Cilmes \u0161\u016bnu terapija uzlabo organisma dabiskos dziedin\u0101\u0161anas procesus un ir viens no aizraujo\u0161\u0101kajiem sasniegumiem re\u0123enerat\u012bvaj\u0101 medic\u012bn\u0101. T\u0101 pied\u0101v\u0101 neticamu \u0101rst\u0113\u0161anu da\u017e\u0101d\u0101m slim\u012bb\u0101m, kuru \u0101rst\u0113\u0161anai \u0101rsti l\u012bdz \u0161im nebija piem\u0113rotu \u0101rst\u0113\u0161anas meto\u017eu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0160aj\u0101 rakst\u0101 uzzin\u0101siet par. cilmes \u0161\u016bnas<\/strong> p\u0113tniec\u012bba: plusi un m\u012bnusi<\/strong>, kas tas ir un k\u0101di ir da\u017e\u0101die pieejamo cilmes \u0161\u016bnu veidi. \u0160aj\u0101 rakst\u0101 j\u016bs var\u0113siet iepaz\u012bties ar\u012b ar veiksm\u012bgiem st\u0101stiem, lai lab\u0101k izprastu \u0161o tematu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Organism\u0101 ir s\u0101kotn\u0113j\u0101 izejviela cilmes \u0161\u016bnu veid\u0101. \u0160\u012bs cilmes \u0161\u016bnas ir atbild\u012bgas par visu p\u0101r\u0113jo \u0161\u016bnu att\u012bst\u012bbu ar \u012bpa\u0161\u0101m funkcij\u0101m. Ja organism\u0101 vai laboratorij\u0101 tiek nodro\u0161in\u0101ti atbilsto\u0161i apst\u0101k\u013ci, cilmes \u0161\u016bnas dal\u0101s, lai rad\u012btu jaunas \u0161\u016bnas, kas paz\u012bstamas k\u0101 meitas \u0161\u016bnas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Meitas \u0161\u016bnas sp\u0113j p\u0101rveidoties par cit\u0101m cilmes \u0161\u016bn\u0101m vai \u0161\u016bn\u0101m ar noteiktu funkciju, piem\u0113ram, asins \u0161\u016bn\u0101m, smadze\u0146u \u0161\u016bn\u0101m, sirds musku\u013ca \u0161\u016bn\u0101m vai kaulu \u0161\u016bn\u0101m. Nav nevienas citas \u0161\u016bnas organism\u0101, kas var\u0113tu dabiski rad\u012bt jaunus \u0161\u016bnu tipus k\u0101 cilmes \u0161\u016bnas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Embrion\u0101l\u0101s cilmes \u0161\u016bnas tiek ieg\u016btas no blastocistas - liel\u0101koties tuk\u0161as \u0161\u016bnu bumbi\u0146as, kas att\u012bst\u0101s tr\u012bs l\u012bdz piecas dienas p\u0113c tam, kad cilv\u0113ka ol\u0161\u016bna ir apaug\u013cota ar spermatozo\u012bdu. Embrion\u0101l\u0101s cilmes \u0161\u016bnas ir pluripotentas, kas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka no t\u0101m var izveidoties visi piln\u012bb\u0101 att\u012bst\u012bta organisma \u0161\u016bnu tipi, iz\u0146emot placentu un nabassaiti. <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0160\u012bs no iek\u0161\u0113j\u0101s \u0161\u016bnu masas atdal\u012bt\u0101s \u0161\u016bnas att\u012bst\u012bsies par specializ\u0113t\u0101k\u0101m \u0161\u016bn\u0101m, no kur\u0101m veidosies visi organisma audi un org\u0101ni. Kad zin\u0101tnieki iz\u0146em iek\u0161\u0113jo \u0161\u016bnu masu un kultiv\u0113 to noteikt\u0101 laboratorijas vid\u0113, \u0161\u016bnas saglab\u0101 embrion\u0101lo cilmes \u0161\u016bnu \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0160\u012bm \u0161\u016bn\u0101m ir \u0101rk\u0101rt\u012bgi liela noz\u012bme, jo t\u0101s nodro\u0161ina ilgtsp\u0113j\u012bgu kr\u0101jumu