{"id":26914,"date":"2023-02-27T12:44:00","date_gmt":"2023-02-27T15:44:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/what-is-stargazing-copy\/"},"modified":"2023-02-28T18:06:09","modified_gmt":"2023-02-28T21:06:09","slug":"earthquake-magnitude","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/ro\/magnitudinea-cutremurului\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00cen\u021belegerea magnitudinii cutremurelor \u0219i a impactului lor"},"content":{"rendered":"

Cutremurele sunt un fenomen natural r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit, care are loc \u00een mod regulat \u00een \u00eentreaga lume. Potrivit United States Geological Survey (USGS), \u00een fiecare an au loc sute de mii de cutremure, majoritatea fiind prea slabe pentru a fi observate de oameni. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Frecven\u021ba cutremurelor variaz\u0103 substan\u021bial \u00een func\u021bie de locul \u00een care se produc. Din cauza pozi\u021bion\u0103rii lor pe grani\u021bele pl\u0103cilor active, anumite loca\u021bii, cum ar fi California \u0219i Japonia, se confrunt\u0103 cu cutremure regulate, \u00een timp ce altele se pot confrunta doar cu cutremure sporadice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Siria \u0219i Turcia sunt, de asemenea, predispuse la cutremure. Turcia este situat\u0103 la grani\u021ba dintre pl\u0103cile tectonice african\u0103 \u0219i eurasiatic\u0103, \u00een timp ce Siria este situat\u0103 la grani\u021ba dintre pl\u0103cile tectonice african\u0103 \u0219i arab\u0103. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

De aceea, la 6 februarie 2023, s-au confruntat cu un cutremur \u00eengrozitor, care a ucis peste 11.000 de oameni \u0219i a r\u0103nit alte zeci de mii. Magnitudinea cutremurului a ajuns la 7,8, ceea ce este considerat un cutremur foarte mare \u0219i cu poten\u021bial distructiv. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ce este magnitudinea cutremurului?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Magnitudinea unui cutremur este o m\u0103sur\u0103 a m\u0103rimii sau a for\u021bei acestuia, care este utilizat\u0103 pentru a reprezenta cantitatea de energie generat\u0103 de cutremur. Magnitudinea este calculat\u0103 folosind m\u0103rimea undelor seismice \u0219i cantitatea de mi\u0219care a solului observat\u0103. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scara Richter, creat\u0103 \u00een anii 1930 de c\u0103tre Charles Richter, a fost m\u0103sura tradi\u021bional\u0103 a magnitudinii cutremurelor timp de mul\u021bi ani, dar \u00een prezent, scara Moment Magnitude Scale a \u00eenlocuit-o \u00een mod esen\u021bial. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cum se m\u0103soar\u0103 magnitudinea cutremurului? <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Exist\u0103 mai multe metode de m\u0103surare a magnitudinii unui cutremur, iar fiecare abordare ofer\u0103 o estimare diferit\u0103 a m\u0103rimii cutremurului. Urm\u0103toarele sunt cele mai r\u0103sp\u00e2ndite abord\u0103ri:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scara Richter<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Scara de magnitudine Richter se bazeaz\u0103 pe cea mai mare und\u0103 seismic\u0103 \u00eenregistrat\u0103 de un seismometru \u0219i ofer\u0103 o singur\u0103 valoare care descrie magnitudinea total\u0103 a cutremurului. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Este logaritmic\u0103, ceea ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 o cre\u0219tere mic\u0103 a magnitudinii duce la o cre\u0219tere semnificativ\u0103 a dimensiunii cutremurelor. Un cutremur cu magnitudinea 7,0, de exemplu, este de zece ori mai mare dec\u00e2t un cutremur cu magnitudinea 6,0 \u0219i de o sut\u0103 de ori mai mare dec\u00e2t un cutremur cu magnitudinea 5,0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scara de magnitudine Richter variaz\u0103 de la 0 la 9, cu numere mai mici de 2,0, care de obicei nu sunt resim\u021bite de oameni, iar numere mai mari de 8,0 sunt considerate cutremure mari, capabile s\u0103 provoace pagube importante \u0219i dezastre. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scara de magnitudine a momentului<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Scara de magnitudine Moment a fost introdus\u0103 ca o alternativ\u0103 la scara Richter pentru determinarea magnitudinii unui cutremur. Spre deosebire de scara de magnitudine Richter, scara de magnitudine Moment Magnitude Scale estimeaz\u0103 energia total\u0103 generat\u0103 de un cutremur. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Acesta se bazeaz\u0103 pe conceptul de moment seismic, care reprezint\u0103 o magnitudine a cutremurului bazat\u0103 pe cantitatea de alunecare (mi\u0219care) pe falie, pe suprafa\u021ba faliei care a alunecat \u0219i pe rigiditatea scoar\u021bei terestre. Momentul seismic este generat de m\u0103sur\u0103torile undelor seismice \u0219i este utilizat pentru a evalua magnitudinea momentului cutremurului.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scara de magnitudine Moment Magnitude Scale, ca \u0219i scara de magnitudine Richter, este logaritmic\u0103, ceea ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 o cre\u0219tere mic\u0103 a magnitudinii echivaleaz\u0103 cu o cre\u0219tere uria\u0219\u0103 a dimensiunii cutremurului.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scara de magnitudine Moment Magnitude Scale variaz\u0103 de la -2,0 la 9,0 \u0219i este cea mai frecvent utilizat\u0103 scal\u0103 de magnitudine a cutremurelor, deoarece m\u0103soar\u0103 m\u0103rimea unui cutremur cu mai mult\u0103 precizie dec\u00e2t scara de magnitudine Richter, \u00een special pentru cutremurele mari care au loc la ad\u00e2ncimi considerabile.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Ilustra\u021bie disponibil\u0103 \u00een Mind the Graph<\/a><\/strong><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
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<\/a>Scara Mercalli<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Scara Mercalli este o scal\u0103 de gravitate a cutremurelor care descrie impactul unui cutremur asupra scoar\u021bei terestre, precum \u0219i asupra persoanelor, cl\u0103dirilor \u0219i altor structuri. Scara Mercalli este frecvent utilizat\u0103 \u00een combina\u021bie cu scara Richter sau cu scara magnitudinii momentului, care sunt folosite pentru a determina magnitudinea cutremurului.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scara se bazeaz\u0103 pe un sistem de numere romane de la I la XII, I \u00eensemn\u00e2nd cutremure slabe, care nu sunt resim\u021bite de oameni, iar XII indic\u00e2nd cutremure extrem de puternice, care provoac\u0103 pagube \u0219i distrugeri pe scar\u0103 larg\u0103. Aceasta ia \u00een considerare tipul de suprafa\u021b\u0103 pe care se produce cutremurul, tipul de structuri afectate \u0219i cantitatea de distrugeri provocate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scala Mercalli \u0219i scara Moment Magnitude Scale sau scara Richter, atunci c\u00e2nd sunt combinate, ofer\u0103 o \u00een\u021belegere mai general\u0103 a unui cutremur, cuprinz\u00e2nd at\u00e2t magnitudinea, c\u00e2t \u0219i impactul acestuia. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

De exemplu, dac\u0103 un cutremur cu o magnitudine mai mare a momentului se produce \u00eentr-o loca\u021bie mai pu\u021bin populat\u0103 sau dac\u0103 solul este mai pu\u021bin susceptibil la daune, este posibil s\u0103 nu produc\u0103 la fel de multe daune ca un cutremur cu o magnitudine mai mic\u0103 a momentului \u00eentr-o regiune foarte populat\u0103 sau dac\u0103 solul este foarte susceptibil la daune, daunele \u00een aceast\u0103 situa\u021bie pot fi mai mari. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

