{"id":12100,"date":"2020-12-30T09:30:00","date_gmt":"2020-12-30T11:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/?p=12100"},"modified":"2023-01-05T15:13:37","modified_gmt":"2023-01-05T18:13:37","slug":"nerve-impulse-the-synapse","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/ro\/impulsul-nervos-sinapsa-nervoasa\/","title":{"rendered":"Impulsul nervos PARTEA 2 - Sinapsa"},"content":{"rendered":"

Tot sistemul nervos se bazeaz\u0103 pe poten\u021biale de ac\u021biune <\/strong>\u0219i sinapse<\/strong> pentru a transmite informa\u021bii \u00een tot corpul. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Neuronii sunt celule specializate \u00een transmiterea de semnale electrice sau chimice c\u0103tre un alt neuron, urm\u00e2nd o cale bine definit\u0103 care ajunge la o celul\u0103 \u021bint\u0103. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Acest articol este cea de-a doua parte din cele dou\u0103 care discut\u0103 despre modul \u00een care acest sistem uimitor \u0219i complex este capabil s\u0103 gestioneze aproape totul \u00een corpul nostru. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Acum vom discuta despre fanta sinapsei - spa\u021biul dintre doi neuroni, o alt\u0103 regiune care este responsabil\u0103 \u0219i de redirec\u021bionarea impulsului nervos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Numele <\/em>sinaps\u0103<\/em><\/strong> <\/em>provine din greac\u0103 synapsis<\/em>, ceea ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 \"conjunc\u021bie\"<\/em><\/strong>. Oamenii de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 de-a lungul istoriei au avut dificult\u0103\u021bi \u00een a g\u0103si un termen care s\u0103 explice \"<\/em>uniunea a dou\u0103 elemente separate<\/em><\/strong>\"<\/em>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unele publica\u021bii de articole vechi obi\u0219nuiau s\u0103 se refere la sinaps\u0103 \u0219i sub numele de jonc\u021biuni<\/em><\/strong>. \u00cen prezent, \u00een sinaps\u0103<\/em><\/strong> este denumirea utilizat\u0103 \u0219i dat\u0103 structurii responsabile de retransmiterea unui semnal c\u0103tre un alt neuron la nivelul fantei sinapsei. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toat\u0103 ac\u021biunea sinaptic\u0103 se petrece \u00een fanta sinaptic\u0103, un mic loc \u00eentre dou\u0103 celule diferite, una l\u00e2ng\u0103 cealalt\u0103, \u00een care se afl\u0103 pre-sinaptic\u0103<\/strong> celul\u0103 \u0219i celula pos-sinaptic\u0103. <\/strong>  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00cen majoritatea cazurilor, doi neuroni sunt conecta\u021bi prin terminalul axonal al unui neuron - neuronul pre-sinaptic, cel care transmite semnalul - la dendrita urm\u0103torului neuron - neuronul pos-sinaptic - care poate fi fie celula \u021bint\u0103, fie urm\u0103torul neuron care va transmite semnalul.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00cen spa\u021biul dintre celule - fanta sinapsei - exist\u0103 o cantitate imens\u0103 de informa\u021bii care se desf\u0103\u0219oar\u0103 simultan, o mare ma\u0219in\u0103rie molecular\u0103 este responsabil\u0103 pentru controlul eliber\u0103rii \u0219i producerii acestor purt\u0103tori de informa\u021bii, aceste molecule se numesc neurotransmi\u021b\u0103tori.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dar neuronii nu fac singuri toat\u0103 treaba, ei au al\u0103turi de ei un tip specific de celule, care au rolul de a sus\u021bine reglarea neurotransmi\u021b\u0103torilor. Aceste celule sunt astrocite<\/strong>; acestea sunt un tip de celule gliale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Glias<\/strong> sunt clasificate drept celule neuronale - nu transmit \u0219i nu produc niciun tip de impuls sau semnal nervos. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aceste celule au multe responsabilit\u0103\u021bi, fiind toate legate de nevoile neuronilor, ca un asistent 24 de ore din 24, 7 zile din 7. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Acestea se g\u0103sesc peste tot \u00een sistemul nervos central \u0219i periferic. \u00cen general, acestea ofer\u0103 suport, protec\u021bie \u0219i hr\u0103nesc neuronii cu substan\u021be nutritive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\u0219a cum am mai spus, neuronii sunt celule specializate responsabile de transmiterea semnalelor electrice sau chimice. Fiecare dintre aceste semnale are o metod\u0103 de transmitere a semnalului. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Neuronul presinaptic implicat \u00een sinapsa chimic\u0103 este capabil s\u0103 transmit\u0103 informa\u021bii nu numai c\u0103tre neuroni, ci \u0219i c\u0103tre mu\u0219chi \u0219i glande, ceea ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 prin intermediul poten\u021bialului de ac\u021biune care c\u0103l\u0103tore\u0219te de-a lungul neuronului, ajunge la terminalul axonului, apoi transmite semnalul c\u0103tre canalele de calciu cu voltaj. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Depolarizarea face ca aceste canale s\u0103 devin\u0103 active, permi\u021b\u00e2nd calciului (Ca+2) s\u0103 p\u0103trund\u0103 \u00een interiorul neuronului. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Afluxul de calciu \u00een celul\u0103 d\u0103 un semnal veziculei sinaptice, care apoi elibereaz\u0103 neurotransmi\u021b\u0103tori \u00een fanta sinaptic\u0103. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Odat\u0103 ajun\u0219i \u00een fanta sinaptic\u0103, ace\u0219ti neurotransmi\u021b\u0103tori se \u00eendreapt\u0103 c\u0103tre receptorii de neurotransmi\u021b\u0103tori ai neuronului pos-sinaptic. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Astfel, continu\u00e2nd impulsul nervos, repet\u00e2nd procesul \u00een dendrite, apoi \u00een nucleu, ajung\u00e2nd la axon unde se desf\u0103\u0219oar\u0103 poten\u021bialul de ac\u021biune. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Atunci c\u00e2nd impulsul nervos ajunge la celula \u021bint\u0103, \u00een neuronul pos-sinaptic pot ap\u0103rea dou\u0103 tipuri de r\u0103spunsuri - fie un r\u0103spuns excitant, fie unul inhibitor.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Cealalt\u0103 sinaps\u0103, cea electric\u0103, se produce mult mai repede dec\u00e2t cea chimic\u0103, deoarece este compus\u0103 din mai pu\u021bine etape pentru transmiterea semnalului. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Curentul electric este transmis prin canale numite jonc\u021biuni gap<\/strong>, prezent\u0103 la ambele celule, care conecteaz\u0103 neuronii presinaptici cu cei pos-sinaptici.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aceste canale sunt capabile de a redirec\u021biona curentul electric f\u0103r\u0103 a implica neurotransmi\u021b\u0103tori.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Este interesant faptul c\u0103 procesul de sinaps\u0103 nu trebuie s\u0103 conecteze neap\u0103rat acelea\u0219i p\u0103r\u021bi ale neuronului de fiecare dat\u0103, cum ar fi terminalul axonului \u0219i dendritele. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Exist\u0103 mai multe modalit\u0103\u021bi de transmitere a impulsurilor nervoase dec\u00e2t aceasta. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Terminalele axonice din celulele presinaptice pot fi conectate direct la fluxul sanguin, la axonul neuronului sau chiar la un alt terminal axonic. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ele pot fi, de asemenea, conectate cu o coloan\u0103 vertebral\u0103 a dendritelor neuronale sau chiar nu au o conexiune pentru eliberarea de neurotransmi\u021b\u0103tori \u00een mediul extracelular. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00cen func\u021bie de tipul de informa\u021bie care este vehiculat\u0103, trebuie s\u0103 fie eliberat un tip de neurotransmi\u021b\u0103tor, care poate fi din grupul glutamatergic, GABAergic, colinergic, adrenergic cu ac\u021biune excitatoare sau inhibitoare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reglarea neurotransmi\u021b\u0103torilor este un sistem foarte delicat al organismului nostru. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Studiile efectuate de numero\u0219i oameni de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 au ar\u0103tat c\u0103 un neurotransmi\u021b\u0103tor dereglementat poate afecta nu o singur\u0103 activitate, ci mai multe activit\u0103\u021bi din creier, cum ar fi starea de spirit, umorul, somnul, pofta de m\u00e2ncare, temperatura corpului, frica, pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 bolile psihice. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

