{"id":26890,"date":"2023-02-24T17:29:11","date_gmt":"2023-02-24T20:29:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/what-are-nanomaterials-copy\/"},"modified":"2023-02-28T17:41:23","modified_gmt":"2023-02-28T20:41:23","slug":"observer-bias","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/ro\/prejudecata-observatorului\/","title":{"rendered":"Dep\u0103\u0219irea prejudec\u0103\u021bilor observatorului \u00een cercetare: Cum s\u0103 \u00eel minimaliz\u0103m?"},"content":{"rendered":"

A\u0219tept\u0103rile \u0219i credin\u021bele noastre pot avea un impact important asupra modului \u00een care experiment\u0103m \u0219i \u00een\u021belegem lumea din jurul nostru. Atunci c\u00e2nd vine vorba de cercetare, aceste convingeri preconcepute ar putea face ca un studiu s\u0103 fie complet prejudiciat, ceea ce ar putea duce la concluzii distorsionate, \u00een\u0219el\u0103toare sau chiar complet incorecte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Acest lucru este cunoscut sub numele de p\u0103rtinire a observatorului \u0219i este un fenomen obi\u0219nuit \u00een cercetare. Este o predispozi\u021bie uman\u0103 normal\u0103 de a interpreta instinctiv informa\u021biile \u00een moduri care \u00eent\u0103resc propriile convingeri, a\u0219tept\u0103ri sau prejudec\u0103\u021bi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00cen acest articol, sper\u0103m nu numai s\u0103 explic\u0103m ce este prejudecata observatorului, ci \u0219i s\u0103 oferim c\u00e2teva recomand\u0103ri pentru a o minimiza.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ce este cercetarea observa\u021bional\u0103?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u00cen esen\u021b\u0103, cercetarea observa\u021bional\u0103 este o metod\u0103 util\u0103 pentru colectarea de date \u0219i \u00een\u021belegerea comportamentului \u0219i a evenimentelor printr-o abordare neintruziv\u0103. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Observa\u021bia naturalist\u0103, observa\u021bia participativ\u0103 \u0219i cercetarea arhivistic\u0103 sunt toate exemple de cercetare observa\u021bional\u0103. \u00cen plus, studiile observa\u021bionale sunt utilizate \u00een multe domenii de cercetare, inclusiv \u00een medicin\u0103, psihologie, \u0219tiin\u021be comportamentale \u0219i etnografie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ce este prejudecata observatorului?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Efectul opiniilor, a\u0219tept\u0103rilor sau prejudec\u0103\u021bilor personale ale unui cercet\u0103tor asupra rezultatelor unui studiu de cercetare se nume\u0219te prejudecata observatorului. Acest lucru se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd un cercet\u0103tor influen\u021beaz\u0103 \u00een mod incon\u0219tient rezultatele unui studiu pe baza propriilor opinii sau ipoteze preconcepute, ceea ce duce la o interpretare inexact\u0103 a datelor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Din cauza naturii metodei de cercetare, este mai probabil ca \u00een cadrul cercet\u0103rii observa\u021bionale s\u0103 apar\u0103 prejudec\u0103\u021bi ale observatorului. Cercet\u0103torul este adesea un observator pasiv \u00een cercetarea observa\u021bional\u0103, depinz\u00e2nd de propriile observa\u021bii \u0219i interpret\u0103ri pentru a capta date. Prin urmare, opiniile, a\u0219tept\u0103rile sau prejudec\u0103\u021bile personale ale cercet\u0103torului pot avea un impact asupra modului \u00een care acesta interpreteaz\u0103 \u0219i raporteaz\u0103 datele, cresc\u00e2nd astfel riscul de p\u0103rtinire a observatorului.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
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Tipuri de prejudec\u0103\u021bi ale observatorului<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Exist\u0103 mai multe tipuri de prejudec\u0103\u021bi ale observatorului; citi\u021bi mai departe pentru a afla mai multe despre ele.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prejudiciul actor-observator<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Prejudecata actor-observator se refer\u0103 la \u00eenclina\u021bia oamenilor de a atribui propriul comportament condi\u021biilor de mediu, \u00een timp ce atribuie ac\u021biunile altor persoane personalit\u0103\u021bilor sau dispozi\u021biilor lor. Cu alte cuvinte, atunci c\u00e2nd oamenii reflect\u0103 asupra propriului comportament, sunt mai \u00eenclina\u021bi s\u0103 evalueze contextul \u0219i circumstan\u021bele care au dus la comportamentul lor, dar atunci c\u00e2nd v\u0103d ac\u021biunile altora, este mai probabil s\u0103 atribuie aceste comportamente calit\u0103\u021bilor personalit\u0103\u021bii sau \u00eenclina\u021biilor interne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

