{"id":26890,"date":"2023-02-24T17:29:11","date_gmt":"2023-02-24T20:29:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/what-are-nanomaterials-copy\/"},"modified":"2023-02-28T17:41:23","modified_gmt":"2023-02-28T20:41:23","slug":"observer-bias","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/lt\/stebetojo-saliskumas-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Steb\u0117toj\u0173 \u0161ali\u0161kumo \u012fveikimas moksliniuose tyrimuose: Kaip j\u0105 suma\u017einti?"},"content":{"rendered":"

M\u016bs\u0173 l\u016bkes\u010diai ir \u012fsitikinimai gali tur\u0117ti didel\u0119 \u012ftak\u0105 tam, kaip patiriame ir suprantame mus supant\u012f pasaul\u012f. Kai kalbama apie mokslinius tyrimus, \u0161ie i\u0161ankstiniai \u012fsitikinimai gali lemti, kad tyrimas bus visi\u0161kai i\u0161kreiptas, apgaulingas ar net visi\u0161kai neteisingas, tod\u0117l i\u0161vados gali b\u016bti i\u0161kreiptos, apgaulingos ar net visi\u0161kai neteisingos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tai vadinama steb\u0117tojo \u0161ali\u0161kumu, kuris yra \u012fprastas mokslini\u0173 tyrim\u0173 rei\u0161kinys. Tai normalus \u017emogaus polinkis instinktyviai interpretuoti informacij\u0105 taip, kad ji sustiprint\u0173 jo paties \u012fsitikinimus, l\u016bkes\u010dius ar \u0161ali\u0161kum\u0105. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0160iame straipsnyje tikim\u0117s ne tik paai\u0161kinti, kas yra steb\u0117tojo \u0161ali\u0161kumas, bet ir pateikti kelet\u0105 rekomendacij\u0173, kaip j\u012f suma\u017einti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kas yra steb\u0117jimo tyrimai?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

I\u0161 esm\u0117s steb\u0117jimo tyrimai yra naudingas metodas, leid\u017eiantis rinkti duomenis ir suvokti elges\u012f bei \u012fvykius neintervenciniu b\u016bdu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nat\u016bralistinis steb\u0117jimas, steb\u0117jimas dalyvaujantiesiems ir archyviniai tyrimai - visi jie yra steb\u0117jimo tyrim\u0173 pavyzd\u017eiai. Be to, steb\u0117jimo tyrimai naudojami daugelyje mokslini\u0173 tyrim\u0173 sri\u010di\u0173, \u012fskaitant medicin\u0105, psichologij\u0105, elgsenos mokslus ir etnografij\u0105.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kas yra steb\u0117tojo \u0161ali\u0161kumas?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Tyr\u0117jo asmenin\u0117s nuomon\u0117s, l\u016bkes\u010di\u0173 ar i\u0161ankstini\u0173 nuostat\u0173 poveikis tyrimo rezultatams vadinamas steb\u0117tojo \u0161ali\u0161kumu. Taip atsitinka, kai tyr\u0117jas nes\u0105moningai daro \u012ftak\u0105 tyrimo rezultatams, remdamasis savo nuomone ar i\u0161ankstin\u0117mis prielaidomis, ir d\u0117l to netiksliai interpretuoja duomenis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u0117l tyrimo metodo pob\u016bd\u017eio steb\u0117tojo \u0161ali\u0161kumas yra labiau tik\u0117tinas atliekant steb\u0117jimo tyrimus. Steb\u0117jimo tyrimuose tyr\u0117jas da\u017enai yra pasyvus steb\u0117tojas, priklausomas nuo savo steb\u0117jim\u0173 ir interpretacij\u0173, kad u\u017efiksuot\u0173 duomenis. Tod\u0117l tyr\u0117jo asmenin\u0117 nuomon\u0117, l\u016bkes\u010diai ar \u0161ali\u0161kumas gali tur\u0117ti \u012ftakos tam, kaip jis interpretuoja ir pateikia duomenis, taip padidindamas steb\u0117tojo \u0161ali\u0161kumo rizik\u0105.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Steb\u0117tojo \u0161ali\u0161kumo tipai<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Yra kelios steb\u0117tojo \u0161ali\u0161kumo r\u016b\u0161ys; skaitykite toliau ir su\u017einokite apie jas daugiau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Veik\u0117jo ir steb\u0117tojo \u0161ali\u0161kumas<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Aktoriaus ir steb\u0117tojo \u0161ali\u0161kumas rei\u0161kia \u017emoni\u0173 polink\u012f priskirti savo elges\u012f aplinkos s\u0105lygoms, o kit\u0173 \u017emoni\u0173 veiksmus priskirti j\u0173 asmenyb\u0117ms ar polinkiams. Kitaip tariant, kai \u017emon\u0117s apm\u0105sto savo elges\u012f, jie labiau link\u0119 vertinti kontekst\u0105 ir aplinkybes, l\u0117musias j\u0173 elges\u012f, ta\u010diau matydami kit\u0173 \u017emoni\u0173 veiksmus, jie labiau link\u0119 priskirti tok\u012f elges\u012f asmenyb\u0117s savyb\u0117ms ar vidiniams polinkiams.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

