{"id":26914,"date":"2023-02-27T12:44:00","date_gmt":"2023-02-27T15:44:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/what-is-stargazing-copy\/"},"modified":"2023-02-28T18:06:09","modified_gmt":"2023-02-28T21:06:09","slug":"earthquake-magnitude","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/et\/maavarinamagnituudiga\/","title":{"rendered":"Maav\u00e4rinate suuruste ja nende m\u00f5ju m\u00f5istmine"},"content":{"rendered":"

Maav\u00e4rinad on laialt levinud loodusn\u00e4htus, mis toimub korrap\u00e4raselt kogu maailmas. Ameerika \u00dchendriikide geoloogilise uuringu (USGS) andmetel toimub igal aastal sadu tuhandeid maav\u00e4rinaid, millest enamik on liiga n\u00f5rgad, et inimesed neid m\u00e4rkaksid. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Maav\u00e4rinate sagedus varieerub oluliselt s\u00f5ltuvalt sellest, kus need toimuvad. T\u00e4nu oma paiknemisele aktiivsete plaatide piiril toimuvad teatud kohtades, n\u00e4iteks Californias ja Jaapanis, korrap\u00e4raselt maav\u00e4rinad, samas kui teistes kohtades v\u00f5ib esineda ainult \u00fcksikuid maav\u00e4rinaid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00fc\u00fcria ja T\u00fcrgi on samuti maav\u00e4rinatele altid. T\u00fcrgi asub Aafrika ja Euraasia tektoonilise plaadi piiril, S\u00fc\u00fcria aga Aafrika ja Araabia tektoonilise plaadi piiril. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Seep\u00e4rast tabas neid 6. veebruaril 2023. aastal kohutav maav\u00e4rin, mis tappis \u00fcle 11 000 inimese ja vigastas veel k\u00fcmneid tuhandeid. Maav\u00e4rina tugevus ulatus 7,8-ni, mida peetakse v\u00e4ga suureks ja potentsiaalselt h\u00e4vitavaks maav\u00e4rinaks. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mis on maav\u00e4rina suurus?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Maav\u00e4rina suurus on maav\u00e4rina suuruse v\u00f5i tugevuse m\u00f5\u00f5t\u00fchik, mida kasutatakse maav\u00e4rina tekitatud energia hulga v\u00e4ljendamiseks. Suurus arvutatakse seismiliste lainete suuruse ja t\u00e4heldatud maapinna liikumise hulga alusel. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Richteri skaala, mille l\u00f5i 1930. aastatel Charles Richter, oli aastaid traditsiooniline maav\u00e4rinate tugevuse m\u00f5\u00f5t\u00fchik, kuid praegu on Moment Magnitude Scale selle sisuliselt v\u00e4lja t\u00f5rjunud. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kuidas m\u00f5\u00f5ta maav\u00e4rina suurust? <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Maav\u00e4rina ulatuse m\u00f5\u00f5tmiseks on mitmeid meetodeid ja iga meetod annab erineva hinnangu maav\u00e4rina suuruse kohta. J\u00e4rgnevalt on esitatud k\u00f5ige levinumad l\u00e4henemisviisid:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Richteri skaala<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Richteri magnituudiskaala p\u00f5hineb seismomeetri poolt registreeritud suurimal seismilisel lainel ja annab \u00fcheainsa v\u00e4\u00e4rtuse, mis kirjeldab maav\u00e4rina \u00fcldist suurust. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

See on logaritmiline, mis t\u00e4hendab, et v\u00e4ike magnituudi t\u00f5us toob kaasa maav\u00e4rina suuruse m\u00e4rkimisv\u00e4\u00e4rse suurenemise. N\u00e4iteks 7,0-magnituudiline maav\u00e4rin on k\u00fcmme korda suurem kui 6,0-magnituudiline maav\u00e4rin ja sada korda suurem kui 5,0-magnituudiline maav\u00e4rin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Richteri magnituudiskaala ulatub 0-st kuni 9-ni, kusjuures numbreid alla 2,0 ei tunne inimesed tavaliselt ja numbreid \u00fcle 8,0 peetakse suurteks maav\u00e4rinateks, mis v\u00f5ivad p\u00f5hjustada ulatuslikku kahju ja katastroofi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Momendi suurusskaala<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Momendimagnituudiskaala v\u00f5eti kasutusele alternatiivina Richteri magnituudiskaalale maav\u00e4rina suuruse m\u00e4\u00e4ramiseks. Momendimagnituudiskaala hindab erinevalt Richteri magnituudiskaalast maav\u00e4rina tekitatud koguenergiat. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

