{"id":29632,"date":"2023-09-25T12:23:00","date_gmt":"2023-09-25T15:23:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/academic-success-copy\/"},"modified":"2023-09-25T16:18:14","modified_gmt":"2023-09-25T19:18:14","slug":"footnotes-in-a-paper","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/lv\/zemsvitras-piezimes\/","title":{"rendered":"Pap\u012bra zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bmes: K\u0101 t\u0101s efekt\u012bvi izmantot rakst\u0101?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Darba zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bmes var b\u016bt v\u0113rt\u012bgs r\u012bks, kas \u013cauj papildin\u0101t rakst\u012bto tekstu ar papildu inform\u0101ciju, cit\u0101tiem un paskaidrojumiem, netrauc\u0113jot galven\u0101 teksta pl\u016bsmu. Tom\u0113r daudzi rakstnieki var neb\u016bt p\u0101rliecin\u0101ti par to, kad un k\u0101 efekt\u012bvi izmantot zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bmes. \u0160aj\u0101 rakst\u0101 m\u0113s apl\u016bkosim zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bmju noz\u012bmi un lietojumu akad\u0113miskaj\u0101 rakst\u0101, k\u0101 ar\u012b sniegsim praktiskus padomus, k\u0101 iek\u013caut zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bmes sav\u0101 rakst\u0101. Neatkar\u012bgi no t\u0101, vai esat pieredz\u0113jis akad\u0113miskais rakstnieks vai tikai s\u0101kat rakst\u012bt, izpratne par to, k\u0101 izmantot zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bmes, var pal\u012bdz\u0113t jums palielin\u0101t j\u016bsu rakst\u012bt\u0101 darba skaidr\u012bbu un ticam\u012bbu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kas ir zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bmes?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bmes ir noder\u012bgs instruments akad\u0113miskaj\u0101 rakstniec\u012bb\u0101, kas \u013cauj dokument\u0101 vai tekst\u0101 iek\u013caut papildu inform\u0101ciju vai koment\u0101rus. Raksta pamattekst\u0101 zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bmes parasti tiek apz\u012bm\u0113tas ar nelielu skaitli vai simbolu, un t\u0101s ir redzamas lapas apak\u0161\u0101 un var kalpot da\u017e\u0101diem m\u0113r\u0137iem. Piem\u0113ram, zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bmes var izmantot, lai preciz\u0113tu k\u0101du jaut\u0101jumu, sniegtu pamatinform\u0101ciju vai nor\u0101d\u012btu avotu, kas nav tie\u0161i cit\u0113ts vai min\u0113ts galvenaj\u0101 tekst\u0101. T\u0101s ir ar\u012b noder\u012bgas, lai netrauc\u0113tu galven\u0101 teksta pl\u016bsmu, jo \u012bpa\u0161i, ja ir nepiecie\u0161ami gari cit\u0101ti vai paskaidrojumi. \u012as\u0101k sakot, zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bmes sniedz las\u012bt\u0101jiem papildu inform\u0101ciju vai atsauces saist\u012bb\u0101 ar konkr\u0113t\u0101m teksta sada\u013c\u0101m, padarot t\u0101s par v\u0113rt\u012bgu pal\u012bgl\u012bdzekli p\u0113tniekiem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n
\n
\"zemsv\u012btras
Caur EasybBib<\/a><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

