{"id":12051,"date":"2020-12-23T11:11:39","date_gmt":"2020-12-23T13:11:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/?p=12051"},"modified":"2023-01-05T14:32:04","modified_gmt":"2023-01-05T17:32:04","slug":"nerve-impulses-the-action-potential","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/lt\/nerviniai-impulsai-veikimo-potencialas\/","title":{"rendered":"Nerviniai impulsai 1 DALIS - Veiksmo potencialas"},"content":{"rendered":"

Kad suprastume, kaip veikia neuronas, turime atkreipti d\u0117mes\u012f \u012f dvi s\u0105vokas. Pirmoji susijusi su tuo, kas vyksta neurono viduje, kai informacija perduodama \u012f priek\u012f, t. y. su veikimo potencialu, o antroji - su tuo, kaip informacija pereina i\u0161 vienos l\u0105stel\u0117s \u012f kit\u0105, t. y. su sinaps\u0117mis. \u0160i\u0173 dviej\u0173 proces\u0173 d\u0117ka nerv\u0173 sistemos l\u0105stel\u0117s gali perne\u0161ti sud\u0117tingiausi\u0105 informacij\u0105 po vis\u0105 k\u016bn\u0105, perne\u0161damos j\u0105 nuo neurono prie neurono, kol galiausiai pasiekia tikslin\u0119 l\u0105stel\u0119. \u0160iame straipsnyje aptarsime pirm\u0105j\u0105 s\u0105vok\u0105, t. y. veikimo potencialas<\/strong>.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nervinis impulsas - tai elektrocheminis signalas; tai pagrindinis informacijos perdavimo neuronui mechanizmas. Kai kuri\u0173 neuron\u0173 dendritai aptinka ir priima impuls\u0105 i\u0161 ankstesn\u0117s l\u0105stel\u0117s, nervinis impulsas keliauja i\u0161 vienos l\u0105stel\u0117s \u012f kit\u0105, o i\u0161 kitos - \u012f tre\u010di\u0105j\u0105. dendritai <\/strong>\u012f branduolys <\/strong>nei \u012f aksonas<\/strong>ir galiausiai \u012f aksono terminalas<\/strong> kai impulsas perduodamas kitam neuronui. \u0160is procesas t\u0119siasi <\/strong>tol, kol pasiekia tikslin\u0119 l\u0105stel\u0119.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Elektrocheminis signalas susidaro d\u0117l jon\u0173 jud\u0117jimo tarp vidin\u0117s ir i\u0161orin\u0117s neurono plazmin\u0117s membranos dalies. Jonai juda i\u0161 i\u0161or\u0117s \u012f vid\u0173, tod\u0117l membranoje susidaro potencial\u0173 skirtumas. \"Tiltas\", kuriuo \u0161ie jonai patenka \u012f l\u0105stel\u0117s vid\u0173, yra transmembraninis baltymas, vadinamas \u012ftampos valdomi jon\u0173 kanalai<\/strong>.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0160iuos \u012ftampos kanalus valdo elektros \u012ftampa kaip atsak\u0105 \u012f elektrinius dirgiklius, kitaip tariant, \u0161ie kanalai ne visada atviri jonams, jie atsidaro ir u\u017esidaro tik esant tam tikriems elektros \u012ftampos dirgikliams.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Kai l\u0105stel\u0117 n\u0117ra veikiama dirgikli\u0173, kai membrana yra ramyb\u0117s b\u016bsenoje, tarp vidin\u0117s ir i\u0161orin\u0117s neurono dalies palaikomas potencial\u0173 skirtumas. Ramyb\u0117s b\u016bsenoje membranos potencialas yra -70 mV, t. y. neigiamas potencialas, o i\u0161or\u0117je - teigiamas potencialas. \u0160is potencial\u0173 skirtumas vadinamas ramyb\u0117s membranos potencialas, <\/strong>j\u012f palaiko natrio ir kalio jonai per natrio ir kalio siurbl\u012f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Veikiant elektros \u012ftampos dirgikliams, membranos potencial\u0173 skirtumas pradeda keistis, atsidaro natrio kanalai, \u012f l\u0105stel\u0117s vid\u0173 patenka daug natrio jon\u0173, tod\u0117l membrana akimirksniu pasidaro depolarizuotas<\/strong>arba geriau, natrio jonai paver\u010dia vidin\u0119 membranos srit\u012f \u012f teigiam\u0105 tinkl\u0105. \u0160is depoliarizacijos jud\u0117jimas yra garsusis veikimo potencialas<\/strong>; membranos potencialas greitai kyla ir krinta. Potencialas pakyla iki +40 mV per kiek daugiau nei 2 milisekundes ir gr\u012f\u017eta \u012f ramyb\u0117s b\u016bsen\u0105 per ma\u017eiau nei 3 milisekundes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Veiksmo potencialas neatsiranda visame neurone i\u0161 karto, membranos depoliarizacija prasideda dendrituose, o paskui dalimis - branduolyje, kuris netrukus depolarizuojasi ir gr\u012f\u017eta \u012f ramyb\u0117s b\u016bsenos potencial\u0105.