norm\u0101las att\u012bst\u012bbas un slim\u012bbu izp\u0113tei, k\u0101 ar\u012b z\u0101\u013cu un citu \u0101rst\u0113\u0161anas veidu nov\u0113rt\u0113\u0161anai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Audiem specifisk\u0101m cilmes \u0161\u016bn\u0101m (kas paz\u012bstamas k\u0101 pieaugu\u0161o cilmes \u0161\u016bnas) ir augst\u0101ks specializ\u0101cijas l\u012bmenis nek\u0101 embrion\u0101laj\u0101m cilmes \u0161\u016bn\u0101m. Parasti \u0161\u012bs cilmes \u0161\u016bnas var ra\u017eot pla\u0161u \u0161\u016bnu tipu kl\u0101stu audiem vai org\u0101niem, kuros t\u0101s dz\u012bvo. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Audiem specifiskas cilmes \u0161\u016bnas cilv\u0113ka organism\u0101 ir reti sastopamas, un \u0161\u0137iet, ka t\u0101s kult\u016br\u0101 neatjaunojas tik viegli k\u0101 embrion\u0101l\u0101s cilmes \u0161\u016bnas. Tom\u0113r \u0161o \u0161\u016bnu p\u0113t\u012bjumi ir papla\u0161in\u0101ju\u0161i m\u016bsu visp\u0101r\u0113jo izpratni par norm\u0101lu att\u012bst\u012bbu, par to, k\u0101 m\u016bs ietekm\u0113 noveco\u0161an\u0101s un kas notiek traumu un slim\u012bbu gad\u012bjum\u0101.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0160\u016bnas, kas ieg\u016btas no stromas - saistaudiem, kas ieskauj citus audus un org\u0101nus, - d\u0113v\u0113 par mezenh\u012bmiskaj\u0101m cilmes \u0161\u016bn\u0101m jeb MSC. Daudzi zin\u0101tnieki \u0161\u016bnas ar \u0161o apz\u012bm\u0113jumu d\u0113v\u0113 par \"strom\u0101laj\u0101m \u0161\u016bn\u0101m\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0160\u012bs \u0161\u016bnas s\u0101kotn\u0113ji tika atrastas kaulu smadzen\u0113s, un tika pier\u0101d\u012bts, ka t\u0101s sp\u0113j ra\u017eot kaulu, skrim\u0161\u013cu un tauku \u0161\u016bnas. Tagad t\u0101s ir ieg\u016btas no da\u017e\u0101diem audiem, piem\u0113ram, taukiem un nabassaites asin\u012bm. Tiek pie\u0146emts, ka da\u017e\u0101d\u0101m MSC piem\u012bt cilmes \u0161\u016bnu un pat im\u016bnmodul\u0113jo\u0161as \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbas, un t\u0101s tiek p\u0113t\u012btas k\u0101 terapijas l\u012bdzek\u013ci da\u017e\u0101du slim\u012bbu \u0101rst\u0113\u0161anai, lai gan pagaid\u0101m nav pier\u0101d\u012bjumu, ka t\u0101s ir noder\u012bgas. Zin\u0101tnieki prec\u012bzi nezina, vai \u0161\u012bs \u0161\u016bnas ir cilmes \u0161\u016bnas un k\u0101da veida \u0161\u016bnas t\u0101s var rad\u012bt. Vi\u0146i ir vienispr\u0101tis, ka ne visas MSC ir vien\u0101das un ka to \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbas at\u0161\u0137iras atkar\u012bb\u0101 no t\u0101, no kurienes organism\u0101 t\u0101s n\u0101k un k\u0101 t\u0101s tiek atdal\u012btas un ra\u017eotas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Induc\u0113tas pluripotent\u0101s cilmes (iPS) \u0161\u016bnas ir laboratorij\u0101 rad\u012btas \u0161\u016bnas, kas no audu specifisk\u0101m \u0161\u016bn\u0101m, piem\u0113ram, \u0101das \u0161\u016bn\u0101m, p\u0101rveidotas par \u0161\u016bn\u0101m, kuras darbojas k\u0101 embrion\u0101l\u0101s cilmes \u0161\u016bnas. IPS \u0161\u016bnas ir svar\u012bgs