{"id":12051,"date":"2020-12-23T11:11:39","date_gmt":"2020-12-23T13:11:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/?p=12051"},"modified":"2023-01-05T14:32:04","modified_gmt":"2023-01-05T17:32:04","slug":"nerve-impulses-the-action-potential","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/sk\/nervove-impulzy-akcny-potencial\/","title":{"rendered":"Nervov\u00e9 impulzy \u010cAS\u0164 1 - Ak\u010dn\u00fd potenci\u00e1l"},"content":{"rendered":"

Aby sme pochopili, ako funguje neur\u00f3n, mus\u00edme sa pozrie\u0165 na dva pojmy. Prv\u00fd s\u00favis\u00ed s t\u00fdm, \u010do sa deje vo vn\u00fatri neur\u00f3nu, ke\u010f inform\u00e1cia prech\u00e1dza dopredu - ak\u010dn\u00fd potenci\u00e1l - a druh\u00fd s t\u00fdm, ako inform\u00e1cia prech\u00e1dza z jednej bunky do druhej - synapsa. V\u010faka t\u00fdmto dvom procesom s\u00fa bunky nervov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu schopn\u00e9 pren\u00e1\u0161a\u0165 najzlo\u017eitej\u0161ie inform\u00e1cie po celom tele, pri\u010dom ich pos\u00favaj\u00fa z neur\u00f3nu na neur\u00f3n, a\u017e sa nakoniec dostan\u00fa k cie\u013eovej bunke. V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku sa budeme zaobera\u0165 prv\u00fdm pojmom, tzv. ak\u010dn\u00fd potenci\u00e1l<\/strong>.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nervov\u00fd impulz je elektrochemick\u00fd sign\u00e1l, ktor\u00fd je hlavn\u00fdm mechanizmom prenosu inform\u00e1ci\u00ed v neur\u00f3ne. Dendrity niektor\u00fdch neur\u00f3nov detekuj\u00fa a prij\u00edmaj\u00fa impulz z predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facej bunky, nervov\u00fd impulz sa \u0161\u00edri pozd\u013a\u017e smeruj\u00fac od dendrity <\/strong>na jadro <\/strong>ako na ax\u00f3n<\/strong>a nakoniec na termin\u00e1l ax\u00f3nu<\/strong> ke\u010f sa impulz odovzd\u00e1 \u010fal\u0161iemu neur\u00f3nu. Tento proces pokra\u010duje <\/strong>opakovane, k\u00fdm nedosiahne cie\u013eov\u00fa bunku.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Elektrochemick\u00fd sign\u00e1l vznik\u00e1 v d\u00f4sledku pohybu i\u00f3nov medzi vn\u00fatornou a vonkaj\u0161ou \u010das\u0165ou plazmatickej membr\u00e1ny neur\u00f3nu. I\u00f3ny prech\u00e1dzaj\u00fa z vonkaj\u0161ej do vn\u00fatornej \u010dasti, \u010d\u00edm vznik\u00e1 rozdiel potenci\u00e1lov v membr\u00e1ne. \"Mostom\", po ktorom sa tieto i\u00f3ny dost\u00e1vaj\u00fa dovn\u00fatra bunky, je transmembr\u00e1nov\u00fd prote\u00edn naz\u00fdvan\u00fd nap\u00e4\u0165ovo riaden\u00e9 i\u00f3nov\u00e9 kan\u00e1ly<\/strong>.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tieto nap\u00e4\u0165ov\u00e9 kan\u00e1ly s\u00fa riaden\u00e9 elektrick\u00fdm nap\u00e4t\u00edm ako forma odpovede na elektrick\u00e9 podnety, in\u00fdmi slovami, tieto kan\u00e1ly nie s\u00fa v\u017edy otvoren\u00e9 pre priechod i\u00f3nov, otv\u00e1raj\u00fa sa a zatv\u00e1raj\u00fa len pri ur\u010dit\u00fdch elektrick\u00fdch nap\u00e4\u0165ov\u00fdch podnetoch.