{"id":12051,"date":"2020-12-23T11:11:39","date_gmt":"2020-12-23T13:11:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/?p=12051"},"modified":"2023-01-05T14:32:04","modified_gmt":"2023-01-05T17:32:04","slug":"nerve-impulses-the-action-potential","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/hu\/idegimpulzusok-a-akcio-potencial\/","title":{"rendered":"Idegi impulzusok 1. R\u00c9SZ - Az akci\u00f3s potenci\u00e1l"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ahhoz, hogy meg\u00e9rts\u00fck, hogyan m\u0171k\u00f6dik egy neuron, k\u00e9t fogalmat kell megvizsg\u00e1lnunk. Az els\u0151 azzal kapcsolatos, hogy mi t\u00f6rt\u00e9nik a neuronban, amikor az inform\u00e1ci\u00f3 tov\u00e1bbhalad - az akci\u00f3s potenci\u00e1l -, a m\u00e1sodik pedig az, hogy hogyan ugrik \u00e1t az inform\u00e1ci\u00f3 az egyik sejtb\u0151l a m\u00e1sikba - a szinapszis. E k\u00e9t folyamat seg\u00edts\u00e9g\u00e9vel az idegrendszer sejtjei k\u00e9pesek a leg\u00f6sszetettebb inform\u00e1ci\u00f3t is tov\u00e1bb\u00edtani az eg\u00e9sz testben, neuronr\u00f3l neuronra haladva, m\u00edg v\u00e9g\u00fcl el nem \u00e9ri a c\u00e9lsejtet. Ebben a cikkben az els\u0151 fogalomr\u00f3l, a akci\u00f3s potenci\u00e1l<\/strong>.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Az idegi impulzus egy elektrok\u00e9miai jel; ez a f\u0151 mechanizmus, amely az inform\u00e1ci\u00f3 tov\u00e1bb\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1ra szolg\u00e1l a neuronon bel\u00fcl. Egyes neuronok dendritjei \u00e9rz\u00e9kelik \u00e9s fogadj\u00e1k az impulzust egy el\u0151z\u0151 sejtb\u0151l, az idegimpulzus v\u00e9gighalad az idegsejtb\u0151l kiindulva. dendritek <\/strong>a mag <\/strong>mint a axon<\/strong>, \u00e9s v\u00e9g\u00fcl a axon termin\u00e1l<\/strong> amikor az impulzus a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151 neuronhoz ker\u00fcl. Ez a folyamat folytat\u00f3dik <\/strong>ism\u00e9telten, am\u00edg el nem \u00e9ri a c\u00e9lcell\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Az elektrok\u00e9miai jel az ionok mozg\u00e1sa miatt j\u00f6n l\u00e9tre a neuron plazmamembr\u00e1nj\u00e1nak bels\u0151 \u00e9s k\u00fcls\u0151 r\u00e9sze k\u00f6z\u00f6tt. Az ionok k\u00edv\u00fclr\u0151l befel\u00e9 haladnak, potenci\u00e1lk\u00fcl\u00f6nbs\u00e9get hozva l\u00e9tre a membr\u00e1nban. A \"h\u00edd\", amelyen kereszt\u00fcl ezek az ionok a sejtek belsej\u00e9be jutnak, egy transzmembr\u00e1n feh\u00e9rje, az \u00fagynevezett fesz\u00fclts\u00e9gkapcsolt ioncsatorn\u00e1k<\/strong>.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ezeket a fesz\u00fclts\u00e9gcsatorn\u00e1kat elektromos fesz\u00fclts\u00e9gek vez\u00e9rlik, egyfajta v\u00e1laszk\u00e9nt az elektromos ingerekre, m\u00e1s sz\u00f3val ezek a csatorn\u00e1k nem mindig nyitottak az ionok \u00e1tjut\u00e1s\u00e1ra, csak bizonyos elektromos fesz\u00fclts\u00e9gingerek hat\u00e1s\u00e1ra ny\u00edlnak \u00e9s z\u00e1r\u00f3dnak.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Amikor a sejtet nem \u00e9ri inger, amikor a membr\u00e1n nyugalomban van, a neuron bels\u0151 \u00e9s k\u00fcls\u0151 r\u00e9sze k\u00f6z\u00f6tt potenci\u00e1lk\u00fcl\u00f6nbs\u00e9g \u00e1ll fenn. Nyugalmi \u00e1llapotban a membr\u00e1nban -70mV, azaz negat\u00edv potenci\u00e1l van, m\u00edg a k\u00fcls\u0151 r\u00e9sz pozit\u00edv potenci\u00e1llal rendelkezik. Ezt a potenci\u00e1lk\u00fcl\u00f6nbs\u00e9get nevezz\u00fck nyugalmi membr\u00e1npotenci\u00e1l, <\/strong>\u00e9s ezt f\u0151k\u00e9nt n\u00e1trium- \u00e9s k\u00e1liumionok tartj\u00e1k fenn a n\u00e1trium-k\u00e1lium-pump\u00e1n kereszt\u00fcl.