{"id":11788,"date":"2020-10-19T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-10-19T11:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/?p=11788"},"modified":"2022-11-21T09:55:34","modified_gmt":"2022-11-21T12:55:34","slug":"crispr-duo-wins-nobel-prize-2020-for-chemistry","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/sk\/crispr-duo-vyhrava-nobelovu-cenu-2020-za-chemiu\/","title":{"rendered":"CRISPR DUO kra\u013euje \u0161ou: Nobelova cena za ch\u00e9miu 2020"},"content":{"rendered":"

Prec\u00edznos\u0165 je charakteristick\u00fdm znakom vedca. Emmanuelle Charpentierov\u00e1 a Jennifer Doudnov\u00e1 objavili revolu\u010dn\u00fd n\u00e1stroj v g\u00e9novej technol\u00f3gii s n\u00e1zvom CRISPR\/Cas9, \"genetick\u00e9 no\u017enice\". Priekopn\u00ed\u010dky tohto n\u00e1stroja, ktor\u00fd men\u00ed \u017eivot, Emmanuelle Charpentierov\u00e1 a Jennifer Doudnaov\u00e1, s\u00fa ocenen\u00e9 Nobelovou cenou za ch\u00e9miu za rok 2020. Ich vyn\u00e1lez z roku 2012 viedol k nespo\u010detn\u00fdm objavom v d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdch oblastiach, ako je v\u00fdskum rakoviny, v\u00fdskum rastl\u00edn a h\u013eadanie liekov na dedi\u010dn\u00e9 choroby. N\u00e1stroj CRISPR\/Cas9 u\u013eah\u010dil \u00fapravu genetick\u00fdch sekvenci\u00ed na presnom mieste v krat\u0161om \u010dase. Ich objav zmenil poh\u013ead na pr\u00edrodn\u00e9 vedy. Je to odrazov\u00fd most\u00edk pre nov\u00fa \u00e9ru v genetike, ktor\u00e1 bude pr\u00ednosom pre \u017eiv\u00fdch.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\u010co je CRISPR\/Cas9 a ako bol objaven\u00fd?<\/span><\/h2>\n

CISPR\/CAS9 je n\u00e1stroj na \u00fapravu g\u00e9nov, ktor\u00fd sa pou\u017e\u00edva na rezanie sekvencie DNA na presne ur\u010denom mieste. CRISPR znamen\u00e1 Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (pravidelne rozmiestnen\u00e9 kr\u00e1tke palindromick\u00e9 repet\u00edcie) a Cas9 je enz\u00fdm, ktor\u00fd pom\u00e1ha pri rezan\u00ed sekvencie. CRISPR m\u00e1 dve hlavn\u00e9 vlastnosti, ktor\u00fdmi s\u00fa nukleotidov\u00e9 opakova\u010de a medzern\u00edky. Zvy\u010dajne v CRISPR nukleotidov\u00e9 sekvencie funguj\u00fa ako templ\u00e1tov\u00e9 vl\u00e1kno na prepis komplement\u00e1rnej RNA, ktor\u00e1 sa nakoniec naz\u00fdva CRISPR RNA (cr RNA). Emmanuelle Charpentierov\u00e1 a Jennifer Doudnov\u00e1 boli prv\u00e9, ktor\u00e9 zistili existenciu t\u00fdchto spacerov a repeaterov. Zistili tie\u017e, \u017ee enz\u00fdm Cas9, ktor\u00fd pom\u00e1hal pri strihan\u00ed sekvencie DNA, sa via\u017ee na in\u00e9 molekuly RNA. Tieto dve molekuly, cr RNA a transaktiva\u010dn\u00e1 cr RNA, pom\u00e1hali Cas9 striha\u0165 na cie\u013eovom mieste dvojvl\u00e1knovej DNA.<\/span><\/p>\n