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Ke\u010f bunka nie je vystaven\u00e1 podnetom, ke\u010f je membr\u00e1na v pokoji, medzi vn\u00fatornou a vonkaj\u0161ou \u010das\u0165ou neur\u00f3nu sa udr\u017eiava rozdiel potenci\u00e1lov. V pokoji m\u00e1 membr\u00e1na potenci\u00e1l -70 mV, teda z\u00e1porn\u00fd potenci\u00e1l, zatia\u013e \u010do vonkaj\u0161ia \u010das\u0165 m\u00e1 potenci\u00e1l kladn\u00fd. Tento rozdiel potenci\u00e1lov sa naz\u00fdva pokojov\u00fd membr\u00e1nov\u00fd potenci\u00e1l, <\/strong>a je udr\u017eiavan\u00e1 najm\u00e4 i\u00f3nmi sod\u00edka a drasl\u00edka prostredn\u00edctvom sodno-drasl\u00edkovej pumpy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pod vplyvom elektrick\u00fdch nap\u00e4\u0165ov\u00fdch podnetov sa rozdiel membr\u00e1nov\u00fdch potenci\u00e1lov za\u010dne invertova\u0165, sod\u00edkov\u00e9 kan\u00e1ly sa otvoria a umo\u017enia mnoh\u00fdm sod\u00edkov\u00fdm i\u00f3nom prejs\u0165 dovn\u00fatra bunky, \u010d\u00edm sa membr\u00e1na na chv\u00ed\u013eu zmen\u00ed depolarizovan\u00e9<\/strong>alebo lep\u0161ie povedan\u00e9, sod\u00edkov\u00e9 i\u00f3ny zmenia vn\u00fatorn\u00fa oblas\u0165 membr\u00e1ny na kladn\u00fa sie\u0165. Tento pohyb depolariz\u00e1cie je zn\u00e1my ak\u010dn\u00fd potenci\u00e1l<\/strong>; membr\u00e1nov\u00fd potenci\u00e1l r\u00fdchlo st\u00fapa a kles\u00e1. Potenci\u00e1l st\u00fapne na +40 mV za nie\u010do viac ako 2 milisekundy a vr\u00e1ti sa do pokojov\u00e9ho stavu za menej ako 3 milisekundy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ak\u010dn\u00fd potenci\u00e1l nevznik\u00e1 v celom neur\u00f3ne naraz, depolariz\u00e1cia membr\u00e1ny sa za\u010d\u00edna v dendritoch a potom po \u010dastiach v jadre, kde sa depolarizuje a kr\u00e1tko nato sa vracia do pokojov\u00e9ho stavu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na obnovenie pokojov\u00e9ho membr\u00e1nov\u00e9ho potenci\u00e1lu sa sod\u00edkov\u00e9 kan\u00e1ly zatvoria a nap\u00e4\u0165ovo riaden\u00e9 drasl\u00edkov\u00e9 kan\u00e1ly sa otvoria, \u010d\u00edm sa drasl\u00edkov\u00e9 i\u00f3ny dostan\u00fa dovn\u00fatra bunky, \u010d\u00edm sa membr\u00e1na repolarizuje a vn\u00fatorn\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 membr\u00e1ny sa op\u00e4\u0165 nabije z\u00e1porne a vonkaj\u0161ia \u010das\u0165 kladne. Sod\u00edkovo-drasl\u00edkov\u00e1 pumpa pom\u00e1ha obnovi\u0165 spr\u00e1vne mno\u017estvo ka\u017ed\u00e9ho i\u00f3nu vo vn\u00fatri bunky, pri\u010dom na ka\u017ed\u00e9 dva i\u00f3ny drasl\u00edka prepust\u00ed tri i\u00f3ny sod\u00edka.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00f4\u017eeme si to predstavi\u0165 ako synchronizovan\u00fd pohyb od momentu reakcie ak\u010dn\u00e9ho potenci\u00e1lu po moment obnovenia pokojov\u00e9ho stavu.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Je zauj\u00edmav\u00e9, \u017ee zatia\u013e \u010do v ax\u00f3ne m\u00e1me nap\u00e4\u0165ovo riaden\u00e9 i\u00f3nov\u00e9 kan\u00e1ly, ktor\u00e9 generuj\u00fa a \u0161\u00edria nervov\u00fd impulz, v dendritoch tieto kan\u00e1ly neexistuj\u00fa. V t\u00fdchto oblastiach neur\u00f3nov sa sign\u00e1l nepren\u00e1\u0161a ak\u010dn\u00fdm potenci\u00e1lom, ale odstup\u0148ovan\u00fd potenci\u00e1l, <\/strong>a <\/strong>in\u00e1 forma \u0161\u00edrenia sign\u00e1lu, pri ktorej sa stupnica sign\u00e1lu po ceste zvy\u0161uje, a\u017e sa na ax\u00f3ne zmen\u00ed na ak\u010dn\u00fd potenci\u00e1l.