Exemplu: <\/strong>Eu am \u00eent\u00e2rziat la \u00eent\u00e2lnire pentru c\u0103 am fost blocat \u00een trafic, dar ea a \u00eent\u00e2rziat pentru c\u0103 a fost dezorganizat\u0103.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Efectul de a\u0219teptare a observatorului<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Efectul de a\u0219teptare a observatorului presupune impactul pe care a\u0219tept\u0103rile sau credin\u021bele unui observator \u00eel pot avea asupra modului \u00een care acesta percepe \u0219i interpreteaz\u0103 dovezile. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

De exemplu, dac\u0103 un observator are o idee prestabilit\u0103 despre un anumit grup de indivizi sau despre fenomene specifice, acesta poate acorda aten\u021bie sau interpreta \u00een mod preferen\u021bial informa\u021biile care \u00eei sus\u021bin convingerile, ignor\u00e2nd \u00een acela\u0219i timp dovezile care contrazic aceste convingeri.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Un exemplu practic este cel al unui fiziolog care efectueaz\u0103 cercet\u0103ri privind eficacitatea unui poten\u021bial tratament pentru tulbur\u0103rile de anxietate. Atunci c\u00e2nd evalueaz\u0103 participan\u021bii, psihologul se poate concentra involuntar pe dovezile care \u00eei sus\u021bin ipoteza c\u0103 terapia este extrem de benefic\u0103 \u0219i poate omite sau minimaliza datele care arat\u0103 contrariul.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prejudiciul experimentatorului<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Prejudecata experimentatorului este impactul pe care a\u0219tept\u0103rile, convingerile sau prejudec\u0103\u021bile personale ale unui experimentator \u00eel pot avea asupra rezultatelor unui experiment. Aceast\u0103 prejudecat\u0103 poate ap\u0103rea atunci c\u00e2nd un experimentator manipuleaz\u0103 sau interpreteaz\u0103 \u00een mod neinten\u021bionat datele pentru a-\u0219i sus\u021bine a\u0219tept\u0103rile sau opiniile, ceea ce duce la concluzii eronate sau p\u0103rtinitoare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prejudecata experimental\u0103 difer\u0103 de efectul de a\u0219teptare a observatorului prin faptul c\u0103 prejudecata experimental\u0103 influen\u021beaz\u0103 rezultatele unui experiment, precum \u0219i modul \u00een care este realizat \u0219i interpretat experimentul, \u00een timp ce efectul de a\u0219teptare a observatorului se refer\u0103 la influen\u021ba pe care o pot avea a\u0219tept\u0103rile sau convingerile unui observator asupra modului \u00een care acesta percepe, colecteaz\u0103, analizeaz\u0103 \u0219i interpreteaz\u0103 datele dintr-o observa\u021bie. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00cen plus, p\u0103rtinirea observatorului este de obicei legat\u0103 de cercetarea experimental\u0103, \u00een timp ce p\u0103rtinirea experimentatorului este de obicei legat\u0103 de cercetarea observa\u021bional\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u0103 folosim acela\u0219i exemplu ca \u0219i \u00een cazul efectului de a\u0219teptare a observatorului. Un fiziolog care efectueaz\u0103 cercet\u0103ri privind eficacitatea unui poten\u021bial tratament pentru tulbur\u0103rile de anxietate. Psihologul poate aranja neinten\u021bionat experimentul \u00een timpul cercet\u0103rii pentru a cre\u0219te \u0219ansele unor rezultate bune. De exemplu, poate alege voluntari care au mai multe \u0219anse s\u0103 r\u0103spund\u0103 favorabil la medicament sau poate modifica doza sau durata terapiei pentru a optimiza beneficiile acesteia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Efectul Hawthorne<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Efectul Hawthorne este un fenomen care se refer\u0103 la influen\u021ba pe care faptul de a \u0219ti c\u0103 o persoan\u0103 este supravegheat\u0103 o poate avea asupra comportamentului acesteia. Efectul a fost denumit astfel dup\u0103 o serie de experimente efectuate \u00een anii 1920 \u0219i 1930 la fabrica Hawthorne Works din Illinois, unde cercet\u0103torii au descoperit c\u0103 modific\u0103rile condi\u021biilor de lucru, cum ar fi o iluminare mai bun\u0103 sau un program de lucru mai scurt, au dus la \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021birea performan\u021belor profesionale. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cercet\u0103torii au constatat c\u0103 cre\u0219terea productivit\u0103\u021bii se datoreaz\u0103 mai degrab\u0103 con\u0219tientiz\u0103rii de c\u0103tre lucr\u0103tori a faptului c\u0103 sunt monitoriza\u021bi \u0219i a aten\u021biei pe care o primesc ca urmare a acestui fapt, dec\u00e2t unor \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021biri specifice ale condi\u021biilor de munc\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cum se poate minimiza prejudecata observatorului?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere c\u0103 prejudecata observatorului poate avea un impact major asupra validit\u0103\u021bii \u0219i fiabilit\u0103\u021bii rezultatelor cercet\u0103rii, trebuie luate m\u0103suri pentru a minimiza impactul acesteia. Iat\u0103 c\u00e2teva metode de minimizare a prejudec\u0103\u021bilor observatorului:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. Cre\u0219terea gradului de con\u0219tientizare a prejudec\u0103\u021bilor observatorilor \u0219i formarea cu privire la impactul acestora poate ajuta observatorii s\u0103 recunoasc\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103 controleze prejudec\u0103\u021bile lor \u00een constat\u0103rile lor.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
      \n
    1. Verificarea \u00eencruci\u0219at\u0103 a datelor cu diferi\u021bi observatori poate contribui la asigurarea coeren\u021bei \u0219i acurate\u021bei observa\u021biilor. Acest lucru poate ajuta la identificarea oric\u0103ror disparit\u0103\u021bi sau prejudec\u0103\u021bi \u00een observa\u021bii, ceea ce duce la o reprezentare mai credibil\u0103 a datelor. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
        \n
      1. Protocoalele standardizate pot contribui la asigurarea faptului c\u0103 observa\u021biile sunt efectuate \u00een mod consecvent \u0219i obiectiv. Elimin\u00e2nd posibilitatea unei interpret\u0103ri individuale sau a unei varia\u021bii \u00een cadrul observa\u021biilor, acest lucru poate contribui la reducerea efectului de p\u0103rtinire a observatorului.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
          \n
        1. Abord\u0103rile de orbire, cum ar fi studiile dublu-orb, pot contribui la reducerea efectului de p\u0103rtinire a observatorului, \u00eempiedic\u00e2nd observatorul s\u0103 \u0219tie ce tratament sau interven\u021bie este alocat participan\u021bilor. Astfel, se asigur\u0103 c\u0103 a\u0219tept\u0103rile \u0219i preconcep\u021biile observatorului nu influen\u021beaz\u0103 observa\u021biile sau interpretarea faptelor.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
            \n
          1. Efectuarea de observa\u021bii c\u00e2t mai discrete posibil poate contribui la reducerea efectului Hawthorne, care se refer\u0103 la efectele pe care faptul de a \u0219ti c\u0103 cineva este urm\u0103rit le poate avea asupra comportamentului s\u0103u.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

