{"id":26079,"date":"2023-01-05T16:45:43","date_gmt":"2023-01-05T19:45:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/bibliography-in-research-paper-copy\/"},"modified":"2023-01-12T16:53:51","modified_gmt":"2023-01-12T19:53:51","slug":"publication-bias","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/lt\/publikaciju-saliskumas\/","title":{"rendered":"Publikacij\u0173 \u0161ali\u0161kumas: viskas, k\u0105 reikia \u017einoti"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Ar skaitydami straipsn\u012f apie klinikin\u012f tyrim\u0105 kada nors pagalvojote: \"<em>kiek i\u0161 tikr\u0173j\u0173 tai tiesa?\". <\/em>Dabar galite tai vadinti paranoja, bet atminkite, kad \u0161iame spar\u010diai besivystan\u010diame pasaulyje yra daugyb\u0117 dalyk\u0173, kurie turi virtuali\u0105 ties\u0105 ir da\u017eniausiai yra slepiami nuo m\u016bs\u0173, kad sulaukt\u0173 d\u0117mesio. Pana\u0161iai yra ir mokslini\u0173 tyrim\u0173 srityje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0160iame straipsnyje suprasime nauj\u0105 termin\u0105, <strong><em>publikavimo \u0161ali\u0161kumas<\/em><\/strong><strong> <\/strong>kuri yra gana populiari tarp tyr\u0117j\u0173. Taip pat pamatysime, kokia yra pagrindin\u0117 \u0161i\u0173 \u0161ali\u0161kum\u0173 prie\u017eastis ir ar tai teisinga, ar ne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2>Kas yra publikavimo \u0161ali\u0161kumas?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Jei pateiksime du straipsnius apie tyrim\u0105, i\u0161 kuri\u0173 vienas yra nuodugniai i\u0161tirtas, jame pateikti visi naujausi duomenys ir ai\u0161kios i\u0161vados, ta\u010diau jis pasirodo neigiamas, o kitame straipsnyje pateikiama \u0161ali\u0161ka nuomon\u0117 ir kai kurie faktai nuslepiami, kad b\u016bt\u0173 pateikti teigiami rezultatai, kaip manote, kurio straipsnio bus parduota daugiau? Arba kur\u012f straipsn\u012f \u017emon\u0117s skaitys daugiausiai? Akivaizdu, kad teigiam\u0105, ar ne? \u0160tai i\u0161 kur kyla publikavimo \u0161ali\u0161kumas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kad geriau tai suprastume, pasidom\u0117kime techniniais aspektais. Atliekant tyrim\u0105, keliamos dvi hipotez\u0117s - nulin\u0117 ir alternatyvioji.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3>Nulin\u0117 hipotez\u0117<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Nulin\u0117 hipotez\u0117 yra tada, kai tyrimas neduoda joki\u0173 rezultat\u0173 arba negaunama jokio svarbaus pagrindimo ar \u012frodym\u0173, kurie pagr\u012fst\u0173 jos teigin\u012f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3>Alternatyvi hipotez\u0117<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Alternatyvioji hipotez\u0117 yra nulin\u0117s hipotez\u0117s prie\u0161ingyb\u0117. Kai tyrimas yra vaisingas ir turi \u012frodym\u0173, pagrind\u017eian\u010di\u0173 jo teigin\u012f, jis tampa alternatyvia hipoteze.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Akademin\u0117 bendruomen\u0117 mieliau renkasi teigiamus nei neigiamus tyrimus, nes pirmieji lengvai publikuojami. D\u0117l \u0161ios prie\u017easties daugelis tyrim\u0173, kuri\u0173 rezultatai neigiami, yra slepiami nuo pasaulio. Esant tokiam dabartiniam scenarijui, tyrimo rezultatai turi didel\u0119 reik\u0161m\u0119, ar jis bus paskelbtas, ar ne, o ne atlikto tyrimo kokyb\u0117 ar kiekis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2>Publikacij\u0173 tendencingumo prie\u017eastys<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Viena i\u0161 publikavimo \u0161ali\u0161kumo prie\u017eas\u010di\u0173 yra ta, kad, paai\u0161k\u0117jus neigiamam rezultatui, tyr\u0117jas mano, jog jam nepavyko tinkamai atlikti tyrimo, arba \u017emon\u0117ms neigiami tyrimai gali pasirodyti nuobod\u016bs. Tod\u0117l jie gali nusl\u0117pti faktinius rezultatus.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kita pagrindin\u0117 prie\u017eastis - \u0161lov\u0117 ir garb\u0117. Geriausi mokslini\u0173 tyrim\u0173 \u017eurnalai skelbia j\u016bs\u0173 darbus tik tuo atveju, jei jie yra \u012fdom\u016bs ir teigiami. Taigi tyr\u0117jas, norintis greitai pakilti karjeros laiptais, pats apsisprend\u017eia d\u0117l tyrimo rezultat\u0173 taip, kad jie pad\u0117t\u0173 publikuoti jo tyrim\u0105, nes tai labai lemia jo ateit\u012f mokslini\u0173 tyrim\u0173 srityje.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Medicinini\u0173 tyrim\u0173 srityje privati bendrov\u0117 finansuoja mokslininkus, kad b\u016bt\u0173 pasiektas norimas rezultatas. Jei rezultatas neigiamas, bendrov\u0117 gali nutraukti finansavim\u0105. Kad to i\u0161vengt\u0173, tyr\u0117jai da\u017enai nuslepia neigiamus rezultatus.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mokslininko finansin\u0117 pad\u0117tis daugiausia priklauso nuo jo paskelbto tyrimo cituojamumo. Teigiami rezultatai sulaukia daugiau citat\u0173 nei neigiami, tod\u0117l tyr\u0117jai, nor\u0117dami \u012fgyti pagarb\u0105 ir reputacij\u0105, da\u017enai link\u0119 skelbti teigiamus tyrimus.