{"id":29369,"date":"2023-09-06T14:40:31","date_gmt":"2023-09-06T17:40:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/pilot-testing-in-research-copy\/"},"modified":"2024-12-05T15:42:39","modified_gmt":"2024-12-05T18:42:39","slug":"how-to-determine-statistical-significance","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/ja\/%e7%b5%b1%e8%a8%88%e7%9a%84%e6%9c%89%e6%84%8f%e6%80%a7%e3%81%ae%e6%b1%ba%e5%ae%9a%e6%96%b9%e6%b3%95\/","title":{"rendered":"\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u306e\u6c7a\u5b9a\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u5b9f\u8df5\u30ac\u30a4\u30c9"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u306f\u3001\u767a\u898b\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306e\u771f\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3092\u5076\u7136\u306e\u7523\u7269\u304b\u3089\u533a\u5225\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u7f85\u91dd\u76e4\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5f79\u5272\u3092\u679c\u305f\u3059\u3002\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u30ce\u30a4\u30ba\u306e\u4e2d\u3092\u901a\u308a\u629c\u3051\u3001\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6839\u62e0\u306e\u3042\u308b\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u306a\u7d50\u679c\u3092\u767a\u898b\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u3001\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u5206\u6790\u3001\u5b66\u554f\u306e\u3069\u306e\u5206\u91ce\u306b\u8eab\u3092\u7f6e\u304f\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3001\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u3092\u5224\u65ad\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u306f\u3001\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u304b\u3089\u78ba\u304b\u306a\u6d1e\u5bdf\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u51fa\u3059\u305f\u3081\u306e\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u306a\u30b9\u30ad\u30eb\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u306f\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u306e\u65c5\u8def\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u5358\u306a\u308b\u30c1\u30a7\u30c3\u30af\u30dc\u30c3\u30af\u30b9\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6271\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u5206\u6790\u306e\u904e\u7a0b\u3067\u8d77\u3053\u308a\u3046\u308b\u843d\u3068\u3057\u7a74\u3084\u6ce8\u610f\u70b9\u3092\u3001\u3057\u3063\u304b\u308a\u3068\u7406\u89e3\u3059\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u306e\u3060\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u72b6\u6cc1\u3092\u3046\u307e\u304f\u4e57\u308a\u5207\u308b\u306b\u306f\u3001\u5fc5\u8981\u306a\u30c4\u30fc\u30eb\u3068\u77e5\u8b58\u3092\u8eab\u306b\u3064\u3051\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u6975\u3081\u3066\u91cd\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3053\u306e\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u306e\u6c7a\u5b9a\u65b9\u6cd5\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5b9f\u8df5\u7684\u3067\u7406\u89e3\u3057\u3084\u3059\u3044\u30ac\u30a4\u30c9\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u610f\u56f3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-what-is-statistical-significance\">\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u3068\u306f\u4f55\u304b\uff1f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u3068\u306f\u3001\u3042\u308b\u7814\u7a76\u3084\u5b9f\u9a13\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u304c\u5076\u7136\u306b\u8d77\u3053\u3063\u305f\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u9ad8\u3044\u306e\u304b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3068\u3082\u6709\u610f\u3067\u4fe1\u983c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u767a\u898b\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u4eee\u8aac\u691c\u5b9a\u3067\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308c\u308b\u6e2c\u5b9a\u6cd5\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30bb\u30c3\u30c8\u306e\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306a\u52b9\u679c\u3001\u7fa4\u9593\u306e\u5dee\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u5909\u6570\u304c\u30e9\u30f3\u30c0\u30e0\u306a\u5909\u52d5\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u3067\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u3092\u5224\u65ad\u3059\u308b\u65b9\u6cd5\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\u306f\u7814\u7a76\u3092\u884c\u3046\u524d\u306b\u4eee\u8aac\u3092\u7acb\u3066\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u96c6\u3081\u308b\u3002\u89b3\u5bdf\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u304c\u4eee\u8aac\u3068\u77db\u76fe\u3