De aceea, combinarea celor dou\u0103 sc\u0103ri poate fi cea mai bun\u0103 abordare, deoarece scara Mercalli se bazeaz\u0103 pe observa\u021biile persoanelor care au tr\u0103it cutremurul \u0219i au raportat impactul pe care l-au v\u0103zut.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cum se localizeaz\u0103 epicentrul unui cutremur?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Seismologii utilizeaz\u0103 o tehnic\u0103 cunoscut\u0103 sub numele de triangula\u021bie pentru a determina epicentrul unui cutremur. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ideea care st\u0103 la baza triangula\u021biei este c\u0103 undele seismice de la un cutremur se deplaseaz\u0103 cu viteze diferite prin diferite materiale, ajung\u00e2nd la momente diferite la sta\u021biile seismografice situate la distan\u021be diferite de epicentru. Seismologii pot estima pozi\u021bia epicentrului prin studierea timpilor de sosire a undelor seismice \u00een mai multe loca\u021bii seismografice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Intensitatea cutremurului<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Magnitudine<\/th>Intensitate<\/th>Impact<\/th>Rata medie a cutremurelor<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
2.0 sau mai pu\u021bin<\/strong><\/td>Micro<\/td>Rareori sim\u021bit<\/td>Peste milioane de euro pe an<\/td><\/tr>
2,0 p\u00e2n\u0103 la 2,9<\/strong><\/td>Minor<\/td>U\u0219or sim\u021bit<\/td>Peste un milion pe an<\/td><\/tr>
De la 3,0 la 3,9<\/strong><\/td>Mai mult dec\u00e2t minore<\/td>Adesea sim\u021bit<\/td>Peste o sut\u0103 de mii pe an<\/td><\/tr>
De la 4,0 la 4,9<\/strong><\/td>Lumin\u0103<\/td>Sim\u021bit de majoritatea oamenilor<\/td>Peste zece mii pe an<\/td><\/tr>
5,0 p\u00e2n\u0103 la 5,9<\/strong><\/td>Moderat<\/td>Poate deteriora structurile s\u0103race<\/td>Peste o mie pe an<\/td><\/tr>
6,0 - 6,9<\/strong><\/td>Puternic<\/td>Provoac\u0103 deteriorarea structurilor moderate \u0219i bine construite<\/td>Peste o sut\u0103 pe an<\/td><\/tr>
De la 7,0 la 7,9<\/strong><\/td>Major<\/td>Provoac\u0103 daune la majoritatea cl\u0103dirilor<\/td>Zece p\u00e2n\u0103 la dou\u0103zeci pe an<\/td><\/tr>
8,0 - 8,9<\/strong><\/td>Mare<\/td>Pagube majore la cl\u0103diri<\/td>Unul pe an<\/td><\/tr>
9.0 sau mai mult<\/strong><\/td>Cel mai mare<\/td>Poate pr\u0103bu\u0219i toate cl\u0103dirile<\/td>Unul la fiecare zece sau mai mul\u021bi ani<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Suntem specializa\u021bi \u00een rezumate grafice, figuri \u0219tiin\u021bifice, toate curatoriate de oameni de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Rezumatele grafice \u00eei pot ajuta pe oamenii de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 s\u0103 transmit\u0103 concepte complicate, pun\u00e2nd accentul pe rezultatele cheie, sporind posibilitatea de a descoperi cercet\u0103rile \u0219i promov\u00e2nd munca multidisciplinar\u0103. Oamenii de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i pot face studiile mai accesibile \u0219i mai inteligibile prin utilizarea rezumatelor grafice, ceea ce poate contribui la progresul \u00een domeniul \u0219tiin\u021bei \u00een general. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dac\u0103 ave\u021bi nevoie de un instrument simplu pentru a genera rezumate grafice, utiliza\u021bi Mind The Graph, un instrument conceput pentru a fi u\u0219or de utilizat, permi\u021b\u00e2nd oricui, chiar \u0219i celor cu abilit\u0103\u021bi limitate de proiectare, s\u0103 produc\u0103 grafice de calitate profesional\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Este timpul s\u0103 \u00een\u021belegem magnitudinea cutremurelor, sc\u0103rile cele mai des folosite \u0219i modul \u00een care acestea pot prezice gravitatea unui eveniment.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":28,"featured_media":26924,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959,28],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nUnderstanding Earthquake Magnitudes and Their Impact<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"It's time to understand the earthquake magnitude, the most often used scales, and how they might predict the severity of an event.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/ro\/wielkosc-trzesienia-ziemi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" 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