{"id":12051,"date":"2020-12-23T11:11:39","date_gmt":"2020-12-23T13:11:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/?p=12051"},"modified":"2023-01-05T14:32:04","modified_gmt":"2023-01-05T17:32:04","slug":"nerve-impulses-the-action-potential","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/nb\/nerveimpulser-virkningspotensialet\/","title":{"rendered":"Nerveimpulser DEL 1 - Aksjonspotensialet"},"content":{"rendered":"

To understand how a neuron works there are two concepts that we need to take a look at. The first one is related to what happens inside the neuron when the information is passing forward \u2013 the action potential \u2013 the second one is how an information jumps from one to another cell \u2013 the synapse. With these two processes, cells of the nerve system are capable to carry on the most complex information throughout the whole body moving it neuron to neuron until finally reach the target cell. In this article, we are going to discuss the first concept, the aksjonspotensial<\/strong>.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nerveimpulsen er et elektrokjemisk signal og er den viktigste mekanismen som brukes til \u00e5 overf\u00f8re informasjon i et nevron. Dendrittene til et nevron oppdager og mottar impulsen fra en tidligere celle, og nerveimpulsen beveger seg fra dendrittene til dendrittene. dendritter <\/strong>til kjerne <\/strong>enn til Axon<\/strong>og til slutt til aksonterminal<\/strong> n\u00e5r impulsen sendes videre til neste nevron. Denne prosessen fortsetter <\/strong>gjentatte ganger til den n\u00e5r m\u00e5lcellen.<\/p>\n\n\n

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The electrochemical signal is generated due to the movement of ions between the inside and the outside part of the neuron plasma membrane. The ions go from outside to inside, producing a difference of potential in the membrane. The \u201cbridge\u201d used by these ions to go inside the cells is a transmembrane protein called spenningsstyrte ionekanaler<\/strong>.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Disse spenningskanalene styres av elektriske spenninger, som en form for respons p\u00e5 elektriske stimuli, med andre ord er disse kanalene ikke alltid \u00e5pne for passasje av ioner, de \u00e5pnes og lukkes bare ved visse elektriske spenningsstimuli.<\/p>\n\n\n

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N\u00e5r cellen ikke utsettes for stimuli, n\u00e5r membranen er i ro, opprettholdes en potensialforskjell mellom innsiden og utsiden av et nevron. I hvile har membranen et potensial p\u00e5 -70 mV, et negativt potensial, mens utsiden har et positivt potensial. Denne potensialforskjellen kalles hvilemembranpotensial, <\/strong>og den opprettholdes hovedsakelig av natrium- og kaliumioner gjennom natriumkaliumpumpen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Under elektrisk spenningsstimuli begynner membranpotensialforskjellen \u00e5 invertere seg selv, natriumkanaler \u00e5pner seg slik at mange natriumioner kan g\u00e5 inn i cellen, noe som gj\u00f8r at membranen for en kort stund blir depolarisert<\/strong>Eller rettere sagt, natriumionene gj\u00f8r membranens indre del til et positivt nett. Denne bevegelsen av depolarisering er den ber\u00f8mte aksjonspotensial<\/strong>membranpotensialet stiger og synker raskt. Potensialet stiger til +40 mV p\u00e5 litt over 2 millisekunder og g\u00e5r tilbake til hviletilstanden p\u00e5 mindre enn 3 millisekunder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aksjonspotensialet oppst\u00e5r ikke i hele nevronet p\u00e5 \u00e9n gang, depolariseringen av membranen starter i dendrittene og deretter i kjernen, der den depolariseres og g\u00e5r tilbake til hvilepotensialet kort tid etter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For \u00e5 gjenopprette hvilemembranpotensialet lukkes natriumkanalene og de spenningsstyrte kaliumkanalene \u00e5pnes, slik at kaliumioner kan g\u00e5 inn i cellen og repolarisere membranen, slik at membranens innside igjen blir negativt ladet og utsiden positiv. Natrium-kalium-pumpen bidrar til \u00e5 gjenopprette riktig mengde av hvert ion inne i cellen ved \u00e5 slippe ut tre natriumioner for hver to kaliumioner.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vi kan se det for oss som en synkronisert bevegelse, fra \u00f8yeblikket med aksjonspotensialrespons til \u00f8yeblikket med gjenoppretting av hviletilstanden.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Det interessante er at mens vi i aksonet har spenningsstyrte ionekanaler som genererer og videreformidler nerveimpulsen, finnes ikke disse kanalene i dendrittene. I disse nevronregionene overf\u00f8res ikke signalet ved hjelp av aksjonspotensialet, men ved hjelp av et gradert potensial, <\/strong>a <\/strong>en annen form for signalutbredelse, der signalets omfang \u00f8ker underveis, f\u00f8r det blir til et aksjonspotensial p\u00e5 aksonet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Legg merke til at natriumionet er ansvarlig for \u00e5 forplante aksjonspotensialet, mens kaliumionet er ansvarlig for \u00e5 gjenopprette hviletilstanden. Mangel p\u00e5 disse ionene i organismen kan f\u00f8re til problemer med kvaliteten og effektiviteten til aksjonspotensialet, noe som kan f\u00f8re til problemer ved synapser og i informasjonsoverf\u00f8ringen gjennom nervesystemet. Alle disse problemene kan utl\u00f8se psykiske komplikasjoner og sykdommer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Det neste trinnet er \u00e5 sende nerveimpulsen videre til neste nevron. I mellomrommet mellom de to nevronene, i den synaptiske kl\u00f8ften, skjer det noe annet. Den synaptiske kl\u00f8ften er et sv\u00e6rt viktig sted \u00e5 se p\u00e5 og studere, for det er her mange forskjellige nevrotransmittere trer i kraft og aktiverer en ny signalvei ved hjelp av reseptorer, andre proteiner og ioner i tillegg til natrium og kalium. Men det overlater vi til neste diskusjon i artikkelen. Nerveimpuls DEL 2 - Den synaptiske kl\u00f8ften<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Likte du infografikken i denne artikkelen? Du kan ogs\u00e5 bruke Mind the Graph og lage slike informative bilder. G\u00e5 til Mind the Graph<\/a> og ta en titt p\u00e5 illustrasjonsgalleri<\/a>, er det tilgjengelig nevrologi<\/a> og biokjemi<\/a> illustrasjoner, og hvis du trenger hjelp, v\u00e6r s\u00e5 snill Kontakt oss<\/a>!<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

For \u00e5 forst\u00e5 hvordan et nevron fungerer, er det to begreper vi m\u00e5 se n\u00e6rmere p\u00e5. Det f\u00f8rste handler om hva som skjer inne i nevronet n\u00e5r informasjonen sendes videre - aksjonspotensialet - det andre handler om hvordan informasjonen hopper fra en celle til en annen - [...].<\/p>","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":12055,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959],"tags":[812,813],"yoast_head":"\nNerve Impulses PART 1 \u2013 The Action Potential - MTG<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"It's a deep dive into nerve impulses. 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