{"id":11852,"date":"2020-11-02T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-11-02T11:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/?p=11852"},"modified":"2023-05-22T11:05:20","modified_gmt":"2023-05-22T14:05:20","slug":"nobel-prize-the-first-black-hole-picture","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/nb\/nobelprisen-det-forste-svarte-hullet-bildet\/","title":{"rendered":"Nobelprisen og det f\u00f8rste bildet av et svart hull"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>You probably heard the news about the first black hole picture posted by the scientist. The picture was amazing news not only for the astronomy field but also for the whole world. This picture was the first step towards a new door of information. The universe is getting more enlightened each with new information and because of that we are capable of better understanding all the mysteries beyond our planet.<\/p>\n<p>Recently we saw twelve laureates be awarded with the 2020 Nobel Prize, and how one of them contributed remarkably to humankind with their research and discoveries. They are all amazing researchers and we would love to talk about each one of them in here, but today for a better explanation and understanding of the context of the first black hole picture we are going to talk about the work of the Laureates Roger Penrose, Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez, the winners of the Nobel Prize in Physics.<\/p>\n<p>If\u00f8lge Nobelprisens offisielle nettside ble prisvinnerne anerkjent \"for oppdagelsen av at dannelsen av svarte hull er en robust forutsigelse av den generelle relativitetsteorien\" og \"for oppdagelsen av et supermassivt kompakt objekt i sentrum av v\u00e5r galakse\". Penrose beviste gjennom imponerende matematiske metoder at svarte hull er knyttet til Einsteins relativitetsteori, mens Reinhard Genzel og Andrea Ghez' arbeid fant ugjendrivelige bevis p\u00e5 at det faktisk finnes et svart hull i sentrum av Melkeveien, i dag kjent under navnet Sagittarius A*.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/nobel-prize-2020-in-physics.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-11853 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/nobel-prize-2020-in-physics.png\" alt=\"Nobelprisen i fysikk 2020\" width=\"601\" height=\"389\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/nobel-prize-2020-in-physics.png 601w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/nobel-prize-2020-in-physics-300x194.png 300w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/nobel-prize-2020-in-physics-350x228.png 350w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 601px) 100vw, 601px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>For \u00e5 forst\u00e5 temaet fullt ut, m\u00e5 vi kjenne til noen grunnleggende begreper om svarte hull, som \"Hva er et svart hull?\"; \"Hvordan er de laget av? Hvor kan vi finne et?\"<\/p>\n<p>Det f\u00f8rste vi trenger \u00e5 vite, er et begrep som brukes mye i mange emner innen astronomi, nemlig begrepet romtid. Romtiden er en firedimensjonal mangfoldighet, med tre romdimensjoner og \u00e9n tidsdimensjon, i et koordinatsystem med (x,y,z,t). Et interessant faktum er at et enkelt punkt i dette koordinatsystemet kalles en hendelse. N\u00e5r det er sagt, kan vi f\u00e5 definisjonen av et svart hull.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Svart hull er et omr\u00e5de i romtiden<\/strong> der tyngdekraften er s\u00e5, men s\u00e5\u00e5\u00e5\u00e5\u00e5\u00e5\u00e5\u00e5\u00e5 sterk at ingen gass, st\u00f8v, partikkel eller til og med lyset ikke kan bryte seg l\u00f8s fra det! De blir alle STERKT tiltrukket av gravitasjonskraften inn i det svarte hullet og forsvinner til et sted som fortsatt er ukjent selv i dag for forskerne. Det interessante her er at hvis selv lyset ikke kan bryte seg fri fra denne kraften, er det umulig \u00e5 se et svart hull eller til og med \u00e5 vite hvor det er et. Det er som \u00e5 pr\u00f8ve \u00e5 se et svart objekt i en svart bakgrunn, du kan ikke se, eller hvis du gj\u00f8r det, er det veldig vanskelig. S\u00e5, hvordan forskeren gj\u00f8r det?<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/black-hole-prizes.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-11854 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/black-hole-prizes.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"699\" height=\"525\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/black-hole-prizes.png 699w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/black-hole-prizes-300x225.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 699px) 100vw, 699px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>I teorien dannes svarte hull vanligvis n\u00e5r en sv\u00e6rt massiv stjerne, mye tyngre enn solen, kollapser p\u00e5 slutten av sitt liv. Massen er en sv\u00e6rt viktig faktor for \u00e5 avgj\u00f8re om den d\u00f8de stjernen kommer til \u00e5 bli et svart hull eller en n\u00f8ytronstjerne. Denne supermassestjernen presses sammen p\u00e5 sv\u00e6rt liten plass p\u00e5 grunn av tyngdekraften, og for \u00e5 danne det svarte hullet kan den kompakte massen deformere romtiden, if\u00f8lge den generelle relativitetsteorien.