De exemplu, boala Parkinson \u0219i schizofrenia, cunoscute ast\u0103zi ca boli f\u0103r\u0103 leac, sunt legate de disfunc\u021bia neurotransmi\u021b\u0103torului dopamin\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00cen general, impulsul nervos este cel responsabil pentru comunicarea \u0219i transmiterea tuturor informa\u021biilor \u00een tot corpul. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

O mic\u0103 problem\u0103 sau o dereglare poate provoca consecin\u021be \u0219i boli grave. Oamenii de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 caut\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 r\u0103spunsuri pentru a \u00een\u021belege complet aceast\u0103 re\u021bea complex\u0103.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

____<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u021ai-a pl\u0103cut infograficul din acest articol? \u00cel pute\u021bi folosi \u0219i dumneavoastr\u0103 \u00een activitatea dumneavoastr\u0103, click aici<\/a> \u0219i ve\u021bi vedea toate \u0219abloanele disponibile pentru utilizatorii Mind the Graph. Nu este nevoie s\u0103 \u00eencepe\u021bi de la zero. Sau pute\u021bi \u00eencepe s\u0103 crea\u021bi chiar acum.<\/a>, folosind neurologie<\/a> galerie \u0219i mai mult<\/a>!<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00centregul sistem nervos se bazeaz\u0103 pe poten\u021biale de ac\u021biune \u0219i sinapse pentru a transmite informa\u021bii \u00een tot corpul. Neuronii sunt celule specializate \u00een transmiterea de semnale electrice sau chimice c\u0103tre un alt neuron, urm\u00e2nd o cale bine definit\u0103 care ajunge la o celul\u0103 \u021bint\u0103. Acest articol este a doua parte din cele dou\u0103 care discut\u0103 modul \u00een care acest sistem uimitor \u0219i complex [...]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":12102,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959,28],"tags":[812],"yoast_head":"\nNerve Impulse PART 2 \u2013 The Synapse - MTG<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Nerve Impulse PART 2 \u2013 The Synapse. Read this blog to know more about how nerve impulses take place. 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He has a Ph.D. and solid scientific background in Psychopharmacology and experience as a Guest Researcher at the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry (Germany) and Researcher in D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR, Brazil). Fabricio holds over 2500 citations in Google Scholar. He has 10 years of experience in small innovative businesses, with relevant experience in product design and innovation management. 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