pozorovate\u013ea, ak\u00e9 s\u00fa jej r\u00f4zne typy, ako ovplyv\u0148uje v\u00fdskum a hlavne ako ju minimalizova\u0165.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":28,"featured_media":26897,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959,28],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nOvercoming Observer Bias in Research: How To Minimize It?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn what observer bias is, the different types, how it affects research, and, most importantly, how to minimize it.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/sk\/predsudky-pozorovatela\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Overcoming Observer 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