Pavyzdys: <\/strong>A\u0161 pav\u0117lavau \u012f susitikim\u0105, nes buvau \u012fstrig\u0119s sp\u016bstyje, o ji pav\u0117lavo, nes buvo neorganizuota.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Steb\u0117tojo l\u016bkes\u010di\u0173 efektas<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Steb\u0117tojo l\u016bkes\u010di\u0173 efektas susij\u0119s su steb\u0117tojo l\u016bkes\u010di\u0173 ar \u012fsitikinim\u0173 poveikiu tam, kaip jis suvokia ir interpretuoja \u012frodymus. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pavyzd\u017eiui, jei steb\u0117tojas turi i\u0161 anksto nusistat\u0119s nuomon\u0119 apie tam tikr\u0105 asmen\u0173 grup\u0119 ar tam tikrus rei\u0161kinius, jis gali pirmenyb\u0119 teikti informacijai, kuri patvirtina jo \u012fsitikinimus, ir ignoruoti \u012frodymus, kurie prie\u0161tarauja \u0161iems \u012fsitikinimams.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Praktinis pavyzdys - fiziologas, atliekantis galimo nerimo sutrikim\u0173 gydymo veiksmingumo tyrim\u0105. Vertindamas dalyvius, psichologas gali nety\u010dia sutelkti d\u0117mes\u012f \u012f \u012frodymus, kurie patvirtina jo hipotez\u0119, kad gydymas yra labai naudingas, ir gali praleisti arba sumenkinti duomenis, kurie rodo k\u0105 kita.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eksperimentatoriaus \u0161ali\u0161kumas<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Eksperimentatoriaus \u0161ali\u0161kumas - tai eksperimentatoriaus l\u016bkes\u010di\u0173, \u012fsitikinim\u0173 ar asmenini\u0173 i\u0161ankstini\u0173 nuostat\u0173 \u012ftaka eksperimento rezultatams. Toks \u0161ali\u0161kumas gali pasireik\u0161ti, kai eksperimentatorius nety\u010dia manipuliuoja duomenimis arba juos interpretuoja taip, kad jie patvirtint\u0173 jo l\u016bkes\u010dius ar nuomon\u0119, ir d\u0117l to padaro klaidingas arba \u0161ali\u0161kas i\u0161vadas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eksperimento \u0161ali\u0161kumas skiriasi nuo steb\u0117tojo ir l\u016bkes\u010di\u0173 efekto tuo, kad eksperimento \u0161ali\u0161kumas daro \u012ftak\u0105 eksperimento rezultatams, taip pat tam, kaip eksperimentas atliekamas ir interpretuojamas, o steb\u0117tojo ir l\u016bkes\u010di\u0173 efektas rei\u0161kia \u012ftak\u0105, kuri\u0105 steb\u0117tojo l\u016bkes\u010diai ar \u012fsitikinimai gali daryti tam, kaip jis suvokia, renka, analizuoja ir interpretuoja steb\u0117jimo duomenis. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Be to, steb\u0117tojo \u0161ali\u0161kumas paprastai siejamas su eksperimentiniais tyrimais, o eksperimentatoriaus \u0161ali\u0161kumas - su steb\u0117jimo tyrimais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pasinaudokime tuo pa\u010diu pavyzd\u017eiu, kaip ir steb\u0117tojo l\u016bkes\u010di\u0173 efekto atveju. Fiziologas atlieka galimo nerimo sutrikim\u0173 gydymo efektyvumo tyrim\u0105. Psichologas tyrimo metu gali nety\u010dia organizuoti eksperiment\u0105, kad padidint\u0173 ger\u0173 rezultat\u0173 tikimyb\u0119. Pavyzd\u017eiui, jis gali pasirinkti savanorius, kurie, tik\u0117tina, palankiau reaguos \u012f vaist\u0105, arba pakeisti gydymo doz\u0119 ar trukm\u0119, kad optimizuot\u0173 jo naud\u0105.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hawthorne efektas<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Hawthorne'o efektas - tai rei\u0161kinys, susij\u0119s su \u012ftaka, kuri\u0105 asmens elgesiui gali daryti \u017einojimas, kad jis yra stebimas. \u0160is efektas buvo pavadintas pagal kelet\u0105 eksperiment\u0173, atlikt\u0173 1920-1930 m. Hawthorne Works gamykloje Ilinojaus valstijoje, kur tyr\u0117jai nustat\u0117, kad pakeitus darbo s\u0105lygas, pavyzd\u017eiui, pagerinus ap\u0161vietim\u0105 ar sutrumpinus darbo laik\u0105, pager\u0117jo darbo rezultatai. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tyr\u0117jai nustat\u0117, kad produktyvumas padid\u0117jo d\u0117l darbuotoj\u0173 suvokimo, kad jie yra stebimi, ir d\u0117l to gaunamo d\u0117mesio, o ne d\u0117l konkre\u010di\u0173 darbo s\u0105lyg\u0173 pager\u0117jimo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaip suma\u017einti steb\u0117tojo \u0161ali\u0161kum\u0105?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Atsi\u017evelgiant \u012f tai, kad steb\u0117tojo \u0161ali\u0161kumas gali tur\u0117ti didel\u012f poveik\u012f tyrim\u0173 rezultat\u0173 pagr\u012fstumui ir patikimumui, reikia imtis veiksm\u0173, kad jo poveikis b\u016bt\u0173 kuo ma\u017eesnis. Toliau pateikiami keli metodai, kaip suma\u017einti steb\u0117toj\u0173 \u0161ali\u0161kum\u0105:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. Geresnis steb\u0117toj\u0173 \u0161ali\u0161kumo suvokimas ir mokymas apie jo poveik\u012f gali pad\u0117ti steb\u0117tojams atpa\u017einti ir kontroliuoti savo \u0161ali\u0161kum\u0105.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
      \n
    1. Kry\u017eminis skirting\u0173 steb\u0117toj\u0173 duomen\u0173 patikrinimas gali pad\u0117ti u\u017etikrinti steb\u0117jim\u0173 nuoseklum\u0105 ir tikslum\u0105. Tai gali pad\u0117ti nustatyti bet kokius neatitikimus ar \u0161ali\u0161kum\u0105 steb\u0117jimuose, tod\u0117l duomenys bus pateikti patikimiau. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
        \n
      1. Standartizuoti protokolai gali pad\u0117ti u\u017etikrinti, kad steb\u0117jimai b\u016bt\u0173 atliekami nuosekliai ir objektyviai. Pa\u0161alinus individualios interpretacijos ar steb\u0117jim\u0173 skirtum\u0173 galimyb\u0119, galima suma\u017einti steb\u0117toj\u0173 \u0161ali\u0161kumo poveik\u012f.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
          \n
        1. Apakinimo metodai, pavyzd\u017eiui, dvigubai akli tyrimai, gali pad\u0117ti suma\u017einti steb\u0117tojo \u0161ali\u0161kumo poveik\u012f, nes steb\u0117tojas negali \u017einoti, koks gydymas ar intervencija paskirta dalyviams. Taip u\u017etikrinama, kad steb\u0117tojo l\u016bkes\u010diai ir i\u0161ankstinis nusistatymas netur\u0117s \u012ftakos jo steb\u0117jimams ar fakt\u0173 ai\u0161kinimui.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
            \n
          1. Steb\u0117jimas turi b\u016bti kuo ma\u017eiau pastebimas, kad suma\u017e\u0117t\u0173 Hawthorne'o efektas, t. y. poveikis, kur\u012f gali tur\u0117ti \u017einojimas, kad \u017emogus yra stebimas, jo elgesiui.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