K\u0101 rakst\u012bt zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bmi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Lai rakst\u012btu zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bmi rakstam, izpildiet \u0161\u0101das visp\u0101r\u012bgas darb\u012bbas:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. Nosakiet, k\u0101da inform\u0101cija j\u0101iek\u013cauj zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bm\u0113. Tas var ietvert autora v\u0101rdu, avota nosaukumu, public\u0113\u0161anas datumu, izdev\u0113ju un lapas(-u) numuru(-us), uz kuru(-iem) j\u016bs atsaucaties.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Ierakstiet zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bmes numuru vai simbolu t\u0101 teikuma vai punkta beig\u0101s, kuram nepiecie\u0161ama zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bme. Zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bmes numurs vai simbols j\u0101novieto aiz interpunkcijas z\u012bmes, piem\u0113ram, punkta vai komata.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. Lapas apak\u0161\u0101 ierakstiet pa\u0161u zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bmi. Zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bmes pirmajai rindi\u0146ai j\u0101b\u016bt ar ievilkumu, bet n\u0101kamaj\u0101m rindi\u0146\u0101m j\u0101b\u016bt vien\u0101 l\u012bmen\u012b ar kreiso malu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. Format\u0113jiet zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bmi atbilsto\u0161i cit\u0113\u0161anas stilam, ko izmantojat (piem\u0113ram, MLA, APA<\/a>, \u010cik\u0101ga). Katram cit\u0113\u0161anas stilam ir \u012bpa\u0161i noteikumi par to, k\u0101 j\u0101noform\u0113 zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bmes, t\u0101p\u0113c s\u012bk\u0101ku inform\u0101ciju mekl\u0113jiet attiec\u012bgaj\u0101 stila rokasgr\u0101mat\u0101.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  5. Ja izmantojat teksta apstr\u0101des programmu, piem\u0113ram, Microsoft Word, varat izmantot funkciju \"Ievietot zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bmi\", lai autom\u0101tiski ievietotu zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bmes un pareizi t\u0101s format\u0113tu.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    At\u0161\u0137ir\u012bba starp zemsv\u012btras un beigu piez\u012bm\u0113m<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Galven\u0101 at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bba starp zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bm\u0113m un beigu piez\u012bm\u0113m ir to izvietojums dokument\u0101. Zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bmes tiek par\u0101d\u012btas t\u0101s lapas apak\u0161\u0101, kur\u0101 uz t\u0101m ir atsauce, bet beigu piez\u012bmes - dokumenta, noda\u013cas vai sada\u013cas beig\u0101s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0160eit ir da\u017eas citas at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bbas starp zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bm\u0113m un beigu piez\u012bm\u0113m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    <\/div>\n\n\n\n
    <\/th>Zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bmes<\/strong><\/th>Nobeiguma piez\u012bmes<\/strong><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
    Defin\u012bcija<\/td>Piez\u012bmes ievieto t\u0101s pa\u0161as lappuses apak\u0161\u0101, kur\u0101 ir atsauce.<\/td>Piez\u012bmes, kas novietotas dokumenta beig\u0101s.<\/td><\/tr>
    Izvieto\u0161ana<\/td>Zem teksta, uz kuru tie atsaucas, parasti ar maz\u0101ka izm\u0113ra burtiem.<\/td>Dokumenta beig\u0101s, parasti ar t\u0101da pa\u0161a lieluma burtu k\u0101 galvenajam tekstam.<\/td><\/tr>
    Lieto\u0161ana<\/td>Izmanto, lai sniegtu papildu inform\u0101ciju vai paskaidrotu k\u0101du teksta punktu.<\/td>Izmanto, lai sniegtu papildu inform\u0101ciju, paskaidrojumu vai cit\u0113tu avotu.<\/td><\/tr>
    Priek\u0161roc\u012bbas<\/td>Viegli atrodams un las\u0101ms teksta kontekst\u0101.<\/td>Tekstu saglab\u0101jiet t\u012bru un nep\u0101rbl\u012bv\u0113tu.<\/td><\/tr>
    Tr\u016bkumi<\/td>Var p\u0101rbl\u012bv\u0113t lapu un nov\u0113rst las\u012bt\u0101ja uzman\u012bbu.<\/td>Var pras\u012bt, lai las\u012bt\u0101js p\u0101r\u0161\u0137irsta tekstu no teksta uz beigu piez\u012bm\u0113m.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
    <\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \u010cik\u0101ga<\/a> Stila zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bmes<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    \u010cik\u0101gas stila zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bmes ir pla\u0161i izplat\u012bts cit\u0113\u0161anas stils, ko izmanto p\u0113tnieciskajos darbos. \u0160aj\u0101 form\u0101t\u0101 zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bmes tiek izmantotas, lai sniegtu inform\u0101ciju par avotu tekst\u0101. Ir divu veidu \u010cik\u0101gas stila zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bmes: \u012bs\u0101s un gar\u0101s. \u012as\u0101s formas cit\u0101tos iek\u013cauj tikai pamatinform\u0101ciju par avotu, ja ir sniegta pilna bibliogr\u0101fija, savuk\u0101rt gar\u0101s formas cit\u0101tos pirmo reizi, kad avots tiek cit\u0113ts, iek\u013cauj pilnu cit\u0101tu, bet turpm\u0101kajos cit\u0101tos izmanto \u012bso formu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0160eit ir \u010cik\u0101gas stila zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bmes piem\u0113rs, izmantojot \u012bso formu:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    \"P\u0113d\u0113jos gados soci\u0101l\u0101 kapit\u0101la j\u0113dziens ir pla\u0161i apspriests, un viens no ietekm\u012bg\u0101kajiem darbiem \u0161aj\u0101 jom\u0101 ir Putnama darbs Bowling Alone\u00b9.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Lapas apak\u0161\u0101 atbilsto\u0161\u0101 zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bme b\u016btu \u0161\u0101da:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u00b9 Putnam, Bowling Alone, 26.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