            \u0218abloane infografice realizate de oameni de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

            Nu este nimic mai bun dec\u00e2t s\u0103 fii asistat de cineva care \u00ee\u021bi \u00een\u021belege nevoile. Dac\u0103 sunte\u021bi un om de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 care caut\u0103 instrumentul potrivit pentru infografiile \u0219i ilustra\u021biile dvs, Aten\u021bie la grafic<\/a> este cel mai bun loc pentru a merge, deoarece \u00een\u021belegem exact ceea ce ave\u021bi nevoie!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            <\/div>\n\n\n
            \n
            \"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
            <\/div>\n\n\n\n
            \n
            \u00cencepe\u021bi s\u0103 utiliza\u021bi Mind the Graph<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
            <\/div>\n\n\n\n

            <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

            Afla\u021bi ce este prejudecata observatorului, diferitele tipuri, cum afecteaz\u0103 cercetarea \u0219i, cel mai important, cum s\u0103 o reduce\u021bi la minimum.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":28,"featured_media":26897,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959,28],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nOvercoming Observer Bias in Research: How To Minimize It?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn what observer bias is, the different types, how it affects research, and, most importantly, how to minimize it.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/ro\/prejudecata-observatorului\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Overcoming 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Currently developing scientific and intellectual knowledge for the community's benefit. Jessica is an animal rights activist who enjoys reading and drinking strong coffee.","sameAs":["https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jessica-abbadia-9b834a13b\/"],"url":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/ro\/author\/jessica\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26890"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/28"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=26890"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26890\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":26913,"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26890\/revisions\/26913"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/26897"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26890"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=26890"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=26890"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}