059\u308b\u304b\u652f\u6301\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3092\u3001\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u8a55\u4fa1\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u306f\u3001\u3042\u308b\u4e3b\u5f35\u307e\u305f\u306f\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u652f\u6301\u307e\u305f\u306f\u5426\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u8a3c\u62e0\u306e\u5f37\u3055\u3068\u4fe1\u983c\u6027\u3092\u5b9a\u91cf\u7684\u306b\u8a55\u4fa1\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u306e\u6c7a\u5b9a\u306b\u306f\u3001\u89b3\u5bdf\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u5e30\u7121\u4eee\u8aac\u306e\u4e0b\u3067\u4e88\u60f3\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3068\u6bd4\u8f03\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u3002&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u306f\u3001p\u5024\u306e\u8a08\u7b97\u3084\u4fe1\u983c\u533a\u9593\u306e\u4f5c\u6210\u306a\u3069\u306e\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u691c\u5b9a\u3092\u884c\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u89b3\u6e2c\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u304c\u5076\u7136\u3060\u3051\u3067\u8d77\u3053\u3063\u305f\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u4f4e\u3044\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u3092\u5224\u65ad\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u3001\u305d\u3046\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u4ee3\u66ff\u4eee\u8aac\u3092\u652f\u6301\u3059\u308b\u8a3c\u62e0\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u767a\u898b\u304c\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u306b\u6709\u610f\u3068\u307f\u306a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304c\u5076\u7136\u3060\u3051\u3067\u8d77\u3053\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u4f4e\u304f\u3001p\u5024\u304c\u6240\u5b9a\u306e\u95be\u5024\uff08\u901a\u5e380.05\u307e\u305f\u306f0.01\uff09\u4ee5\u4e0b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u5834\u5408\u304c\u591a\u3044\u3002p\u5024\u304c\u3053\u306e\u95be\u5024\u3092\u4e0b\u56de\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u89b3\u5bdf\u3055\u308c\u305f\u52b9\u679c\u3084\u5dee\u304c\u30e9\u30f3\u30c0\u30e0\u306a\u5909\u52d5\u3088\u308a\u3082\u771f\u306e\u767a\u898b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u9ad8\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/i.stack.imgur.com\/idDTA.png\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/researcher.life\/all-access-pricing?utm_source=mtg&amp;utm_campaign=all-access-promotion&amp;utm_medium=blog\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"410\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Banner3-1024x410.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-55425\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Banner3-1024x410.png 1024w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Banner3-300x120.png 300w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Banner3-768x307.png 768w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Banner3-1536x615.png 1536w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Banner3-2048x820.png 2048w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Banner3-18x7.png 18w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Banner3-100x40.png 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-how-to-determine-statistical-significance\">\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u306e\u6c7a\u5b9a\u65b9\u6cd5<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u306e\u6c7a\u5b9a\u306b\u306f\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u304c\u8abf\u67fb\u7d50\u679c\u306e\u5f37\u5ea6\u3068\u4fe1\u983c\u6027\u3092\u8a55\u4fa1\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306b\u5f79\u7acb\u3064\u4e00\u9023\u306e\u30b9\u30c6\u30c3\u30d7\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u3002\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u306e\u6c7a\u5b9a\u65b9\u6cd5\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3059\u308b\u306b\u306f\u3001\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u624b\u9806\u306b\u5f93\u3063\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\uff1a&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-state-the-hypothesis\">\u4eee\u8aac\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u308b<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6700\u521d\u306e\u30b9\u30c6\u30c3\u30d7\u306f\u3001\u8abf\u67fb\u3059\u308b\u7814\u7a76\u8ab2\u984c\u3084\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u53cd\u6620\u3057\u305f\u5e30\u7121\u4eee\u8aac\uff08H0\uff09\u3068\u5bfe\u7acb\u4eee\u8aac\uff08Ha\uff09\