{"id":12100,"date":"2020-12-30T09:30:00","date_gmt":"2020-12-30T11:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/?p=12100"},"modified":"2023-01-05T15:13:37","modified_gmt":"2023-01-05T18:13:37","slug":"nerve-impulse-the-synapse","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/sk\/nervovy-impulz-synapsia\/","title":{"rendered":"Nervov\u00fd impulz \u010cAS\u0164 2 - Synapsa"},"content":{"rendered":"

Cel\u00fd nervov\u00fd syst\u00e9m je zalo\u017een\u00fd na ak\u010dn\u00e9 potenci\u00e1ly <\/strong>a synapsie<\/strong> na prenos inform\u00e1ci\u00ed do cel\u00e9ho tela. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Neur\u00f3ny s\u00fa bunky \u0161pecializovan\u00e9 na prenos elektrick\u00fdch alebo chemick\u00fdch sign\u00e1lov do in\u00e9ho neur\u00f3nu po presne definovanej ceste, ktor\u00e1 vedie k cie\u013eovej bunke. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tento \u010dl\u00e1nok je druhou \u010das\u0165ou z dvoch, ktor\u00e9 sa zaoberaj\u00fa t\u00fdm, ako tento \u00fa\u017easn\u00fd a zlo\u017eit\u00fd syst\u00e9m dok\u00e1\u017ee riadi\u0165 takmer v\u0161etko v na\u0161om tele. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Teraz sa budeme zaobera\u0165 synaptickou \u0161trbinou - priestorom medzi dvoma neur\u00f3nmi, \u010fal\u0161ou oblas\u0165ou, ktor\u00e1 je tie\u017e zodpovedn\u00e1 za prestup nervov\u00e9ho impulzu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e1zov <\/em>synapsa<\/em><\/strong> <\/em>poch\u00e1dza z gr\u00e9ckeho synapsis<\/em>, \u010do znamen\u00e1, \u017ee \"spojenie\"<\/em><\/strong>. Vedci mali po\u010das celej hist\u00f3rie probl\u00e9m n\u00e1js\u0165 term\u00edn, ktor\u00fd by vysvetlil \"<\/em>spojenie dvoch samostatn\u00fdch prvkov<\/em><\/strong>\"<\/em>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

V niektor\u00fdch star\u00fdch publik\u00e1ci\u00e1ch sa synapsa ozna\u010dovala aj ako kri\u017eovatky<\/em><\/strong>. Dnes je synapsa<\/em><\/strong> je n\u00e1zov, ktor\u00fd sa pou\u017e\u00edva a d\u00e1va \u0161trukt\u00fare zodpovednej za op\u00e4tovn\u00e9 odovzdanie sign\u00e1lu in\u00e9mu neur\u00f3nu v \u0161trbine synapsy. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u0161etky synaptick\u00e9 deje sa odohr\u00e1vaj\u00fa v synaptickom klie\u0161t\u00ed, malom mieste medzi dvoma r\u00f4znymi bunkami ved\u013ea seba, tzv. pre-synaptick\u00e9<\/strong> bunky a pozit\u00edvne synaptick\u00e9 bunky. <\/strong>  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vo v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ine pr\u00edpadov s\u00fa dva neur\u00f3ny prepojen\u00e9 prostredn\u00edctvom ax\u00f3nov\u00e9ho termin\u00e1lu jedn\u00e9ho neur\u00f3nu - presynaptick\u00e9ho neur\u00f3nu, ktor\u00fd odovzd\u00e1va sign\u00e1l - s dendritom \u010fal\u0161ieho neur\u00f3nu - posynaptick\u00e9ho neur\u00f3nu - ktor\u00fd m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 bu\u010f cie\u013eovou bunkou, alebo \u010fal\u0161\u00edm neur\u00f3nom v porad\u00ed, ktor\u00fd bude sign\u00e1l odovzd\u00e1va\u0165.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V priestore medzi bunkami - synaptickej \u0161trbine - sa naraz odohr\u00e1va obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estvo inform\u00e1ci\u00ed, za riadenie uvo\u013e\u0148ovania a produkcie t\u00fdchto nosi\u010dov inform\u00e1ci\u00ed je zodpovedn\u00fd ve\u013ek\u00fd molekul\u00e1rny mechanizmus, tieto molekuly sa naz\u00fdvaj\u00fa neurotransmitery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ale neur\u00f3ny nevykon\u00e1vaj\u00fa v\u0161etku pr\u00e1cu samy, maj\u00fa ved\u013ea seba \u0161pecifick\u00fd typ buniek, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa za \u00falohu podporova\u0165 regul\u00e1ciu neurotransmiterov. Tieto bunky s\u00fa astrocyty<\/strong>; s\u00fa typom gliov\u00fdch buniek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Glias<\/strong> s\u00fa klasifikovan\u00e9 ako neur\u00f3nov\u00e9 bunky - nepren\u00e1\u0161aj\u00fa ani nevytv\u00e1raj\u00fa \u017eiadny typ nervov\u00e9ho impulzu alebo sign\u00e1lu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tieto bunky maj\u00fa mnoho povinnost\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 s\u00favisia s potrebami neur\u00f3nov, ako asistent, ktor\u00fd pracuje 24 hod\u00edn denne, 7 dn\u00ed v t\u00fd\u017edni. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa sa v celom centr\u00e1lnom a perif\u00e9rnom nervovom syst\u00e9me. Vo v\u0161eobecnosti poskytuj\u00fa podporu, ochranu a vy\u017eivuj\u00fa neur\u00f3n \u017eivinami.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ako u\u017e bolo povedan\u00e9, neur\u00f3ny s\u00fa \u0161pecializovan\u00e9 bunky zodpovedn\u00e9 za prenos elektrick\u00fdch alebo chemick\u00fdch sign\u00e1lov. Ka\u017ed\u00fd z t\u00fdchto sign\u00e1lov m\u00e1 svoju met\u00f3du na odovzdanie sign\u00e1lu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Predsynaptick\u00fd neur\u00f3n zapojen\u00fd do chemickej synapsie je schopn\u00fd pren\u00e1\u0161a\u0165 inform\u00e1cie nielen do neur\u00f3nov, ale aj do svalov a \u017eliaz, \u010do sa deje prostredn\u00edctvom ak\u010dn\u00e9ho potenci\u00e1lu, ktor\u00fd prech\u00e1dza cel\u00fdm neur\u00f3nom, dosiahne termin\u00e1l ax\u00f3nu a potom odovzd\u00e1 sign\u00e1l nap\u00e4\u0165ovo riaden\u00fdm v\u00e1pnikov\u00fdm kan\u00e1lom. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Depolariz\u00e1cia sp\u00f4sob\u00ed, \u017ee tieto kan\u00e1ly s\u00fa akt\u00edvne a otvoria sa pre v\u00e1pnik (Ca+2), ktor\u00fd sa dostane dovn\u00fatra neur\u00f3nu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pr\u00edlev v\u00e1pnika do bunky d\u00e1va sign\u00e1l synaptick\u00e9mu mech\u00fariku, ktor\u00fd potom uvo\u013e\u0148uje neurotransmitery v synaptickej \u0161trbine. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Po vstupe do synaptickej \u0161trbiny sa tieto neurotransmitery dostan\u00fa k neurotransmiterov\u00fdm receptorom posynaptick\u00e9ho neur\u00f3nu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Takto pokra\u010duje nervov\u00fd impulz, opakuje sa proces v dendritoch, potom v jadre, prech\u00e1dza do ax\u00f3nu, kde pokra\u010duje ak\u010dn\u00fd potenci\u00e1l. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ke\u010f nervov\u00fd impulz dosiahne cie\u013eov\u00fa bunku, m\u00f4\u017eu v posynaptickom neur\u00f3ne nasta\u0165 dva druhy reakci\u00ed - bu\u010f vzru\u0161uj\u00faca, alebo inhibi\u010dn\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Druh\u00e1, elektrick\u00e1 synapsa, prebieha ove\u013ea r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie v porovnan\u00ed s chemickou synapsiou, preto\u017ee pozost\u00e1va z men\u0161ieho po\u010dtu krokov prenosu sign\u00e1lu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elektrick\u00fd pr\u00fad sa pren\u00e1\u0161a kan\u00e1lmi, ktor\u00e9 sa naz\u00fdvaj\u00fa medzerovit\u00e9 spoje<\/strong>, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa pr\u00edtomn\u00e9 v oboch bunk\u00e1ch a sp\u00e1jaj\u00fa pre-synaptick\u00e9 s posynaptick\u00fdmi neur\u00f3nmi.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tieto kan\u00e1ly s\u00fa schopn\u00e9 prep\u00fa\u0161\u0165a\u0165 elektrick\u00fd pr\u00fad bez \u00fa\u010dasti neurotransmiterov.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee proces synapsie nemus\u00ed nevyhnutne sp\u00e1ja\u0165 v\u017edy tie ist\u00e9 \u010dasti neur\u00f3nu, ako napr\u00edklad termin\u00e1l ax\u00f3nu a dendrity. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Existuje viac zariaden\u00ed na prenos nervov\u00fdch impulzov ako toto. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ax\u00f3nov\u00e9 termin\u00e1ly z presynaptick\u00fdch buniek m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 napojen\u00e9 priamo na krvn\u00fd obeh, ax\u00f3n neur\u00f3nu alebo dokonca na in\u00fd ax\u00f3nov\u00fd termin\u00e1l. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 tie\u017e spojen\u00e9 s dendritickou chrbticou neur\u00f3nu alebo dokonca nemusia ma\u0165 spojenie na uvo\u013e\u0148ovanie neurotransmiterov v extracelul\u00e1rnom prostred\u00ed. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