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Norint atkurti ramyb\u0117s membranos potencial\u0105, u\u017esidaro natrio kanalai ir atsidaro kalio kanalai, tod\u0117l kalio jonai patenka \u012f l\u0105stel\u0117s vid\u0173, membrana perpoliarizuojama, vidin\u0117 membranos dalis v\u0117l \u012fkraunama neigiamai, o i\u0161orin\u0117 - teigiamai. Natrio ir kalio siurblys padeda atkurti tinkam\u0105 kiekvieno jono kiek\u012f l\u0105stel\u0117s viduje, i\u0161leisdamas tris natrio jonus i\u0161 dviej\u0173 kalio jon\u0173.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Galime tai \u012fsivaizduoti kaip sinchronizuot\u0105 jud\u0117jim\u0105 nuo veiksmo potencialo atsako momento iki ramyb\u0117s b\u016bsenos atk\u016brimo momento.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\u012edomu tai, kad aksone yra \u012ftampos valdomi jon\u0173 kanalai, generuojantys ir skleid\u017eiantys nervin\u012f impuls\u0105, o dendrituose \u0161i\u0173 kanal\u0173 n\u0117ra. \u0160iuose neuron\u0173 regionuose signal\u0105 perduoda ne veikimo potencialas, o \u012fvertintas potencialas, <\/strong>a <\/strong>kitokia signalo sklidimo forma, kai signalo skal\u0117 did\u0117ja pakeliui, kol virsta aksono veikimo potencialu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Atkreipkite d\u0117mes\u012f, kad natrio jonas yra atsakingas u\u017e veikimo potencialo skleidim\u0105, o kalio - u\u017e ramyb\u0117s b\u016bsenos atk\u016brim\u0105. \u0160i\u0173 jon\u0173 tr\u016bkumas organizme gali lemti veikimo potencialo kokyb\u0117s ir efektyvumo problemas, t. y. sinapsi\u0173 ir informacijos perdavimo nerv\u0173 sistema problemas. Visos \u0161ios problemos gali sukelti psichikos sveikatos komplikacijas ir ligas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kitas \u017eingsnis - nervinio impulso perdavimas kitam neuronui. Erdv\u0117je tarp dviej\u0173 neuron\u0173, sinapsiniame ply\u0161yje, vyksta kitokie dalykai. Sinapsinis ply\u0161ys yra labai svarbi vieta, \u012f kuri\u0105 reikia atkreipti d\u0117mes\u012f ir j\u0105 tyrin\u0117ti, nes \u010dia pradeda veikti daugyb\u0117 skirting\u0173 neuromediatori\u0173, suaktyvinan\u010di\u0173 nauj\u0105 signalin\u012f keli\u0105, kuriame, be natrio ir kalio, naudojami receptoriai, kiti baltymai ir jonai. Bet tai paliksime kitai straipsnio diskusijai Nervinis impulsas 2 DALIS - Sinapsinis ply\u0161ys<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ar jums patiko \u0161io straipsnio infografikos? Taip pat galite naudoti Mind the Graph ir sukurti tokius pat informatyvius paveiksl\u0117lius. Gaukite Mind the Graph<\/a> ir pa\u017evelkite \u012f iliustracij\u0173 galerija<\/a>, yra neurologija<\/a> ir biochemija<\/a> iliustracijos, ir jei jums reikia pagalbos, pra\u0161ome susisiekite su mumis<\/a>!<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kad suprastume, kaip veikia neuronas, turime atkreipti d\u0117mes\u012f \u012f dvi s\u0105vokas. Pirmoji susijusi su tuo, kas vyksta neurono viduje, kai informacija perduodama \u012f priek\u012f, t. y. su veikimo potencialu, o antroji - su tuo, kaip informacija pereina i\u0161 vienos l\u0105stel\u0117s \u012f kit\u0105, t. y. su [...]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":12055,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959],"tags":[812,813],"yoast_head":"\nNerve Impulses PART 1 \u2013 The Action Potential - MTG<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"It's a deep dive into nerve impulses. 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He has a Ph.D. and solid scientific background in Psychopharmacology and experience as a Guest Researcher at the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry (Germany) and Researcher in D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR, Brazil). Fabricio holds over 2500 citations in Google Scholar. He has 10 years of experience in small innovative businesses, with relevant experience in product design and innovation management. 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