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elektromos fesz\u00fclts\u00e9ginger hat\u00e1s\u00e1ra a membr\u00e1npotenci\u00e1l-k\u00fcl\u00f6nbs\u00e9g elkezd megfordulni, a n\u00e1triumcsatorn\u00e1k megny\u00edlnak, \u00edgy sok n\u00e1triumion jut a sejt belsej\u00e9be, a membr\u00e1nt pillanatnyilag depolariz\u00e1lt<\/strong>, vagy jobban mondva a n\u00e1triumionok a membr\u00e1n bels\u0151 r\u00e9gi\u00f3j\u00e1t pozit\u00edv h\u00e1l\u00f3v\u00e1 alak\u00edtj\u00e1k. Ez a depolariz\u00e1ci\u00f3s mozg\u00e1s a h\u00edres akci\u00f3s potenci\u00e1l<\/strong>; a membr\u00e1npotenci\u00e1l gyorsan emelkedik \u00e9s cs\u00f6kken. A potenci\u00e1l alig t\u00f6bb mint 2milisecundum alatt emelkedik +40mV-ra, \u00e9s kevesebb mint 3milisecundum alatt t\u00e9r vissza a nyugalmi \u00e1llapotba.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Az akci\u00f3s potenci\u00e1l nem egyszerre t\u00f6rt\u00e9nik az eg\u00e9sz neuronban, a membr\u00e1n depolariz\u00e1ci\u00f3ja a dendritekben kezd\u0151dik, majd a sejtmagban r\u00e9szenk\u00e9nt, depolariz\u00e1l\u00f3dik, \u00e9s r\u00f6viddel ezut\u00e1n visszat\u00e9r a nyugalmi potenci\u00e1lhoz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A nyugalmi membr\u00e1npotenci\u00e1l vissza\u00e1ll\u00edt\u00e1sa \u00e9rdek\u00e9ben a n\u00e1triumcsatorn\u00e1k bez\u00e1r\u00f3dnak, a fesz\u00fclts\u00e9gkapcsolt k\u00e1liumcsatorn\u00e1k pedig megny\u00edlnak, \u00edgy a k\u00e1liumionok a sejt belsej\u00e9be jutnak, ami a membr\u00e1n repolariz\u00e1ci\u00f3j\u00e1t eredm\u00e9nyezi, a membr\u00e1n bels\u0151 r\u00e9gi\u00f3j\u00e1t ism\u00e9t negat\u00edvan, a k\u00fcls\u0151 r\u00e9gi\u00f3t pedig pozit\u00edvan t\u00f6lt\u00f6tt\u00e9 teszi. A n\u00e1trium-k\u00e1lium-pumpa seg\u00edt helyre\u00e1ll\u00edtani az egyes ionok megfelel\u0151 mennyis\u00e9g\u00e9t a sejt belsej\u00e9ben, minden k\u00e9t k\u00e1liumionra h\u00e1rom n\u00e1triumiont engedve ki.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dagy k\u00e9pzelhetj\u00fck el, mint egy szinkroniz\u00e1lt mozg\u00e1st, az akci\u00f3s potenci\u00e1lok v\u00e1lasz\u00e1nak pillanat\u00e1t\u00f3l a nyugalmi \u00e1llapot helyre\u00e1ll\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1nak pillanat\u00e1ig.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

\u00c9rdekes m\u00f3don, m\u00edg az axonban az idegimpulzust gener\u00e1l\u00f3 \u00e9s tov\u00e1bb\u00edt\u00f3 fesz\u00fclts\u00e9gkapcsolt ioncsatorn\u00e1k vannak, addig a dendritekben ezek a csatorn\u00e1k nem l\u00e9teznek. Ezekben az idegsejtekben a jelet nem az akci\u00f3s potenci\u00e1l, hanem egy oszt\u00e1lyozott potenci\u00e1l, <\/strong>a <\/strong>a jelterjed\u00e9s m\u00e1s form\u00e1ja, amelyben a jelsk\u00e1la az \u00fat ment\u00e9n n\u00f6vekszik, am\u00edg az axonon akci\u00f3s potenci\u00e1lokk\u00e1 nem alakul.