V z\u00e1vislosti od typu pren\u00e1\u0161anej inform\u00e1cie sa mus\u00ed uvo\u013eni\u0165 ur\u010dit\u00fd typ neurotransmitera, ktor\u00fd m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 zo skupiny glutam\u00e1tergn\u00fdch, GABAergn\u00fdch, cholinergn\u00fdch, adrenergn\u00fdch s excita\u010dn\u00fdm alebo inhibi\u010dn\u00fdm \u00fa\u010dinkom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Regul\u00e1cia neurotransmiterov je ve\u013emi jemn\u00fd syst\u00e9m n\u00e1\u0161ho tela. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0160t\u00fadie mnoh\u00fdch vedcov uk\u00e1zali, \u017ee jeden dysregulovan\u00fd neurotransmiter m\u00f4\u017ee ovplyvni\u0165 nie jednu, ale mnoho \u010dinnost\u00ed v mozgu, ako je n\u00e1lada, humor, sp\u00e1nok, chu\u0165 do jedla, telesn\u00e1 teplota, strach, okrem du\u0161evn\u00fdch chor\u00f4b. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Napr\u00edklad Parkinsonova choroba a schizofr\u00e9nia, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa dnes zn\u00e1me ako nevylie\u010dite\u013en\u00e9 choroby, s\u00favisia s poruchou funkcie neurotransmitera dopam\u00ednu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nervov\u00fd impulz je zodpovedn\u00fd za komunik\u00e1ciu a prenos v\u0161etk\u00fdch inform\u00e1ci\u00ed v celom tele. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mal\u00fd probl\u00e9m alebo porucha regul\u00e1cie m\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 ve\u013ek\u00e9 n\u00e1sledky a ochorenia. Vedci st\u00e1le h\u013eadaj\u00fa odpovede na ot\u00e1zky, aby \u00faplne pochopili t\u00fato zlo\u017eit\u00fa sie\u0165.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

____<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u00e1\u010dila sa v\u00e1m infografika v tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku? M\u00f4\u017eete ju pou\u017ei\u0165 aj vo svojej pr\u00e1ci, kliknite sem<\/a> a zobrazia sa v\u0161etky \u0161abl\u00f3ny dostupn\u00e9 pre pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov Mind the Graph. Nemus\u00edte za\u010d\u00edna\u0165 od nuly. Alebo m\u00f4\u017eete za\u010da\u0165 vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 pr\u00e1ve teraz<\/a>, pomocou n\u00e1\u0161ho neurol\u00f3gia<\/a> gal\u00e9ria a viac<\/a>!<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Cel\u00fd nervov\u00fd syst\u00e9m je zalo\u017een\u00fd na ak\u010dn\u00fdch potenci\u00e1loch a synaps\u00e1ch, ktor\u00e9 pren\u00e1\u0161aj\u00fa inform\u00e1cie do cel\u00e9ho tela. Neur\u00f3ny s\u00fa bunky \u0161pecializovan\u00e9 na prenos elektrick\u00fdch alebo chemick\u00fdch sign\u00e1lov do in\u00e9ho neur\u00f3nu po presne definovanej dr\u00e1he, ktor\u00e1 sa dostane do cie\u013eovej bunky. Tento \u010dl\u00e1nok je druhou \u010das\u0165ou z dvoch, ktor\u00e9 sa zaoberaj\u00fa t\u00fdm, ako tento \u00fa\u017easn\u00fd a zlo\u017eit\u00fd syst\u00e9m [...]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":12102,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959,28],"tags":[812],"yoast_head":"\nNerve Impulse PART 2 \u2013 The Synapse - MTG<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Nerve Impulse PART 2 \u2013 The Synapse. Read this blog to know more about how nerve impulses take place. 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He has a Ph.D. and solid scientific background in Psychopharmacology and experience as a Guest Researcher at the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry (Germany) and Researcher in D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR, Brazil). Fabricio holds over 2500 citations in Google Scholar. He has 10 years of experience in small innovative businesses, with relevant experience in product design and innovation management. 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