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5e30\u7121\u4eee\u8aac\u306f\u52b9\u679c\u3084\u5dee\u304c\u306a\u3044\u3068\u4eee\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u5bfe\u7acb\u4eee\u8aac\u306f\u52b9\u679c\u3084\u5dee\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u793a\u5506\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-set-a-significance-level\">\u6709\u610f\u6c34\u6e96\u3092\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3059\u308b<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6709\u610f\u6c34\u6e96\u306f\u3001\u3057\u3070\u3057\u3070\u03b1\u3068\u8868\u8a18\u3055\u308c\u3001\u89b3\u5bdf\u3055\u308c\u305f\u7d50\u679c\u304c\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u306b\u6709\u610f\u3068\u307f\u306a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u95be\u5024\u3092\u8868\u3059\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u306b\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u6709\u610f\u6c34\u6e96\u306f0.05\uff085%\uff09\u30680.01\uff081%\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u9069\u5207\u306a\u6709\u610f\u6c34\u6e96\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u5206\u91ce\u3068\u30bf\u30a4\u30d7I\u30a8\u30e9\u30fc\u3068\u30bf\u30a4\u30d7II\u30a8\u30e9\u30fc\u3068\u306e\u9593\u306e\u671b\u307e\u3057\u3044\u30d0\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u306b\u4f9d\u5b58\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-calculate-the-sample-size\">\u30b5\u30f3\u30d7\u30eb\u30b5\u30a4\u30ba\u306e\u8a08\u7b97<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u30b5\u30f3\u30d7\u30eb\u30fb\u30b5\u30a4\u30ba\u306f\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u4e0a\u3067\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u5f79\u5272\u3092\u679c\u305f\u3059\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u306b\u30b5\u30f3\u30d7\u30eb\u30fb\u30b5\u30a4\u30ba\u304c\u5927\u304d\u3044\u307b\u3069\u3001\u610f\u5473\u306e\u3042\u308b\u52b9\u679c\u3084\u5dee\u3092\u691c\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u5206\u6790\u306e\u691c\u51fa\u529b\u304c\u9ad8\u307e\u308b\u3002\u9069\u5207\u306a\u6a19\u672c\u30b5\u30a4\u30ba\u306e\u6c7a\u5b9a\u306f\u3001\u671b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u691c\u51fa\u529b\u3001\u52b9\u679c\u306e\u5927\u304d\u3055\u3001\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306e\u3070\u3089\u3064\u304d\u306a\u3069\u306e\u8981\u56e0\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-find-the-standard-deviation\">\u6a19\u6e96\u504f\u5dee\u3092\u6c42\u3081\u308b<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u591a\u304f\u306e\u7d71\u8a08\u691c\u5b9a\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6a19\u672c\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u5185\u306e\u3070\u3089\u3064\u304d\u3092\u8a55\u4fa1\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u6a19\u6e96\u504f\u5dee\uff08\u307e\u305f\u306f\u6a19\u6e96\u8aa4\u5dee\uff09\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6a19\u6e96\u504f\u5dee\u306f\u3001\u5e73\u5747\u3092\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3068\u3057\u305f\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30dd\u30a4\u30f3\u30c8\u306e\u5e83\u304c\u308a\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u3001\u691c\u5b9a\u7d71\u8a08\u91cf\u3092\u8a08\u7b97\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-calculate-the-t-score\">T\u30b9\u30b3\u30a2\u306e\u8a08\u7b97<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>t\u691c\u5b9a\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5e73\u5747\u307e\u305f\u306f\u5e73\u5747\u306e\u5dee\u3092\u542b\u3080\u691c\u5b9a\u3067\u306f\u3001t-\u30b9\u30b3\u30a2\u306e\u8a08\u7b97\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002t-\u30b9\u30b3\u30a2\u306f\u3001\u6a19\u672c\u306e\u5e73\u5747\u304c\u4eee\u8aac\u306e\u6bcd\u96c6\u56e3\u306e\u5e73\u5747\u304b\u3089\u3069\u308c\u3060\u3051\u305a\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u6a19\u6e96\u8aa4\u5dee\u3067\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002t-\u30b9\u30b3\u30a2\u306f\u3001\u6b21\u5f0f\u3067\u8a08\u7b97\u3055\u308c\u308b\uff1a t = (\u6a19\u672c\u5e73\u5747 - \u4eee\u8aac\u5e73\u5747) \/ (\u6a19\u6e96\u8aa4\u5dee)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-find-the-degrees-of-freedom\">\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\u3092\u898b\u3064\u3051\u308b<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\u3068\u306f\u3001\u7d71\u8a08\u89e3\u6790\u4e2d\u306b\u63a8\u5b9a\u76ee\u7684\u3067\u5229\u7528\u3067\u304d\u308b\u72ec\u7acb\u30aa\u30d6\u30b6\u30d9\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306e\u6570\u3092\u3044\u3046\u3002t\u691c\u5b9a\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\u306f\u901a\u5e38\u3001\u6a19\u672c\u30b5\u30a4\u30ba\u3068\u7814\u7a76\u306e\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u30c7\u30b6\u30a4\u30f3\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\u306f\u3001\u5206\u5e03\u8868\u304b\u3089\u9069\u5207\u306a\u81e8\u754c\u5024\u3092\u53c2\u7167\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u91cd\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-use-a-t-table\">T\u30c6\u30fc\u30d6\u30eb\u3092\u4f7f\u3046<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u3092\u5224\u65ad\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u306f\u7b97\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u305ft\u30b9\u30b3\u30a2\u3092t\u8868\u304b\u3089\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u308b\u81e8\u754c\u5024\u3068\u6bd4\u8f03\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3001p\u5024\u3092\u81ea\u52d5\u7684\u306b\u7b97\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u30bd\u30d5\u30c8\u30a6\u30a7\u30a2\u30c4\u30fc\u30eb\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3002\u81e8\u754c\u5024\u306f\u3001\u9078\u629e\u3057\u305f\u6709\u610f\u6c34\u6e96\u3067\u7d50\u679c\u304c\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u306b\u6709\u610f\u3068\u307f\u306a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u95be\u5024\u3092\u793a\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-the-importance-of-statistical-significance\">\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u306e\u91cd\u8981\u6027<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7814\u7a76\u3084\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u5206\u6790\u306e\u4e16\u754c\u3067\u306f\u3001\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u306f\u6975\u3081\u3066\u91cd\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u306e\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u70b9\u306b\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u4fe1\u983c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u63a8\u8ad6\uff1a <\/strong>\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u306f\u3001\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u304b\u3089\u4fe1\u983c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u63a8\u8ad6\u3092\u751f\u307f\u51fa\u3059\u305f\u3081\u306e\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u306f\u3001\u5358\u306b\u5076\u7136\u306b\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u304c\u89b3\u5bdf\u3055\u308c\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3092\u63a8\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u7d50\u679c\u304c\u7814\u7a76\u5bfe\u8c61\u306e\u96c6\u56e3\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5b9f\u969b\u306e\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u3084\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u53cd\u6620\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u9ad8\u3044\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u5076\u7136\u3068\u5b9f\u969b\u306e\u52b9\u679c\uff1a <\/strong>\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u306e\u4f7f\u7528\u306f\u3001\u7121\u4f5c\u70ba\u306a\u5909\u52d5\u3068\u5b9f\u969b\u306e\u5f71\u97ff\u3084\u5dee\u7570\u3092\u5206\u96e2\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306b\u5f79\u7acb\u3064\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u306f\u3001\u89b3\u5bdf\u3055\u308c\u305f\u7d50\u679c\u304c\u5076\u7136\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u9ad8\u3044\u306e\u304b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3068\u3082\u6709\u610f\u3067\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u306a\u767a\u751f\u3092\u8868\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3092\u5224\u65ad\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u610f\u601d\u6c7a\u5b9a\uff1a <\/strong>\u610f\u601d\u6c7a\u5b9a\u306f\u3001\u69d8\u3005\u306a\u5206\u91ce\u3067\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u52a9\u3051\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u533b\u7642\u5206\u91ce\u3067\u306f\u3001\u89b3\u5bdf\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6539\u5584\u304c\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u306b\u6709\u610f\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u3092\u8a55\u4fa1\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u6cbb\u7642\u6cd5\u306e\u6709\u52b9\u6027\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u5fc5\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u8abf\u67fb\u7d50\u679c\u306e\u4fdd\u8a3c\uff1a <\/strong>\u7814\u7a76\u7d50\u679c\u306e\u4fdd\u8a3c\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u306f\u3001\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u306b\u6709\u610f\u306a\u7d50\u679c\u306f\u3001\u89b3\u5bdf\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5f71\u97ff\u3084\u5dee\u7570\u304c\u7121\u4f5c\u70ba\u306e\u5076\u7136\u306e\u4e00\u81f4\u3067\u3042\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u4f4e\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3057\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u306f\u8abf\u67fb\u7d50\u679c\u304c\u4fe1\u983c\u3067\u304d\u4e00\u822c\u5316\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u3055\u3089\u306b\u4fdd\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u518d\u73fe\u6027\u3068\u518d\u73fe\u6027\uff1a <\/strong>\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u518d\u73fe\u6027\u3068\u518d\u73fe\u6027\u306e\u554f\u984c\u306b\u5bfe\u51e6\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\u3001\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u304c\u91cd\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3068\u3001\u89b3\u5bdf\u3055\u308c\u305f\u52b9\u679c\u304c\u7121\u4f5c\u70ba\u307e\u305f\u306f\u5b64\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u4e8b\u8c61\u3067\u3042\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u4f4e\u3044\u3053\u3068\u304c\u793a\u5506\u3055\u308c\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u7d50\u679c\u306e\u518d\u73fe\u3084\u8907\u88fd\u304c\u5bb9\u6613\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u59a5\u5f53\u6027\uff1a <\/strong>\u7814\u7a76\u7d50\u679c\u306e\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u59a5\u5f53\u6027\u3068\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u306f\u3001\u5bc6\u63a5\u306b\u95a2\u9023\u3057\u305f\u6982\u5ff5\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u306f\u3001\u6709\u610f\u306a\u5f71\u97ff\u3084\u5dee\u7570\u3092\u4e3b\u5f35\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u306e\u8981\u4ef6\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3059\u8a3c\u62e0\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u7d71\u8a08\u7d50\u679c\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\uff1a <\/strong>\u8abf\u67fb\u7d50\u679c\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u306f\u3001\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u52a9\u3051\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002\u610f\u5473\u306e\u3042\u308b\u7d50\u8ad6\u306b\u5230\u9054\u3057\u3001\u8abf\u67fb\u7d50\u679c\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u3092\u3088\u308a\u3088\u304f\u7406\u89e3\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u306f\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u304c\u4eee\u8aac\u3092\u652f\u6301\u3059\u308b\u8a3c\u62e0\u306e\u5f37\u3055\u3092\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u8aac\u660e\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3002&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-ways-to-use-statistical-significance\">\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u306e\u4f7f\u3044\u65b9<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u306f\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u3084\u610f\u601d\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3092\u5f37\u5316\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u69d8\u3005\u306a\u65b9\u6cd5\u3067\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u4eee\u8aac\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\uff1a <\/strong>\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u306f\u3001\u89b3\u5bdf\u3055\u308c\u305f\u7d50\u679c\u304b\u3089\u306e\u8a3c\u62e0\u304c\u5e30\u7121\u4eee\u8aac\u3092\u68c4\u5374\u3057\u3001\u5bfe\u7acb\u4eee\u8aac\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u308b\u306e\u306b\u5341\u5206\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u3092\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u304c\u5224\u65ad\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306b\u5f79\u7acb\u3064\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u7570\u306a\u308b\u4ecb\u5165\u3084\u6cbb\u7642\u306e\u52b9\u679c\u3092\u6bd4\u8f03\u3059\u308b\uff1a <\/strong>\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u306f\u3001\u7570\u306a\u308b\u4ecb\u5165\u3084\u6cbb\u7642\u306e\u52b9\u679c\u306e\u9593\u306b\u6709\u610f\u5dee\u3092\u898b\u3064\u3051\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u5229\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u4eba\u9593\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u8a55\u4fa1\uff1a <\/strong>\u5909\u6570\u9593\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u5f37\u3055\u3068\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u306f\u3001\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u8a55\u4fa1\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u8abf\u67fb\u7d50\u679c\u306e\u691c\u8a3c <\/strong>\u89b3\u5bdf\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\u9593\u306e\u5dee\u304c\u6709\u610f\u304b\u5076\u7136\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u304b\u3092\u78ba\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u306f\u8abf\u67fb\u7d50\u679c\u306e\u6b63\u78ba\u6027\u3092\u4fdd\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u54c1\u8cea\u7ba1\u7406\u3068\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u6539\u5584\uff1a <\/strong>\u624b\u9806\u3084\u4ecb\u5165\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u8abf\u6574\u306e\u52b9\u679c\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u306f\u3001\u54c1\u8cea\u3068\u52b9\u7387\u3092\u6539\u5584\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u52b9\u679c\u7684\u306a\u89e3\u6c7a\u7b56\u3092\u767a\u898b\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306b\u5f79\u7acb\u3064\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u3068\u51fa\u7248\uff1a <\/strong>\u767a\u898b\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3057\u3001\u77e5\u8b58\u4f53\u7cfb\u306b\u52a0\u3048\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u3067\u306f\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u304c\u793a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-examples-of-statistical-significance-application\">\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u306e\u9069\u7528\u4f8b<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306f\u3001\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u306e\u9069\u7528\u3092\u793a\u3059\u3044\u304f\u3064\u304b\u306e\u4f8b\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u81e8\u5e8a\u8a66\u9a13\uff1a<\/strong> \u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u306f\u3001\u5bfe\u7167\u7fa4\u3068\u6bd4\u8f03\u3057\u3066\u6cbb\u7642\u7fa4\u3067\u89b3\u5bdf\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6539\u5584\u304c\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u306b\u6709\u610f\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u3092\u5224\u65ad\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308c\u3001\u65b0\u85ac\u3084\u6cbb\u7642\u6cd5\u306e\u6709\u52b9\u6027\u3092\u793a\u3059\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u30de\u30fc\u30b1\u30c6\u30a3\u30f3\u30b0\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308bA\/B\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8 <\/strong>\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u306f\u3001\u30de\u30fc\u30b1\u30c6\u30a3\u30f3\u30b0\u8cc7\u6599\u306e\u7570\u306a\u308b\u30d0\u30fc\u30b8\u30e7\u30f3\u9593\u306e\u30e6\u30fc\u30b6\u30fc\u30ec\u30b9\u30dd\u30f3\u30b9\u3068\u30b3\u30f3\u30d0\u30fc\u30b8\u30e7\u30f3\u7387\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6709\u610f\u5dee\u306e\u7279\u5b9a\u306b\u5f79\u7acb\u3061\u3001\u30de\u30fc\u30b1\u30c6\u30a3\u30f3\u30b0\u62c5\u5f53\u8005\u306f\u3001\u3069\u306e\u30d0\u30fc\u30b8\u30e7\u30f3\u304c\u3088\u308a\u826f\u3044\u30d1\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30de\u30f3\u30b9\u3092\u793a\u3059\u304b\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u305f\u610f\u601d\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3092\u884c\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u4e16\u8ad6\u8abf\u67fb <\/strong>\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u306f\u3001\u4fe1\u983c\u533a\u9593\u3092\u8a08\u7b97\u3057\u3001\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u306b\u6709\u610f\u306a\u5dee\u304c\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u3092\u691c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u6a19\u672c\u304b\u3089\u306e\u56de\u7b54\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u3001\u3088\u308a\u5927\u304d\u306a\u96c6\u56e3\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u7d50\u8ad6\u3092\u5c0e\u304d\u51fa\u3059\u305f\u3081\u306b\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u7d4c\u6e08\u7814\u7a76\uff1a <\/strong>\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u306f\u3001\u7a0e\u5236\u306e\u5909\u66f4\u304c\u500b\u4eba\u6d88\u8cbb\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u3084\u96c7\u7528\u7387\u306b\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u306b\u6709\u610f\u306a\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u308b\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u3092\u8a55\u4fa1\u3059\u308b\u306a\u3069\u3001\u653f\u7b56\u5909\u66f4\u3084\u7d4c\u6e08\u7684\u8981\u56e0\u306e\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u8a55\u4fa1\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u63a1\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u74b0\u5883\u5b66\uff1a <\/strong>\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u306f\u3001\u6c5a\u67d3\u3001\u6c17\u5019\u5909\u52d5\u3001\u7a2e\u306e\u591a\u69d8\u6027\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306e\u5206\u6790\u306b\u9069\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u306f\u74b0\u5883\u5909\u6570\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6709\u610f\u306a\u50be\u5411\u3084\u95a2\u9023\u6027\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5b9f\u9a13\uff1a <\/strong>\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u306f\u3001\u4ecb\u5165\u3084\u6cbb\u7642\u304c\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u884c\u52d5\u3084\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u306b\u53ca\u307c\u3059\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u8a55\u4fa1\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306b\u5f79\u7acb\u3061\u3001\u5b9f\u9a13\u7fa4\u3068\u5bfe\u7167\u7fa4\u306e\u9593\u3067\u89b3\u5bdf\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5dee\u304c\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u306b\u6709\u610f\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u3092\u5224\u65ad\u3057\u3001\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u4ecb\u5165\u306e\u6709\u52b9\u6027\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u6d1e\u5bdf\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-turn-your-data-into-easy-to-understand-dynamic-stories\">\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3057\u3084\u3059\u3044\u30c0\u30a4\u30ca\u30df\u30c3\u30af\u306a\u30b9\u30c8\u30fc\u30ea\u30fc\u306b\u5909\u3048\u308b<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Mind the Graph<\/a> \u306f\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\u304c\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u3092\u4f1d\u3048\u3001\u5e83\u3081\u308b\u65b9\u6cd5\u3092\u5909\u9769\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u53ef\u8996\u5316\u3001\u53cc\u65b9\u5411\u6027\u3001\u30b9\u30c8\u30fc\u30ea\u30fc\u30c6\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u3092\u6d3b\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u3053\u306e\u30d7\u30e9\u30c3\u30c8\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30e0\u306f\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u304c\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u9b45\u529b\u7684\u306a\u30d3\u30b8\u30e5\u30a2\u30eb\u30ca\u30e9\u30c6\u30a3\u30d6\u306b\u5909\u63db\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002Mind the Graph\u306f\u3001\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u6982\u5ff5\u306e\u5358\u7d14\u5316\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u767a\u8868\u306e\u5145\u5b9f\u3001\u30a2\u30a6\u30c8\u30ea\u30fc\u30c1\u306e\u62e1\u5927\u306a\u3069\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\u304c\u8074\u8846\u3092\u9b45\u4e86\u3057\u3001\u7406\u89e3\u3092\u4fc3\u9032\u3057\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u597d\u5947\u5fc3\u306b\u706b\u3092\u3064\u3051\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u30c4\u30fc\u30eb\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/r3qiu0qenda-3.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-25130\"\/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button aligncenter\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-background wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/\" style=\"border-radius:50px;background-color:#dc1866\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Mind the Graph\u3067\u5275\u4f5c\u3092\u59cb\u3081\u308b<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:44px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6709\u610f\u6027\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u4fe1\u983c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u7d50\u679c\u3092\u5f97\u308b\u65b9\u6cd5\u3092\u3054\u89a7\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\uff01\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306e\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u304c\u672c\u5f53\u306b\u6709\u610f\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u3001\u4eca\u3059\u3050\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u3002<\/p>","protected":false},"author":28,"featured_media":29371,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959,28],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v19.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>How to Determine Statistical Significance: A Practical Guide - Mind the Graph Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Discover how to determine statistical significance and get reliable results! 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