{"id":12051,"date":"2020-12-23T11:11:39","date_gmt":"2020-12-23T13:11:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/?p=12051"},"modified":"2023-01-05T14:32:04","modified_gmt":"2023-01-05T17:32:04","slug":"nerve-impulses-the-action-potential","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/ro\/impulsurile-nervoase-potentialul-de-actiune\/","title":{"rendered":"Impulsurile nervoase PARTEA 1 - Poten\u021bialul de ac\u021biune"},"content":{"rendered":"

Pentru a \u00een\u021belege cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103 un neuron, trebuie s\u0103 analiz\u0103m dou\u0103 concepte. Primul este legat de ceea ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 \u00een interiorul neuronului atunci c\u00e2nd informa\u021bia trece mai departe - poten\u021bialul de ac\u021biune - iar al doilea este modul \u00een care o informa\u021bie trece de la o celul\u0103 la alta - sinapsa. Cu ajutorul acestor dou\u0103 procese, celulele sistemului nervos sunt capabile s\u0103 transmit\u0103 cele mai complexe informa\u021bii \u00een tot corpul, mut\u00e2ndu-le de la un neuron la altul p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd ajung \u00een cele din urm\u0103 la celula \u021bint\u0103. \u00cen acest articol, vom discuta despre primul concept, cel de poten\u021bial de ac\u021biune<\/strong>.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Impulsul nervos este un semnal electrochimic; acesta este principalul mecanism utilizat pentru a transporta informa\u021bia \u00een interiorul unui neuron. Dendritele unor neuroni detecteaz\u0103 \u0219i prime\u0219te impulsul de la o celul\u0103 anterioar\u0103, impulsul nervos c\u0103l\u0103tore\u0219te de-a lungul merg\u00e2nd de la dendrite <\/strong>la nucleu <\/strong>dec\u00e2t la axon<\/strong>\u0219i, \u00een cele din urm\u0103, la axon terminal<\/strong> atunci c\u00e2nd impulsul este transmis la neuronul urm\u0103tor. Acest proces continu\u0103 <\/strong>\u00een mod repetat p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd ajunge la celula \u021bint\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Semnalul electrochimic este generat de mi\u0219carea ionilor \u00eentre interiorul \u0219i exteriorul membranei plasmatice a neuronului. Ionii trec de la exterior la interior, produc\u00e2nd o diferen\u021b\u0103 de poten\u021bial \u00een membran\u0103. \"Puntea\" folosit\u0103 de ace\u0219ti ioni pentru a trece \u00een interiorul celulelor este o protein\u0103 transmembranar\u0103 numit\u0103 canale ionice deschise la tensiune<\/strong>.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aceste canale de tensiune sunt controlate de tensiuni electrice, ca o form\u0103 de r\u0103spuns la stimulii electrici, cu alte cuvinte, aceste canale nu sunt \u00eentotdeauna deschise la trecerea ionilor, ci se deschid \u0219i se \u00eenchid doar \u00een urma unor stimuli de tensiune electric\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Atunci c\u00e2nd celula nu este supus\u0103 la stimuli, c\u00e2nd membrana este \u00een repaus, se men\u021bine o diferen\u021b\u0103 de poten\u021bial \u00eentre partea interioar\u0103 \u0219i cea exterioar\u0103 a unui neuron. \u00cen repaus, membrana are un poten\u021bial de -70mV, un poten\u021bial negativ, \u00een timp ce partea exterioar\u0103 are un poten\u021bial pozitiv. Aceast\u0103 diferen\u021b\u0103 de poten\u021bial se nume\u0219te poten\u021bialul de repaus al membranei, <\/strong>\u0219i este men\u021binut\u0103 \u00een principal de ionii de sodiu \u0219i potasiu prin intermediul pompei de sodiu \u0219i potasiu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sub stimuli de tensiune electric\u0103, diferen\u021ba de poten\u021bial membranar \u00eencepe s\u0103 se inverseze, canalele de sodiu se deschid permi\u021b\u00e2nd multor ioni de sodiu s\u0103 intre \u00een interiorul celulei, transform\u00e2nd momentan membrana. depolarizat<\/strong>sau, mai bine zis, ionii de sodiu transform\u0103 regiunea interioar\u0103 a membranei \u00eentr-o re\u021bea pozitiv\u0103. Aceast\u0103 mi\u0219care de depolarizare este celebra poten\u021bial de ac\u021biune<\/strong>; poten\u021bialul de membran\u0103 cre\u0219te \u0219i scade rapid. Poten\u021bialul cre\u0219te p\u00e2n\u0103 la +40mV \u00een pu\u021bin mai mult de 2milisecunde \u0219i revine la starea de repaus \u00een mai pu\u021bin de 3milisecunde.