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vegy\u00fck \u00e9szre, hogy a n\u00e1triumion felel\u0151s az akci\u00f3s potenci\u00e1l terjed\u00e9s\u00e9\u00e9rt, a k\u00e1lium pedig a nyugalmi \u00e1llapot helyre\u00e1ll\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1\u00e9rt. Ezen ionok hi\u00e1nya a szervezetben az akci\u00f3s potenci\u00e1l min\u0151s\u00e9g\u00e9ben \u00e9s hat\u00e9konys\u00e1g\u00e1ban, azaz a szinapszisokn\u00e1l \u00e9s az idegrendszeren kereszt\u00fcl t\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u0151 inform\u00e1ci\u00f3\u00e1tvitelben okozhat probl\u00e9m\u00e1kat. Mindezek a probl\u00e9m\u00e1k ment\u00e1lis eg\u00e9szs\u00e9g\u00fcgyi komplik\u00e1ci\u00f3kat \u00e9s betegs\u00e9geket v\u00e1lthatnak ki.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A k\u00f6vetkez\u0151 l\u00e9p\u00e9s az idegimpulzus tov\u00e1bb\u00edt\u00e1sa a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151 neuronhoz. A k\u00e9t neuron k\u00f6z\u00f6tti t\u00e9rben, a szinaptikus r\u00e9sben m\u00e1s t\u00f6rt\u00e9nik. A szinaptikus hasad\u00e9k nagyon fontos hely, amit meg kell n\u00e9zni \u00e9s tanulm\u00e1nyozni, itt l\u00e9p m\u0171k\u00f6d\u00e9sbe sok k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 neurotranszmitter, aktiv\u00e1lva egy \u00faj jel\u00e1tviteli \u00fatvonalat receptorok, m\u00e1s feh\u00e9rj\u00e9k \u00e9s ionok seg\u00edts\u00e9g\u00e9vel a n\u00e1trium \u00e9s a k\u00e1lium mellett. De ezt a cikk k\u00f6vetkez\u0151 t\u00e1rgyal\u00e1s\u00e1ra hagyjuk. Idegi impulzus 2. R\u00c9SZ - A szinaptikus hasad\u00e9k<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tetszettek a cikkben tal\u00e1lhat\u00f3 infografik\u00e1k? Haszn\u00e1lhatja az Mind the Graph-t \u00e9s k\u00e9sz\u00edthet ilyen informat\u00edv k\u00e9peket is. Szerezd meg a Mind the Graph<\/a> \u00e9s n\u00e9zze meg a illusztr\u00e1ci\u00f3s gal\u00e9ria<\/a>, ott el\u00e9rhet\u0151 neurol\u00f3gia<\/a> \u00e9s biok\u00e9mia<\/a> illusztr\u00e1ci\u00f3kat, \u00e9s ha seg\u00edts\u00e9gre van sz\u00fcks\u00e9ge, k\u00e9rem. kapcsolatfelv\u00e9tel<\/a>!<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ahhoz, hogy meg\u00e9rts\u00fck, hogyan m\u0171k\u00f6dik egy neuron, k\u00e9t fogalmat kell megvizsg\u00e1lnunk. Az els\u0151 azzal kapcsolatos, hogy mi t\u00f6rt\u00e9nik a neuronban, amikor az inform\u00e1ci\u00f3 tov\u00e1bbhalad - az akci\u00f3s potenci\u00e1l -, a m\u00e1sodik pedig az, hogy hogyan ugrik \u00e1t az inform\u00e1ci\u00f3 az egyik sejtb\u0151l a m\u00e1sikba - a [...].<\/p>","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":12055,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959],"tags":[812,813],"yoast_head":"\nNerve Impulses PART 1 \u2013 The Action Potential - MTG<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"It's a deep dive into nerve impulses. 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He has a Ph.D. and solid scientific background in Psychopharmacology and experience as a Guest Researcher at the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry (Germany) and Researcher in D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR, Brazil). Fabricio holds over 2500 citations in Google Scholar. He has 10 years of experience in small innovative businesses, with relevant experience in product design and innovation management. 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