    Iev\u0113rojiet, ka vispirms ir nor\u0101d\u012bts autora uzv\u0101rds, p\u0113c tam - sa\u012bsin\u0101tais darba nosaukums (\u0161aj\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 \"Bowling Alone\") un lapas numurs, kur\u0101 atrodama inform\u0101cija.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0160eit ir \u010cik\u0101gas stila zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bme, kur\u0101 izmantots \u012bs\u0101s formas piem\u0113rs:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    Pirm\u0101 atsauce:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    John Smith, The History of Chicago (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), 25.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Turpm\u0101ka atsauce:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Smith, The History of Chicago, 30.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

    \u0160eit ir \u010cik\u0101gas zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bmes piem\u0113rs tekst\u0101:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    \"Saska\u0146\u0101 ar Smita teikto, cilv\u0113kties\u012bbu j\u0113dziena pirms\u0101kumi mekl\u0113jami sengrie\u0137u filozofij\u0101.\u00b9\"\u00b2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Lapas apak\u0161\u0101:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u00b9John Smith, The Origins of Human Rights (New York: Oxford University Press, 2021), 15.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u00b2Smith, Cilv\u0113kties\u012bbu pirms\u0101kumi, 22.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

    Uzziniet, k\u0101 veidot cit\u0101tus \u010cik\u0101gas stil\u0101 m\u016bsu blog\u0101 \"Chicago Style Citation Made Easy: format\u0113\u0161ana un piem\u0113ri<\/a>“.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    APA<\/strong><\/a> Stila zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bmes<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    APA form\u0101t\u0101 zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bmju viet\u0101 parasti izmanto teksta cit\u0101tus iekav\u0101s. Tom\u0113r \u0161im noteikumam ir divi iz\u0146\u0113mumi: satura zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bmes un autorties\u012bbu nor\u0101des. Satura zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bmes sniedz papildu inform\u0101ciju par vienu t\u0113mu, kas nav saska\u0146oti iek\u013cauta tekst\u0101, savuk\u0101rt autorties\u012bbu atrib\u016bcijas zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bmes izmanto, ja autors izmanto garu cit\u0101tu vai citu ar autorties\u012bb\u0101m aizsarg\u0101tu materi\u0101lu, piem\u0113ram, fotogr\u0101fiju. Zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bmes tiek format\u0113tas l\u012bdz\u012bgi k\u0101 \u010cik\u0101gas stil\u0101, aiz teksta fragmenta nor\u0101dot sec\u012bgus virskriptus, bet lapas apak\u0161\u0101 - attiec\u012bgo zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bmi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    L\u016bk, APA stila zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bmes piem\u0113rs papildu inform\u0101cijai:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    In-text:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Saska\u0146\u0101 ar jaun\u0101kajiem p\u0113t\u012bjumiem COVID-19 vakc\u012bna ir \u013coti efekt\u012bva, lai nov\u0113rstu infic\u0113\u0161anos un v\u012brusa p\u0101rne\u0161anu.\u00b9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bme:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u00b9Dar s\u012bk\u0101ku inform\u0101ciju par min\u0113tajiem p\u0113t\u012bjumiem skat\u012bt Smith et al. (2021) un Jones et al. (2022).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