Objav urobila Emmanuelle Charpentierov\u00e1 pri pozorovan\u00ed imunitn\u00e9ho mechanizmu bakt\u00e9rie streptokoka proti v\u00edrusu. Najviac ju zaujala skuto\u010dnos\u0165, \u017ee molekula RNA, ktor\u00e1 sa nach\u00e1dza v bakt\u00e9rii, m\u00e1 ve\u013emi podobn\u00fd genetick\u00fd k\u00f3d ako CRISPR bakt\u00e9rie. Po anal\u00fdze t\u00fdchto dvoch sekvenci\u00ed sa zistilo, \u017ee molekula RNA sa zhoduje s opakuj\u00facou sa \u010das\u0165ou CRISPR. Pri \u010fal\u0161om v\u00fdskume zistila, \u017ee t\u00e1to mal\u00e1 molekula RNA aktivovala sekvenciu RNA v pr\u00edtomnosti Cas9. Sekvencia RNA bola v\u00fdsledkom sekvencie CRISPR. T\u00e1to molekula bola nazvan\u00e1 ako transaktiva\u010dn\u00e1 CRISPR RNA. Ke\u010f je bakt\u00e9ria infikovan\u00e1 v\u00edrusom, bakt\u00e9ria prid\u00e1 v\u00edrusov\u00fa DNA do svojho gen\u00f3mu v oblasti CRISPR ako pam\u00e4\u0165. To pom\u00e1ha bakt\u00e9rii pred \u010fal\u0161ou novou infekciou. T\u00e1to CRISPR DNA sa potom skop\u00edruje a vytvor\u00ed CRISPR RNA, ktor\u00e1 sa m\u00e1 \u0161tiepi\u0165 a vytvori\u0165 v\u00edrusov\u00fa DNA, ktor\u00e1 by pomohla pri rozpozn\u00e1van\u00ed cudzej v\u00edrusovej DNA.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Nesk\u00f4r Jennifer Doudna analyzovala, \u010di by sa t\u00e1to v\u00edrusov\u00e1 DNA dala identifikova\u0165 pomocou molekuly CRISPR RNA a enz\u00fdmu Cas9. Po nieko\u013ek\u00fdch experimentoch ju st\u00e1le nedok\u00e1zali identifikova\u0165 a uvedomili si, \u017ee jej nie\u010do ch\u00fdba. Preto pri \u010fal\u0161om experimente pridali aj transaktiva\u010dn\u00fa molekulu cr RNA, ktor\u00fa objavila Emmanuelle. Na ich prekvapenie sa podarilo identifikova\u0165 v\u00edrusov\u00fa DNA, \u010do viedlo k nov\u00e9mu e\u00f3nu, ktor\u00fd mal pr\u00eds\u0165.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

CRISPR\/Cas9 dnes priniesol nov\u00fd pr\u00edstup k \u017eivotu. Vyu\u017e\u00edva sa v r\u00f4znych oblastiach vedy. Tento n\u00e1stroj bol evolu\u010dn\u00fdm n\u00e1strojom v lek\u00e1rskych ved\u00e1ch. Dnes sa v\u00fdskumn\u00edci sna\u017eia ukon\u010di\u0165 dedi\u010dn\u00e9 poruchy, ktor\u00e9 najviac postihli \u013eudstvo. \u010eal\u0161ou oblas\u0165ou, kde sa tento n\u00e1stroj vyu\u017e\u00edva, je po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstvo na modifik\u00e1ciu rastl\u00edn na odoln\u00e9 vo\u010di infekci\u00e1m, pri v\u00fdvoji liekov, v g\u00e9novej terapii a v mnoh\u00fdch \u010fal\u0161\u00edch oblastiach. S regula\u010dn\u00fdm a etick\u00fdm vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00edm tohto n\u00e1stroja m\u00f4\u017ee \u013eudstvo za\u017ei\u0165 neobmedzen\u00fd svet.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Odkaz\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/prizes\/chemistry\/2020\/popular-information\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":11824,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959,28],"tags":[554],"yoast_head":"\nThe CRISPR DUO Steals The Show: Nobel Prize 2020 in Chemistry - Mind the Graph Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In 2020, many discoveries are accoladed with Nobel Prize and CRISPR DUO in Chemistry is one of them. 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