{"id":14781,"date":"2021-10-14T14:28:34","date_gmt":"2021-10-14T17:28:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/?p=14781"},"modified":"2023-01-05T14:53:24","modified_gmt":"2023-01-05T17:53:24","slug":"motivational-tactics-the-math-behind-the-reward-system","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/ro\/motivational-tactics-the-math-behind-the-reward-system\/","title":{"rendered":"Tactici motiva\u021bionale: Matematica din spatele sistemului de recompense"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sistemul de recompense<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

O strategie motivat\u0103 pe plan intern controleaz\u0103 c\u00e2t de mare este efortul pe care \u00eel depunem pentru atingerea unui obiectiv. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00centrebarea este: Ce ne motiveaz\u0103 s\u0103 depunem cel mai bun efort pentru atingerea oric\u0103rui obiectiv, oric\u00e2t de ne\u00eensemnat ar p\u0103rea acesta? Este creierul nostru care \u00eencearc\u0103 s\u0103 ne atrag\u0103 spre o recompens\u0103 ca strategie de motivare care ne va propulsa \u00eenainte? Care sunt motivele din spatele ac\u021biunilor noastre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sistemul de recompens\u0103 este sl\u0103bit de multe afec\u021biuni patologice, ceea ce determin\u0103 o lips\u0103 de motiva\u021bie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A studiu recent<\/a> din Japonia a examinat re\u021belele sistemului de recompens\u0103 al maimu\u021belor \u0219i le-a modificat. \u00cen cadrul studiului lor, cercet\u0103torii au descoperit c\u00e2teva aspecte fundamentale ale sistemelor de recompens\u0103 menite s\u0103 sporeasc\u0103 motiva\u021bia. <\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"Ilustra\u021bia<\/a>
Ilustra\u021bia Mind the Graph: Vervet Monkey Sober<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Din punct de vedere neurologic, totul se reduce la sistemul de recompens\u0103 al creierului, care influen\u021beaz\u0103 tendin\u021ba noastr\u0103 de a ne urm\u0103ri obiectivele \u0219i de a ne bucura de satisfac\u021bia care vine odat\u0103 cu realizarea lor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pentru a identifica sursa dificult\u0103\u021bilor psihologice d\u0103un\u0103toare cu care se pot confrunta anumite grupuri de persoane (de exemplu, cei cu depresie, schizofrenie sau boala Parkinson, ale c\u0103ror sisteme de recompens\u0103 sunt de obicei compromise), cercet\u0103torii investigheaz\u0103 mecanismele sistemului de recompens\u0103 \u0219i modul \u00een care acesta ia decizii cu privire la ini\u021bierea sau nu a anumitor ac\u021biuni.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\u0218ablon<\/a>
\u0218ablon Mind the Graph<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Decodificarea motiva\u021biei: Ce au descoperit cercet\u0103torii<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u00cen fiecare zi, c\u00e2nt\u0103rim beneficiile \u0219i costurile unei ac\u021biuni, determin\u00e2nd dac\u0103 s\u0103 ac\u021bion\u0103m sau nu. Beneficiile (recompensele) cresc probabilitatea unui rezultat de succes, \u00een timp ce costul ob\u021binerii acelui rezultat (riscul, \u00eent\u00e2rzierea \u0219i munca grea) duce la sc\u0103derea recompenselor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dopamina (DA) este o component\u0103 cheie a motiva\u021biei, afect\u00e2nd comportamentul pe baza recompenselor sau costurilor a\u0219teptate ale unei ac\u021biuni.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Augmentarea pozitiv\u0103 a arderii de faz\u0103 de c\u0103tre neuronii DA midbrain este corelat\u0103 cu recompensele poten\u021biale, iar cre\u0219terea contraproductiv\u0103 este corelat\u0103 cu riscurile.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00cen timp ce DA \u00ee\u0219i transmite efectele \u00een creier, acestea sunt transmise de c\u0103tre receptorii DA, care caut\u0103 \u0219i se leag\u0103 de moleculele DA, propag\u00e2nd astfel semnalele \u00een \u00eentregul sistem nervos. \u00cen ciuda acestui fapt, deoarece propriet\u0103\u021bile fiec\u0103rui receptor difer\u0103, \u00een\u021belegerea impactului relativ al fiec\u0103ruia asupra c\u0103ii de semnalizare a DA a fost esen\u021bial\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pentru a \u00een\u021belege motiva\u021bia, cercet\u0103torii au folosit maimu\u021be macac pentru a studia dou\u0103 tipuri de receptori DA: Receptorii D1 (D1R) \u0219i receptorii D2 (D2R) - ambii joac\u0103 un rol \u00een motiva\u021bia bazat\u0103 pe recompens\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\u0218ablon<\/a>