    Uzziniet, k\u0101 veidot cit\u0101tus APA stil\u0101 m\u016bsu blog\u0101 \"K\u0101 veidot cit\u0101tus, izmantojot APA format\u0113jumu: Padomi, k\u0101 lietot APA<\/a>“.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    MLA<\/a> Stila zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bmes<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    MLA (Modern Language Association) stil\u0101 parasti netiek izmantotas zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bmes. T\u0101 viet\u0101, lai nor\u0101d\u012btu inform\u0101cijas vai cit\u0101tu avotu, tiek izmantoti cit\u0101ti tekst\u0101. Tom\u0113r, ja konkr\u0113tai publik\u0101cijai vai uzdevumam ir nepiecie\u0161amas zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bmes, var iev\u0113rot \u0161\u0101das vadl\u012bnijas:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Izvieto\u0161ana:<\/strong> Zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bmes j\u0101novieto t\u0101s lapas apak\u0161\u0101, kur\u0101 ir atsauce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Numer\u0101cija: <\/strong>Nor\u0101des zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bm\u0113s ir j\u0101numur\u0113 sec\u012bgi vis\u0101 rakst\u0101, izmantojot ar\u0101bu ciparus. Numurs j\u0101nor\u0101da aiz jebk\u0101d\u0101m interpunkcijas z\u012bm\u0113m, piem\u0113ram, punktiem vai komatiem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Format\u0113\u0161ana:<\/strong> Zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bm\u0113m j\u0101b\u016bt ar vienu atstarpi un maz\u0101ka izm\u0113ra burtiem nek\u0101 galvenajam tekstam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Saturs: <\/strong>Zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bm\u0113s j\u0101iek\u013cauj cit\u0113t\u0101 avota bibliogr\u0101fisk\u0101 inform\u0101cija, k\u0101 ar\u012b papildu inform\u0101cija, kas nepiecie\u0161ama atsauces preciz\u0113\u0161anai. Piem\u0113ram, zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bm\u0113 par gr\u0101matu var nor\u0101d\u012bt autoru, nosaukumu, izdev\u0113ju un izdo\u0161anas gadu, savuk\u0101rt zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bm\u0113 par t\u012bmek\u013ca vietni var nor\u0101d\u012bt URL un piek\u013cuves datumu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    MLA stila zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bmes piem\u0113rs gr\u0101matai:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    John Doe, The History of Art (New York: Penguin Books, 2000), 24.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    MLA stila zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bmes piem\u0113rs t\u012bmek\u013ca vietnei:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"The Benefits of Exercise,\" National Institutes of Health, skat\u012bts 2023. gada 15. maij\u0101, https:\/\/www.nih.gov\/health-information\/benefits-exercise<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

    MLA stila zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bmes teksta piem\u0113rs:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    Teksts: Saska\u0146\u0101 ar nesen veiktu p\u0113t\u012bjumu soci\u0101lo mediju lieto\u0161ana var negat\u012bvi ietekm\u0113t gar\u012bgo vesel\u012bbu (Johnson 36)\u00b2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Atsauce zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bm\u0113: \u00b2 Johnson, Sarah. \"Soci\u0101lo mediju ietekme uz gar\u012bgo vesel\u012bbu.\" Journal of Health Psychology, vol. 22, no. 1, 2018, pp. 35-44.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

    Uzziniet, k\u0101 veidot cit\u0101tus MLA stil\u0101 m\u016bsu blog\u0101 \"Rakstnieka rokasgr\u0101mata par MLA form\u0101tu: K\u0101 to izdar\u012bt pareizi<\/a>“.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Uzlabojiet savu dokumentu ietekmi un atpaz\u012bstam\u012bbu, izmantojot kvalitat\u012bvu vizu\u0101lo komunik\u0101ciju.<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Mind the Graph<\/a> ir inovat\u012bva platforma, kas pied\u0101v\u0101 pla\u0161u r\u012bku kl\u0101stu, lai pal\u012bdz\u0113tu zin\u0101tniekiem uzlabot savu darbu ietekmi un atpaz\u012bstam\u012bbu, izmantojot kvalitat\u012bvu vizu\u0101lo komunik\u0101ciju. Izmantojot Mind the Graph, zin\u0101tnieki var viegli izveidot grafiskus kopsavilkumus, plak\u0101tus un citus vizu\u0101lus pal\u012bgl\u012bdzek\u013cus, kas var efekt\u012bvi inform\u0113t pla\u0161\u0101ku auditoriju par vi\u0146u p\u0113t\u012bjumu rezult\u0101tiem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    <\/div>\n\n\n
    \n
    \"zin\u0101tnisk\u0101s<\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
    <\/div>\n\n\n\n
    \n
    S\u0101ciet veidot ar Mind the Graph<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
    <\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Uzziniet, k\u0101 vislab\u0101k izmantot zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bmes rakst\u0101. Ieg\u016bstiet ekspertu padomus, k\u0101 efekt\u012bvi un lietder\u012bgi izmantot zemsv\u012btras piez\u012bmes akad\u0113miskajos darbos.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":35,"featured_media":29640,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959,28],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nFootnotes in a Paper: How to Use Them Effectively in Your Writing - Mind the Graph Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Discover the best way to use footnotes in a paper. 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