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u0161imnite si, \u017ee sod\u00edkov\u00fd i\u00f3n je zodpovedn\u00fd za \u0161\u00edrenie ak\u010dn\u00e9ho potenci\u00e1lu a drasl\u00edkov\u00fd za obnovenie pokojov\u00e9ho stavu. Nedostatok t\u00fdchto i\u00f3nov v organizme m\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 probl\u00e9my s kvalitou a \u00fa\u010dinnos\u0165ou ak\u010dn\u00e9ho potenci\u00e1lu, \u010do znamen\u00e1 probl\u00e9my na synaps\u00e1ch a pri prechode inform\u00e1ci\u00ed nervov\u00fdm syst\u00e9mom. V\u0161etky tieto probl\u00e9my m\u00f4\u017eu vyvola\u0165 psychick\u00e9 komplik\u00e1cie a ochorenia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010eal\u0161\u00edm krokom bude prechod nervov\u00e9ho impulzu do \u010fal\u0161ieho neur\u00f3nu. V priestore medzi dvoma neur\u00f3nmi, v synaptickej \u0161trbine, sa deje nie\u010do in\u00e9. Synaptick\u00e1 \u0161trbina je ve\u013emi d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm miestom na pozorovanie a \u0161t\u00fadium, je to miesto, kde vstupuje do \u010dinnosti mnoho r\u00f4znych neurotransmiterov, ktor\u00e9 aktivuj\u00fa nov\u00fa sign\u00e1lnu dr\u00e1hu pomocou receptorov, in\u00fdch prote\u00ednov a i\u00f3nov okrem sod\u00edka a drasl\u00edka. Ale to si nech\u00e1me na \u010fal\u0161iu diskusiu v \u010dl\u00e1nku Nervov\u00fd impulz \u010cAS\u0164 2 - Synaptick\u00e1 \u0161trbina<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u00e1\u010dili sa v\u00e1m infografiky v tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku? Aj vy m\u00f4\u017eete pou\u017ei\u0165 Mind the Graph a vytvori\u0165 tak\u00e9to informat\u00edvne obr\u00e1zky. Z\u00edskajte na Mind the Graph<\/a> a pozrite sa na gal\u00e9ria ilustr\u00e1ci\u00ed<\/a>, je k dispoz\u00edcii neurol\u00f3gia<\/a> a bioch\u00e9mia<\/a> ilustr\u00e1cie, a ak potrebujete pomoc, pros\u00edm kontaktujte n\u00e1s<\/a>!<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Aby sme pochopili, ako funguje neur\u00f3n, mus\u00edme sa pozrie\u0165 na dva pojmy. Prv\u00fd s\u00favis\u00ed s t\u00fdm, \u010do sa deje vo vn\u00fatri neur\u00f3nu, ke\u010f inform\u00e1cia prech\u00e1dza dopredu - ak\u010dn\u00fd potenci\u00e1l - a druh\u00fd s t\u00fdm, ako inform\u00e1cia prech\u00e1dza z jednej bunky do druhej - [...]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":12055,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959],"tags":[812,813],"yoast_head":"\nNerve Impulses PART 1 \u2013 The Action Potential - MTG<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"It's a deep dive into nerve impulses. 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He has a Ph.D. and solid scientific background in Psychopharmacology and experience as a Guest Researcher at the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry (Germany) and Researcher in D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR, Brazil). Fabricio holds over 2500 citations in Google Scholar. He has 10 years of experience in small innovative businesses, with relevant experience in product design and innovation management. 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