{"id":11788,"date":"2020-10-19T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-10-19T11:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/?p=11788"},"modified":"2022-11-21T09:55:34","modified_gmt":"2022-11-21T12:55:34","slug":"crispr-duo-wins-nobel-prize-2020-for-chemistry","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/fi\/crispr-duo-voitti-nobel-palkinnon-2020-kemian-alalla\/","title":{"rendered":"CRISPR DUO varastaa show'n: Nobelin kemianpalkinto 2020"},"content":{"rendered":"

Tarkkuus on tiedemiehen tavaramerkki. Emmanuelle Charpentier ja Jennifer Doudna l\u00f6ysiv\u00e4t geeniteknologian vallankumouksellisen ty\u00f6kalun nimelt\u00e4 CRISPR\/Cas9, \"geenisakset\". Emmanuelle Charpentier ja Jennifer Doudna, t\u00e4m\u00e4n el\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4 muuttavan ty\u00f6kalun edell\u00e4k\u00e4vij\u00e4t, saavat Nobelin kemianpalkinnon vuonna 2020. Heid\u00e4n vuonna 2012 tekem\u00e4ns\u00e4 keksint\u00f6 johti lukemattomiin keksint\u00f6ihin t\u00e4rkeill\u00e4 aloilla, kuten sy\u00f6p\u00e4tutkimuksessa, kasvitutkimuksessa ja perinn\u00f6llisten sairauksien parannuskeinojen l\u00f6yt\u00e4misess\u00e4. CRISPR\/Cas9-ty\u00f6kalun avulla on ollut helpompi muokata geneettisi\u00e4 sekvenssej\u00e4 t\u00e4sm\u00e4lleen oikeaan paikkaan lyhyemm\u00e4ss\u00e4 ajassa. Niiden l\u00f6yt\u00e4minen on muuttanut n\u00e4k\u00f6kulmaa biotieteisiin. Se on ponnahduslauta genetiikan uudelle aikakaudelle, joka hy\u00f6dytt\u00e4\u00e4 el\u00e4vi\u00e4 ihmisi\u00e4.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Mik\u00e4 on CRISPR\/Cas9 ja miten se l\u00f6ydettiin?<\/span><\/h2>\n

CISPR\/CAS9 on geeninmuokkausty\u00f6kalu, jota k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n DNA-sekvenssin leikkaamiseen juuri haluttuun kohtaan. CRISPR on lyhenne sanoista Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (klusteroidut s\u00e4\u00e4nn\u00f6llisesti v\u00e4liin j\u00e4\u00e4v\u00e4t lyhyet palindromiset toistot) ja Cas9 on entsyymi, joka auttaa sekvenssin leikkaamisessa. CRISPR:ll\u00e4 on kaksi p\u00e4\u00e4piirrett\u00e4, jotka ovat nukleotidien toistimet ja v\u00e4likappaleet. Yleens\u00e4 CRISPR:ss\u00e4 nukleotidisekvenssit toimivat templaattis\u00e4ikein\u00e4, jotka transkriboivat komplementaarista RNA:ta, jota lopulta kutsuttiin CRISPR RNA:ksi (cr RNA). Emmanuelle Charpentier ja Jennifer Doudna olivat ensimm\u00e4iset, jotka saivat selville n\u00e4m\u00e4 v\u00e4likappaleet ja toistimet. He saivat my\u00f6s selville, ett\u00e4 Cas9-entsyymi, joka auttoi DNA-sekvenssin leikkaamisessa, sitoutui toiseen RNA-molekyyliin. N\u00e4m\u00e4 kaksi molekyyli\u00e4, cr RNA ja trans-aktivoiva cr RNA, auttoivat Cas9-entsyymi\u00e4 leikkaamaan kaksoiss\u00e4ikeisen DNA:n kohdekohdan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Emmanuelle Charpentier teki l\u00f6yd\u00f6n tarkkaillessaan streptokokkibakteerin immuunimekanismia virusta vastaan. H\u00e4nt\u00e4 kiehtoi eniten se, miten bakteereista l\u00f6ytyneell\u00e4 RNA-molekyylill\u00e4 oli hyvin samanlainen geneettinen koodi kuin bakteerien CRISPR:ll\u00e4. N\u00e4iden kahden sekvenssin analysoinnin j\u00e4lkeen havaittiin, ett\u00e4 RNA-molekyyli vastasi CRISPR:n toistuvaa osaa. Jatkotutkimuksissa h\u00e4n havaitsi, ett\u00e4 t\u00e4m\u00e4 pieni RNA-molekyyli aktivoi RNA-sekvenssin Cas9:n l\u00e4sn\u00e4 ollessa. RNA-sekvenssi oli CRISPR-sekvenssin tulos. T\u00e4t\u00e4 molekyyli\u00e4 kutsuttiin trans-aktivoivaksi CRISPR RNA:ksi. Kun bakteeri saa virustartunnan, bakteeri lis\u00e4\u00e4 viruksen DNA:n genomiinsa CRISPR-alueelle muistina. T\u00e4m\u00e4 auttaa bakteeria uusien tartuntojen varalta. T\u00e4m\u00e4 CRISPR-DNA kopioidaan sitten CRISPR-RNA:ksi, jonka on tarkoitus pilkkoutua muodostaen virus-DNA:ta, joka auttaisi vieraan virus-DNA:n tunnistamisessa.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

My\u00f6hemmin Jennifer Doudna analysoi, voitaisiinko t\u00e4m\u00e4 viruksen DNA tunnistaa CRISPR RNA:n ja Cas9-entsyymimolekyylin avulla. Useiden kokeiden j\u00e4lkeen he eiv\u00e4t viel\u00e4k\u00e4\u00e4n pystyneet tunnistamaan sit\u00e4 ja tajusivat, ett\u00e4 jotain puuttui. N\u00e4in ollen seuraavalla kerralla, kun he tekiv\u00e4t kokeen, siihen lis\u00e4ttiin my\u00f6s Emmanuellen l\u00f6yt\u00e4m\u00e4 trans-aktivoiva cr RNA-molekyyli. Heid\u00e4n yll\u00e4tyksekseen viruksen DNA tunnistettiin, mik\u00e4 johti uuteen aeoniin.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Nyky\u00e4\u00e4n CRISPR\/Cas9 on tuonut uudenlaisen l\u00e4hestymistavan el\u00e4miseen. Sit\u00e4 k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n tieteen eri aloilla. T\u00e4m\u00e4 ty\u00f6kalu on ollut evoluutiossa l\u00e4\u00e4ketieteen alalla. Nyky\u00e4\u00e4n tutkijat pyrkiv\u00e4t lopettamaan perinn\u00f6lliset sairaudet, jotka ovat vaikuttaneet ihmiskuntaan eniten. Toinen ala, jolla t\u00e4t\u00e4 ty\u00f6kalua hy\u00f6dynnet\u00e4\u00e4n, on maatalous, jossa kasveja muokataan infektioita kest\u00e4viksi, l\u00e4\u00e4kekehityksess\u00e4, geeniterapiassa ja monilla muilla aloilla. Kun t\u00e4t\u00e4 v\u00e4linett\u00e4 k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n s\u00e4\u00e4nt\u00f6jen mukaisesti ja eettisesti, ihmiskunta voi kokea rajattoman maailman.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Viite\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/prizes\/chemistry\/2020\/popular-information\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":11824,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959,28],"tags":[554],"yoast_head":"\nThe CRISPR DUO Steals The Show: Nobel Prize 2020 in Chemistry - Mind the Graph Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In 2020, many discoveries are accoladed with Nobel Prize and CRISPR DUO in Chemistry is one of them. 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