{"id":11788,"date":"2020-10-19T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-10-19T11:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/?p=11788"},"modified":"2022-11-21T09:55:34","modified_gmt":"2022-11-21T12:55:34","slug":"crispr-duo-wins-nobel-prize-2020-for-chemistry","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/fr\/crispr-duo-gagne-le-prix-nobel-2020-de-chimie\/","title":{"rendered":"Le DUO CRISPR vole la vedette : Prix Nobel 2020 de chimie"},"content":{"rendered":"

La pr\u00e9cision est la marque de fabrique d'un scientifique. Ne n\u00e9gligeant aucune piste, Emmanuelle Charpentier et Jennifer Doudna ont d\u00e9couvert l'outil r\u00e9volutionnaire de la technologie g\u00e9n\u00e9tique appel\u00e9 CRISPR\/Cas9, \"les ciseaux g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques\". Les pionni\u00e8res, Emmanuelle Charpentier et Jennifer Doudna, de cet outil qui change la vie, sont r\u00e9compens\u00e9es par le prix Nobel de chimie en 2020. Leur invention en 2012 a conduit \u00e0 d'innombrables d\u00e9couvertes dans des domaines importants comme la recherche sur le cancer, la recherche sur les plantes et la d\u00e9couverte de rem\u00e8des pour les maladies h\u00e9r\u00e9ditaires. L'outil CRISPR\/Cas9 a facilit\u00e9 la modification des s\u00e9quences g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques \u00e0 l'endroit exact et en moins de temps. Leur d\u00e9couverte a transform\u00e9 la perspective des sciences de la vie. C'est un tremplin pour une nouvelle \u00e8re de la g\u00e9n\u00e9tique qui profitera aux vivants.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Qu'est-ce que CRISPR\/Cas9 et comment a-t-il \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couvert ?<\/span><\/h2>\n

CRISPR\/CAS9 est un outil d'\u00e9dition de g\u00e8nes qui est utilis\u00e9 pour couper une s\u00e9quence d'ADN \u00e0 l'endroit exact de l'int\u00e9r\u00eat. CRISPR signifie Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats et Cas9 est une enzyme qui aide \u00e0 couper la s\u00e9quence. Le CRISPR pr\u00e9sente deux caract\u00e9ristiques principales, \u00e0 savoir les r\u00e9p\u00e9titions de nucl\u00e9otides et les espaceurs. Habituellement, dans le CRISPR, les s\u00e9quences nucl\u00e9otidiques agissent comme un brin matrice pour transcrire un ARN compl\u00e9mentaire, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 appel\u00e9 ARN CRISPR (ARN cr). Emmanuelle Charpentier et Jennifer Doudna ont \u00e9t\u00e9 les premi\u00e8res \u00e0 d\u00e9couvrir ces espaceurs et r\u00e9p\u00e9titeurs. Elles ont \u00e9galement d\u00e9couvert que l'enzyme Cas9, qui aide \u00e0 couper la s\u00e9quence d'ADN, se lie \u00e0 une autre mol\u00e9cule d'ARN. Les deux mol\u00e9cules, l'ARN cr et l'ARN cr transactivateur, ont aid\u00e9 la Cas9 \u00e0 couper le site cible de l'ADN double brin.<\/span><\/p>\n

La d\u00e9couverte a \u00e9t\u00e9 faite par Emmanuelle Charpentier en observant le m\u00e9canisme immunitaire de la bact\u00e9rie streptococcus contre le virus. Ce qui l'a le plus intrigu\u00e9e, c'est qu'une mol\u00e9cule d'ARN pr\u00e9sente dans la bact\u00e9rie avait un code g\u00e9n\u00e9tique tr\u00e8s similaire \u00e0 celui du CRISPR de la bact\u00e9rie. Apr\u00e8s avoir analys\u00e9 les deux s\u00e9quences, elle a d\u00e9couvert que la mol\u00e9cule d'ARN correspondait \u00e0 la partie r\u00e9p\u00e9titive du CRISPR. En poursuivant ses recherches, elle a d\u00e9couvert que cette petite mol\u00e9cule d'ARN activait la s\u00e9quence d'ARN en pr\u00e9sence de Cas9. La s\u00e9quence d'ARN \u00e9tait le r\u00e9sultat de la s\u00e9quence CRISPR. Cette mol\u00e9cule a \u00e9t\u00e9 appel\u00e9e l'ARN CRISPR trans-activateur. Lorsqu'une bact\u00e9rie est infect\u00e9e par un virus, la bact\u00e9rie ajoute l'ADN viral dans son g\u00e9nome au niveau de la r\u00e9gion CRISPR en tant que m\u00e9moire. Cela aide la bact\u00e9rie \u00e0 \u00e9viter toute nouvelle infection. Cet ADN CRISPR est ensuite copi\u00e9 pour produire l'ARN CRISPR qui est cens\u00e9 \u00eatre cliv\u00e9 pour former l'ADN viral qui aidera \u00e0 reconna\u00eetre l'ADN viral \u00e9tranger.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Plus tard, Jennifer Doudna a analys\u00e9 si cet ADN viral pouvait \u00eatre identifi\u00e9 en utilisant l'ARN CRISPR et la mol\u00e9cule enzymatique Cas9. Apr\u00e8s plusieurs exp\u00e9riences, elles n'ont toujours pas r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 l'identifier et ont r\u00e9alis\u00e9 qu'il manquait quelque chose. C'est pourquoi, lors de la prochaine exp\u00e9rience, ils ont ajout\u00e9 la mol\u00e9cule d'ARN cr activateur trans d\u00e9couverte par Emmanuelle. \u00c0 leur grande surprise, l'ADN viral a \u00e9t\u00e9 identifi\u00e9, ouvrant la voie \u00e0 un nouvel \u00e9on.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Aujourd'hui, CRISPR\/Cas9 a ouvert la voie \u00e0 une nouvelle approche de la vie. Il est utilis\u00e9 dans divers domaines de la science. Cet outil a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9volutif dans les sciences m\u00e9dicales. Aujourd'hui, les chercheurs travaillent \u00e0 mettre fin aux maladies h\u00e9r\u00e9ditaires qui ont le plus affect\u00e9 l'humanit\u00e9. L'autre domaine o\u00f9 cet outil est utilis\u00e9 est l'agriculture, pour modifier les plantes afin qu'elles r\u00e9sistent aux infections, pour le d\u00e9veloppement de m\u00e9dicaments, pour la th\u00e9rapie g\u00e9nique et bien d'autres encore. Avec une utilisation r\u00e9glementaire et \u00e9thique de cet outil, l'humanit\u00e9 peut conna\u00eetre un monde sans limites.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

R\u00e9f\u00e9rence\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/prizes\/chemistry\/2020\/popular-information\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":11824,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959,28],"tags":[554],"yoast_head":"\nThe CRISPR DUO Steals The Show: Nobel Prize 2020 in Chemistry - Mind the Graph Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In 2020, many discoveries are accoladed with Nobel Prize and CRISPR DUO in Chemistry is one of them. 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