instruments zin\u0101tniekiem, lai lab\u0101k izprastu att\u012bst\u012bbas stadijas, slim\u012bbu ra\u0161anos un progres\u0113\u0161anu, k\u0101 ar\u012b lai rad\u012btu un p\u0101rbaud\u012btu jaunus medikamentus un \u0101rst\u0113\u0161anu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Lai gan iPS \u0161\u016bn\u0101m piem\u012bt daudz t\u0101du pa\u0161u \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbu k\u0101 embrion\u0101laj\u0101m cilmes \u0161\u016bn\u0101m, piem\u0113ram, potenci\u0101ls rad\u012bt visu \u0137erme\u0146a \u0161\u016bnu tipus, t\u0101s nav identiskas. Zin\u0101tnieki cen\u0161as noskaidrot, k\u0101das ir \u0161\u012bs at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bbas un ko t\u0101s noz\u012bm\u0113. Pirmk\u0101rt, pirm\u0101s iPS \u0161\u016bnas tika rad\u012btas, ievietojot papildu g\u0113nu kopijas audu specifisk\u0101s \u0161\u016bn\u0101s, izmantojot v\u012brusus. P\u0113tnieki p\u0113ta da\u017e\u0101das iPS \u0161\u016bnu izveides metodes, lai galu gal\u0101 t\u0101s izmantotu k\u0101 \u0161\u016bnu vai audu avotu medic\u012bnisk\u0101m terapij\u0101m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Pirms iedzi\u013cin\u0101ties cilmes \u0161\u016bnu p\u0113tniec\u012bbas plusi un m\u012bnusi<\/strong>, \u0161aj\u0101 rakst\u0101 j\u0101min da\u017ei veiksm\u012bgi st\u0101sti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Reema Sandhu cilmes \u0161\u016bnu veiksmes st\u0101sts s\u0101k\u0101s 2014. gad\u0101, kad vi\u0146ai tika diagnostic\u0113ta multipl\u0101 skleroze, raksta DailyMail. \u0160\u012b slim\u012bba var skart galvas un muguras smadzenes, izraisot da\u017e\u0101dus dz\u012bvi maino\u0161us simptomus, piem\u0113ram, smagu invalidit\u0101ti, musku\u013cu spazmas un atmi\u0146as probl\u0113mas. P\u0113c gadiem ilgas vil\u0161an\u0101s vi\u0146ai tika veikta autolog\u0101 cilmes \u0161\u016bnu transplant\u0101cija, kuras laik\u0101 vi\u0146as pa\u0161as cilmes \u0161\u016bnas tika ieg\u016btas no vi\u0146as asin\u012bm un intravenozas inf\u016bzijas veid\u0101 ievad\u012btas atpaka\u013c vi\u0146as organism\u0101. Reemas smadze\u0146u darb\u012bba uzreiz iev\u0113rojami uzlaboj\u0101s. Vi\u0146as redze atjaunoj\u0101s divus m\u0113ne\u0161us p\u0113c transplant\u0101cijas, un vi\u0146a atgriez\u0101s darb\u0101. \u0160ie iepriecino\u0161ie rezult\u0101ti liecina, ka Reemai cilmes \u0161\u016bnu transplant\u0101cijas rezult\u0101t\u0101 MS ir pal\u0113nin\u0101jusies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n K\u0101 v\u0113sta DailyMail, p\u0113c 2016. gad\u0101 piedz\u012bvot\u0101 sirdsl\u0113kmes l\u0113kmes Deivs Rendls piedz\u012bvoja nopietnu sirds mazsp\u0113ju un sa\u0146\u0113ma dr\u016bmu br\u012bdin\u0101jumu no speci\u0101listiem. Tom\u0113r, uzzin\u0101jis, ka cilmes \u0161\u016bnas var izmantot boj\u0101tas sirds dzied\u0113\u0161anai, Deivs pieteic\u0101s terapijai un 5 dienas p\u0113c k\u0101rtas sa\u0146\u0113ma injekcijas, kas izstumj kaulu smadzenes, lai cilmes \u0161\u016bnas var\u0113tu iek\u013c\u016bt asinsrit\u0113. P\u0113c tam \u0161\u012bs \u0161\u016bnas tika ekstrah\u0113tas un atk\u0101rtoti ievad\u012btas vi\u0146a sird\u012b. Deiva cilmes \u0161\u016bnu veiksmes st\u0101stam bija laim\u012bgas beigas da\u017eas ned\u0113\u013cas p\u0113c transplant\u0101cijas - vi\u0146\u0161 s\u0101ka justies sp\u0113c\u012bg\u0101ks, un \u0101rsti konstat\u0113ja b\u016btiskas p\u0101rmai\u0146as.