            Mokslinink\u0173 sukurti infografikos \u0161ablonai<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

            Nieko n\u0117ra geriau, kai jums padeda \u017emogus, kuris supranta j\u016bs\u0173 poreikius. Jei esate mokslininkas, ie\u0161kantis tinkamo \u012frankio savo infografikoms ir iliustracijoms, Atminkite grafik\u0105<\/a> yra geriausia vieta eiti, nes mes tiksliai suprantame, ko jums reikia!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            <\/div>\n\n\n
            \n
            \"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
            <\/div>\n\n\n\n
            \n
            Prad\u0117kite naudoti Mind the Graph<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
            <\/div>\n\n\n\n

            <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

            Su\u017einokite, kas yra steb\u0117tojo \u0161ali\u0161kumas, kokie yra jo tipai, kaip jis veikia mokslinius tyrimus ir, svarbiausia, kaip j\u012f suma\u017einti.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":28,"featured_media":26897,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959,28],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nOvercoming Observer Bias in Research: How To Minimize It?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn what observer bias is, the different types, how it affects research, and, most importantly, how to minimize it.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/lt\/stebetojo-saliskumas-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"lt_LT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Overcoming Observer 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Currently developing scientific and intellectual knowledge for the community's benefit. Jessica is an animal rights activist who enjoys reading and drinking strong coffee.","sameAs":["https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jessica-abbadia-9b834a13b\/"],"url":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/lt\/author\/jessica\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26890"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/28"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=26890"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26890\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":26913,"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26890\/revisions\/26913"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/26897"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26890"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=26890"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=26890"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}