<\/p>\n<p>Denne deformeringen av romtiden skaper en gravitasjonsakselerasjonskraft som peker mot sentrum av det tette masselegemet. Og p\u00e5 grunn av denne kraften begynner gass og partikler i n\u00e6rheten av det svarte hullet \u00e5 \u00f8ke rotasjonshastigheten og trekkes inn i det svarte hullet. Dette fenomenet kalles <strong>Akkresjonsskive<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Denne gravitasjons- og friksjonskraften f\u00e5r all gass og alle partikler med elektriske ladninger til \u00e5 generere ikke bare en temperaturstigning, men ogs\u00e5 elektromagnetisk str\u00e5ling med ulike frekvenser, som infrar\u00f8d eller r\u00f8ntgen. P\u00e5 grunn av denne fantastiske egenskapen kan et svart hull bli \"sett\". Dette er bra, men det letter ikke forskerens jobb 100 prosent, du har en frekvens du kan spore, men du kan fortsatt ikke si \"\u00e5 se, et svart hull der borte p\u00e5 himmelen\". Vi kan ikke behandle lyset fra det svarte hullet p\u00e5 lik linje med en vanlig stjerne; de er veldig forskjellige fra hverandre. Men den gode nyheten er at det svarte objektet fra begynnelsen n\u00e5 er litt opplyst i den svarte bakgrunnen.<\/p>\n<p>P\u00e5 det f\u00f8rste bildet av det svarte hullet kan vi se tilvekstskiven. Det svarte hullet er i dette tilfellet 6,5 millioner ganger tyngre enn solen v\u00e5r, og befinner seg i galaksen Messier 87, 53 millioner lys\u00e5r fra jorden. Bildet ble tatt med tidsarbeid fra \u00e5tte forskjellige teleskoper rundt om i verden, Event Horizon Telescope, og noen andre romteleskopoppdrag, som samlet inn data fra M87 samtidig i april 2017. Hvert av teleskopene tok opp ulike data fra det svarte hullet, og til slutt ble alt satt sammen til et bilde. Det kan h\u00f8res enkelt og enkelt ut, men forskerne m\u00e5tte jobbe hardt for \u00e5 forst\u00e5 alle dataene og hvordan de skulle behandles, hvilken algoritme som skulle brukes og hvordan den skulle brukes.<\/p>\n<p>In an article published in 1997 by Genzel showed that collect data from five different years, from 1992 to 1996, capture fast-moving stars in the immediate vicinity of Sgr A*, and that a very large and heavy dark mass resides in the middle of these stars. \u201cThere is no stable configuration of normal stars, stellar remnants or substellar entities at that density\u201d says the article (GENZEL et al., 1997). Concluding, \u201cthere must be a massive black hole at the core of the Milky Way\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>I en annen artikkel publisert i 1998 av Ghez, oppdaget en to \u00e5r lang studie det samme m\u00f8nsteret av bevegelige starter p\u00e5 samme sted, som det st\u00e5r i artikkelen: \"Toppene i b\u00e5de stellar overflatetetthet og hastighetsspredning stemmer overens med posisjonen til det svarte hullet (som fortsatt var kandidat p\u00e5 den tiden) Sgr A*\" (GHEZ et al., 1998). Bildene som ble brukt i studien, ble tatt med n\u00e6r-infrar\u00f8de b\u00f8lgelengder, som er den frekvensen som tilvekstskiven sender ut.<\/p>\n<p>Her er en kort liste med disse artiklene:<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">GENZEL, R. et al. On the nature of the dark mass in the centre of the Milky Way. <\/span><b>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (m\u00e5nedlige meddelelser fra Royal Astronomical Society)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, v. 291, nr. 1, s. 219-234, 11 ut. 1997.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">GHEZ, A. M. et al. Stjerner med h\u00f8y egenbevegelse i n\u00e6rheten av Sagittarius A\\ast: Bevis for et supermassivt svart hull i sentrum av galaksen v\u00e5r. <\/span><b>Astrofysisk tidsskrift<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, v. 509, nr. 2, s. 678-686, des. 1998.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">GHEZ, A. M. et al. M\u00e5ling av avstand og egenskaper til Melkeveiens sentrale supermassive svarte hull ved hjelp av stjernebaner. <\/span><b>Astrofysisk tidsskrift<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, v. 689, nr. 2, s. 1044-1062, des. 2008.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/planetary-system.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-11855 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/planetary-system.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"711\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/planetary-system.png 711w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/planetary-system-300x225.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 711px) 100vw, 711px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Er ikke universet s\u00e5 vakkert?