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 2013. gad\u0101 k\u0101dai sievietei tika diagnostic\u0113ts HIV. Saska\u0146\u0101 ar \u017eurn\u0101la datiem 2017. gada mart\u0101 vi\u0146ai tika diagnostic\u0113ta ar\u012b ak\u016bta mielo\u012bdo leik\u0113mija, t\u0101p\u0113c vi\u0146a bija piem\u0113rota cilmes \u0161\u016bnu transplant\u0101cijai. Vi\u0146ai tika veikta cilmes \u0161\u016bnu transplant\u0101cija, izmantojot divas asins p\u0101rlie\u0161anas: vienu no vec\u0101ka radinieka un otru no nesaist\u012bta b\u0113rna. B\u0113rnam, da\u013c\u0113ji atbilsto\u0161am donoram, ir CCR5 g\u0113na mut\u0101cija, kas kav\u0113 HIV sp\u0113ju infiltr\u0113ties saimnieka \u0161\u016bn\u0101s. Sieviete 2020. gad\u0101 p\u0101rtrauca lietot medikamentus pret HIV, un kop\u0161 t\u0101 laika vi\u0146ai nav nov\u0113rotas nek\u0101das izm\u0113r\u0101mas infekcijas paz\u012bmes. Vi\u0146a ir ar\u012b gandr\u012bz \u010detrus gadus bijusi leik\u0113mijas remisij\u0101.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Izmantojiet infografikas iesp\u0113jas, lai sekm\u012bgi veiktu zin\u0101tnisko darbu. Atcerieties grafiku<\/a> r\u012bks var jums pal\u012bdz\u0113t, sniedzot p\u0101rsteidzo\u0161as veidnes un \u013caujot jums p\u0101rl\u016bkot vair\u0101k nek\u0101 40 000 zin\u0101tniski prec\u012bzu att\u0113lu vair\u0101k nek\u0101 80 popul\u0101r\u0101s jom\u0101s.<\/p>\n\n\n\nKas ir cilmes \u0161\u016bnas?<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Cilmes \u0161\u016bnu veidi<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Embrion\u0101l\u0101s cilmes \u0161\u016bnas<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Audiem specifiskas cilmes \u0161\u016bnas<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Mezenh\u012bma cilmes \u0161\u016bnas<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Induc\u0113tas pluripotent\u0101s cilmes \u0161\u016bnas<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Att\u012bst\u012bba cilmes \u0161\u016bnu p\u0113tniec\u012bb\u0101: veiksmes st\u0101sti<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Multipl\u0101 skleroze<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Sirdsl\u0113kme<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
HIV<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Cilmes \u0161\u016bnu p\u0113tniec\u012bba: Par un pret<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Plusi<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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M\u012bnusi<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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Izveidojiet zin\u0101tniski prec\u012bzu infografiku da\u017eu min\u016b\u0161u laik\u0101<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n