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Poten\u021bialul de ac\u021biune nu se produce \u00een tot neuronul deodat\u0103, depolarizarea membranei \u00eencepe \u00een dendrite \u0219i apoi \u00een nucleu, pe r\u00e2nd, depolariz\u00e2ndu-se \u0219i revenind la poten\u021bialul de repaus la scurt timp dup\u0103 aceea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pentru a restabili poten\u021bialul de repaus al membranei, canalele de sodiu se \u00eenchid, iar canalele de potasiu deschise, permi\u021b\u00e2nd ionilor de potasiu s\u0103 intre \u00een interiorul celulei, repolariz\u00e2nd membrana, transform\u00e2nd din nou regiunea interioar\u0103 a membranei \u00een \u00eenc\u0103rcat\u0103 negativ, iar regiunea exterioar\u0103 \u00een \u00eenc\u0103rcat\u0103 pozitiv. Pompa de sodiu-potasiu ajut\u0103 la restabilirea cantit\u0103\u021bii corecte a fiec\u0103rui ion \u00een interiorul celulei, l\u0103s\u00e2nd s\u0103 ias\u0103 trei ioni de sodiu la fiecare doi ioni de potasiu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ne-o putem imagina ca pe o mi\u0219care sincronizat\u0103, de la momentul r\u0103spunsului poten\u021bialului de ac\u021biune p\u00e2n\u0103 la momentul restabilirii st\u0103rii de repaus.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Interesant este c\u0103, \u00een timp ce \u00een axon avem canale ionice cu voltaj care genereaz\u0103 \u0219i propag\u0103 impulsul nervos, \u00een dendrite aceste canale nu exist\u0103. \u00cen aceste regiuni neuronale, semnalul este transmis nu prin poten\u021bialul de ac\u021biune, ci printr-un poten\u021bial gradat, <\/strong>a <\/strong>form\u0103 diferit\u0103 de propagare a semnalului, \u00een care scara semnalului cre\u0219te pe parcurs, p\u00e2n\u0103 la transformarea \u00een poten\u021bial de ac\u021biune pe axon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Re\u021bine\u021bi c\u0103 ionul de sodiu este cel responsabil pentru propagarea poten\u021bialului de ac\u021biune, iar cel de potasiu pentru restabilirea st\u0103rii de repaus. Lipsa acestor ioni \u00een organism poate cauza probleme de calitate \u0219i eficien\u021b\u0103 a poten\u021bialului de ac\u021biune, ceea ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 probleme la nivelul sinapselor \u0219i \u00een trecerea informa\u021biei prin sistemul nervos. Toate aceste probleme pot declan\u0219a complica\u021bii \u0219i boli psihice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Urm\u0103torul pas ar fi trecerea impulsului nervos c\u0103tre urm\u0103torul neuron. Un lucru diferit se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 \u00een spa\u021biul dintre cei doi neuroni, \u00een fanta sinaptic\u0103. Fanta sinaptic\u0103 este un loc foarte important de privit \u0219i de studiat, deoarece este locul \u00een care intr\u0103 \u00een ac\u021biune mul\u021bi neurotransmi\u021b\u0103tori diferi\u021bi, activ\u00e2nd o nou\u0103 cale de semnalizare care utilizeaz\u0103 receptori, alte proteine \u0219i al\u021bi ioni \u00een afar\u0103 de sodiu \u0219i potasiu. Dar acest lucru \u00eel vom l\u0103sa pentru urm\u0103toarea discu\u021bie din articol Impulsul nervos PARTEA 2 - Fanta sinaptic\u0103<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u021ai-au pl\u0103cut infografiile din acest articol? Pute\u021bi folosi Mind the Graph \u0219i s\u0103 face\u021bi \u0219i voi imagini informative ca aceasta. Ob\u021bine\u021bi la Mind the Graph<\/a> \u0219i arunca\u021bi o privire la galerie de ilustra\u021bii<\/a>, exist\u0103 disponibil neurologie<\/a> \u0219i biochimie<\/a> ilustra\u021bii, \u0219i dac\u0103 ave\u021bi nevoie de ajutor v\u0103 rug\u0103m s\u0103 contacta\u021bi-ne<\/a>!<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pentru a \u00een\u021belege cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103 un neuron, trebuie s\u0103 analiz\u0103m dou\u0103 concepte. Primul este legat de ceea ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 \u00een interiorul neuronului atunci c\u00e2nd informa\u021bia trece mai departe - poten\u021bialul de ac\u021biune - al doilea este modul \u00een care o informa\u021bie sare de la o celul\u0103 la alta - [...]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":12055,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959],"tags":[812,813],"yoast_head":"\nNerve Impulses PART 1 \u2013 The Action Potential - MTG<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"It's a deep dive into nerve impulses. 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He has a Ph.D. and solid scientific background in Psychopharmacology and experience as a Guest Researcher at the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry (Germany) and Researcher in D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR, Brazil). Fabricio holds over 2500 citations in Google Scholar. He has 10 years of experience in small innovative businesses, with relevant experience in product design and innovation management. 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