<\/p>\n<p>All of this is already incredible but is still a lot more to come, like David Haviland chair of the Nobel Committee for Physics said \u201c\u2026these exotic objects still pose many questions that beg for answers and motivate future research. Not only questions about their inner structure, but also questions about how to test our theory of gravity under the extreme conditions in the immediate vicinity of a black hole\u201d. And we will be here, looking forward to the next break though! Meanwhile, we thanks this year\u2019s Laureates <strong>Roger Penrose, Reinhard Genzel<\/strong> og <strong>Andrea Ghez<\/strong>Du er fantastisk!<\/p>\n<p>Hvis du ogs\u00e5 vil lese om Roger Penroses arbeid, finner du her noen artikler som beskriver arbeidet hans. En av dem ble publisert sammen med den legendariske <a href=\"https:\/\/aapt.scitation.org\/author\/Hawking%2C+Stephen\">Stephen Hawking<\/a>. Du kan ogs\u00e5 sjekke ut disse artiklene her:<\/p>\n<p>HAWKING, S.; PENROSE, R. Rommets og tidens natur. <strong>American Journal of Physics<\/strong>, v. 65, nr. 7, s. 676-676, 1. juli 1997.<\/p>\n<p>EHLERS, J.; RINDLER, W.; PENROSE, R. Energibevaring som grunnlag for relativistisk mekanikk. II. American Journal of Physics, v. 33, n. 12, s. 995-997, 1 dez. 1965.<\/p>\n<p>NEWMAN, E.; PENROSE, R. An Approach to Gravitational Radiation by a Method of Spin Coefficients. Journal of Mathematical Physics, v. 3, n. 3, s. 566-578, 1 maio 1962.<\/p>\n<p>PENROSE, R.; RINDLER, W. Energy Conservation as the Basis of Relativistic Mechanics. American Journal of Physics, v. 33, n. 1, s. 55-59, 1. jan. 1965.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/a-satellite-around-the-globe.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-11856 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/a-satellite-around-the-globe.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"734\" height=\"550\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/a-satellite-around-the-globe.png 734w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/a-satellite-around-the-globe-300x225.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 734px) 100vw, 734px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you have a project or a presentation coming up about any astronomy field, you can use Mind the Graph to make your content more efficient, didactic and fun! We know is hard to get good pictures on the theme so we are here to help you with that, you can check our content about astronomy <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/app.mindthegraph.com\/illustrations\/subcategory\/physics-&amp;-astronomy\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">her<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I Mind the Graph finner du alt du trenger, og hvis du ikke finner det du trenger, kan vi hjelpe deg!<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Let\u2019s improve communication in science together! Are you ready to give a try?<\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":11862,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959,28],"tags":[554,250],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v19.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>The Nobel Prize and The First Black Hole Picture - Mind the Graph Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Read this blog to know how three scientists are awarded the Nobel Prize 2020 in Physics for their contribution to the Black Hole.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/nb\/nobel-prize-the-first-black-hole-picture\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"nb_NO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Nobel Prize and The First Black Hole Picture - 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He has a Ph.D. and solid scientific background in Psychopharmacology and experience as a Guest Researcher at the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry (Germany) and Researcher in D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR, Brazil). Fabricio holds over 2500 citations in Google Scholar. He has 10 years of experience in small innovative businesses, with relevant experience in product design and innovation management. Connect with him on LinkedIn - Fabricio Pamplona.","sameAs":["http:\/\/mindthegraph.com","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/fabriciopamplona"],"url":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/nb\/author\/fabricio\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11852"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11852"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11852\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":27975,"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11852\/revisions\/27975"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11862"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11852"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11852"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11852"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}