\u0218ablon Mind the Graph<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Oamenii de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 au folosit o abordare sistematic\u0103 pentru a modula receptorii D1R \u0219i DA la aceste maimu\u021be, inject\u00e2ndu-le o molecul\u0103 care a suprimat r\u0103spunsul DA al maimu\u021belor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S-a determinat prin tomografie cu emisie de pozitroni c\u00e2\u021bi receptori au fost lega\u021bi sau bloca\u021bi \u00een creierul animalelor. Ulterior, maimu\u021bele au primit sarcini pe care trebuiau s\u0103 le \u00eendeplineasc\u0103 \u00een schimbul unei recompense. Astfel, s-a determinat dac\u0103 acestea au acceptat sau nu sarcinile \u0219i dac\u0103 au r\u0103spuns rapid la semnale. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pentru o \u00een\u021belegere aprofundat\u0103 a rolului DA \u00een motiva\u021bie, este esen\u021bial s\u0103 se monitorizeze modelele DA \u00een timpul fazelor de beneficii \u0219i costuri, precum \u0219i m\u0103surile efectului DA asupra receptorilor DA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Procesul decizional \u0219i motiva\u021bia unei persoane sunt afectate de schimbul dintre recompens\u0103 \u0219i costul ob\u021binerii acesteia. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00cen general, se crede c\u0103 oamenii \u0219i animalele prefer\u0103 recompensele imediate, relativ mici, \u00een locul celor mai mari, care \u00eent\u00e2rzie s\u0103 apar\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prin intermediul transmiterii DA prin D1R \u0219i D2R, motiva\u021bia bazat\u0103 pe costuri este controlat\u0103 \u00een mod diferit \u00een func\u021bie de recompensa disponibil\u0103 \u0219i de costurile suportate (eforturi) pentru o anumit\u0103 sarcin\u0103. Dar compensarea volumului de munc\u0103, pe de alt\u0103 parte, a fost legat\u0103 \u00een primul r\u00e2nd de manipularea D2R, deoarece a scalat recompensele \u00een conformitate cu efortul necesar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doi subtipuri de receptori ai dopaminei, despre care au descoperit c\u0103 joac\u0103 roluri complementare, pot ajuta la determinarea fiziopatologiei tulbur\u0103rilor psihiatrice prin acordarea de aten\u021bie interac\u021biunilor lor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cercet\u0103ri ca acestea ofer\u0103 posibilitatea de a spori nivelul de motiva\u021bie al multor persoane prin manipularea sistemului lor intern de recompens\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pentru a afla mai multe despre aceasta, v\u0103 rug\u0103m s\u0103 consulta\u021bi referin\u021ba de mai jos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hori, Yukiko, Yukiko, et al. \"Receptorii de tip D1 \u0219i D2 mediaz\u0103 diferen\u021biat efectele transmiterii dopaminergice asupra evalu\u0103rii costurilor \/ beneficiilor \u0219i motiva\u021biei la maimu\u021be\". bioRxiv (2021): 2020-11. DOI: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.3<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sistemul de recompense O strategie motivat\u0103 intern controleaz\u0103 c\u00e2t de mare este efortul pe care \u00eel depunem pentru atingerea unui obiectiv. \u00centrebarea este: Ce ne motiveaz\u0103 s\u0103 depunem cel mai bun efort pentru orice obiectiv, oric\u00e2t de ne\u00eensemnat ar p\u0103rea acesta? Este oare creierul nostru care \u00eencearc\u0103 s\u0103 ne atrag\u0103 spre o recompens\u0103 ca strategie de motivare care [...]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":14787,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959,28],"tags":[554],"yoast_head":"\nMotivational Tactics: The Math Behind the Reward System - MTG<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Is it our brain trying to lure us into a reward as a motivation strategy that will propel us forward? Have you ever thought about that? 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