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2>Ar publikavimo \u0161ali\u0161kumas yra rimta problema?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Jei \u012f\u017evelgsime publikavimo \u0161ali\u0161kumo prie\u017eastis, jos yra pateisinamos tyr\u0117jo po\u017ei\u016briu, ir \u017emon\u0117s gali juos u\u017ejausti, bet ar tai sukelia koki\u0173 nors rimt\u0173 problem\u0173?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Taip, tai gali b\u016bti pra\u017e\u016btinga, ypa\u010d medicinini\u0173 tyrim\u0173 atveju, nes tai susij\u0119 su \u017emoni\u0173 gyvyb\u0117mis, ir jie turi skelbti visk\u0105, k\u0105 randa, nesvarbu, teigiam\u0105 ar neigiam\u0105, nes \u017emon\u0117s turi teis\u0119 \u017einoti, kas yra gerai, o kas ne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dabar, jei mokslininkai nustatys, kad vaistas yra mirtinas, ir jei jie paskelbs straipsn\u012f, kuriame teigs, kad tai yra gerai, kad gaut\u0173 atitinkamos bendrov\u0117s finansavim\u0105, pagalvokite apie \u017emones, kurie d\u0117l to nukent\u0117s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tod\u0117l, net jei tyr\u0117jai gali tur\u0117ti t\u016bkstan\u010dius prie\u017eas\u010di\u0173, publikavimo \u0161ali\u0161kumas yra \u017ealingas, ir to reikia vengti bet kokia kaina.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2>Kaip i\u0161vengti publikavimo \u0161ali\u0161kumo<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Pirma, tyr\u0117jo s\u0105\u017ein\u0117 yra u\u017ekirsti tam keli\u0105 ir likti i\u0161tikimam savo \u0161altiniui. U\u017euot skelb\u0119 tyrimus, kuri\u0173 rezultatai tik teigiami, jie tur\u0117t\u0173 tur\u0117ti etin\u0119 moral\u0119 skelbti bet kokius rezultatus, nesvarbu, ar jie teigiami, ar neigiami.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Vienas i\u0161 b\u016bd\u0173 priversti tyr\u0117j\u0105 pateikti visk\u0105, k\u0105 jis randa, yra i\u0161 anksto surinkti registruotas ataskaitas, t. y. tyr\u0117jas tur\u0117t\u0173 pateikti \u017eurnalui plan\u0105, k\u0105 jis ketina tirti, ir planuojamus tyrimo metodus. Tokiu b\u016bdu tyr\u0117jas neturi kito pasirinkimo, kaip tik visk\u0105 atlikti tvarkingai ir visk\u0105, k\u0105 randa, pateikti \u017eurnalui, nes i\u0161 anksto nurodomi ai\u0161k\u016bs \u017eingsniai.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Kitas b\u016bdas - susisiekti su neigiamus rezultatus skelbian\u010diais \u017eurnalais, kad tyr\u0117jas gaut\u0173 visapusi\u0161k\u0105 po\u017ei\u016br\u012f ir b\u016bt\u0173 galima nustatyti, kokia tiesa slypi u\u017e tyrimo.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2>Pagerinkite savo dokument\u0173 poveik\u012f ir matomum\u0105 naudodami kokybi\u0161k\u0105 vaizdin\u0119 komunikacij\u0105<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ar \u017einojote, kad kokybi\u0161ka vizualine komunikacija galite pagerinti savo dokument\u0173 poveik\u012f ir matomum\u0105? Taip, su <a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Mind the Graph<\/a> infografikos \u012frankis yra \u012fmanomas ir suteikia daugiau pasiekiamumo j\u016bs\u0173 moksliniams straipsniams bei padeda pagerinti j\u016bs\u0173 darbo pateikim\u0105. U\u017esiregistruokite dabar, kad kuo geriau pasinaudotum\u0117te \u0161ia priemone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:18px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Kaip | Redaguoti diagram\u0105 Mind the Graph\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/SexsMyHnCZ0?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:18px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button aligncenter\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-background wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/\" style=\"border-radius:50px;background-color:#dc1866\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Iliustracijomis pagausinkite mano tyrimus<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:44px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tyrimas turi abi medalio puses, ta\u010diau da\u017enai nepastebime neigiamos jo pus\u0117s. I\u0161samiai su\u017einokite, kas yra publikavimo \u0161ali\u0161kumas ir kaip jo i\u0161vengti.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":26087,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959,28],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v19.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Publication Bias: All You Need To Know<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A study has both sides of the coin, but we often miss its negative side. 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