See p\u00f5hineb seismilise momendi kontseptsioonil, mis on maav\u00e4rina suurus, mis p\u00f5hineb vea libisemise (liikumise) suurusel, vea libiseva osa pindalal ja maakoore j\u00e4ikusel. Seismiline moment saadakse seismiliste lainete m\u00f5\u00f5tmistest ja seda kasutatakse maav\u00e4rina momentmagnitiivi hindamiseks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Momendi magnituudiskaala, nagu ka Richteri magnituudiskaala, on logaritmiline, mis t\u00e4hendab, et v\u00e4ike magnituudi t\u00f5us v\u00f5rdub maav\u00e4rina suuruse tohutu suurenemisega.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Momendi magnituudiskaala ulatub -2,0 kuni 9,0 ja see on k\u00f5ige sagedamini kasutatav maav\u00e4rina magnituudiskaala, kuna see m\u00f5\u00f5dab maav\u00e4rina suurust t\u00e4psemalt kui Richteri magnituudiskaala, eriti suurte maav\u00e4rinate puhul, mis toimuvad m\u00e4rkimisv\u00e4\u00e4rses s\u00fcgavuses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Illustratsioon saadaval aadressil Mind the Graph<\/a><\/strong><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
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<\/a>Mercalli skaala<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Mercalli skaala on maav\u00e4rinate raskusastme skaala, mis n\u00e4itab maav\u00e4rina m\u00f5ju maakoorele ning inimestele, hoonetele ja muudele struktuuridele. Mercalli skaalat kasutatakse sageli koos Richteri v\u00f5i Momendi magnituudi skaalaga, mida kasutatakse maav\u00e4rina ulatuse m\u00e4\u00e4ramiseks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Skaala p\u00f5hineb Rooma numbrite s\u00fcsteemil I kuni XII, kusjuures I t\u00e4histab n\u00f5rku v\u00e4rinaid, mida inimesed ei tunne, ja XII \u00e4\u00e4rmiselt tugevaid v\u00e4rinaid, mis p\u00f5hjustavad ulatuslikku kahju ja h\u00e4vingut. Skaala arvestab seda, millisel pinnal maav\u00e4rin toimub, milliseid ehitisi see m\u00f5jutab ja kui suur on h\u00e4vingu ulatus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercalli skaala ja Moment Magnituudiskaala v\u00f5i Richteri skaala koos annavad maav\u00e4rinast \u00fcldisemat \u00fclevaadet, h\u00f5lmates nii selle suurust kui ka m\u00f5ju. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e4iteks kui suurema momendimagnituudiga maav\u00e4rin toimub v\u00e4hem asustatud piirkonnas v\u00f5i kui maapind on v\u00e4hem kahjustustele vastuv\u00f5tlik, ei pruugi see tekitada nii suurt kahju kui v\u00e4iksema momendimagnituudiga maav\u00e4rin suure rahvaarvuga piirkonnas v\u00f5i kui maapind on v\u00e4ga kahjustustele vastuv\u00f5tlik, v\u00f5ivad kahjud selles olukorras olla suuremad. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Seep\u00e4rast v\u00f5ib kahe skaala kombineerimine olla parim l\u00e4henemisviis, sest Mercalli skaala p\u00f5hineb maav\u00e4rinaid kogenud ja nende poolt t\u00e4heldatud m\u00f5judest teatanud inimeste t\u00e4helepanekutel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kuidas leida maav\u00e4rina epitsenter?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Seismoloogid kasutavad maav\u00e4rina epitsentri m\u00e4\u00e4ramiseks tehnikat, mida nimetatakse triangulatsiooniks. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Triangulatsiooni aluseks on idee, et maav\u00e4rina seismilised lained liiguvad erineva kiirusega l\u00e4bi erinevate materjalide, j\u00f5udes eri aegadel seismograafilistesse jaamadesse, mis asuvad eri kaugustel epitsentrist. Seismoloogid saavad hinnata epitsentri asukohta, uurides seismiliste lainete saabumise aega mitmes seismograafilises kohas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Maav\u00e4rina intensiivsus<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Suurus<\/th>Abi osat\u00e4htsus<\/th>M\u00f5ju<\/th>Maav\u00e4rinate keskmine m\u00e4\u00e4r<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
2,0 v\u00f5i v\u00e4hem<\/strong><\/td>Micro<\/td>Harva tunda<\/td>\u00dcle miljonite aastas<\/td><\/tr>
2,0-2,9<\/strong><\/td>Minor<\/td>Veidi tunda<\/td>\u00dcle \u00fche miljoni aastas<\/td><\/tr>
3,0-3,9<\/strong><\/td>Rohkem kui v\u00e4hemt\u00e4htsad<\/td>Sageli tundis<\/td>\u00dcle saja tuhande aastas<\/td><\/tr>
4,0-4,9<\/strong><\/td>Valgus<\/td>Enamik inimesi tunneb seda<\/td>\u00dcle k\u00fcmne tuhande aastas<\/td><\/tr>
5,0 kuni 5,9<\/strong><\/td>M\u00f5\u00f5dukas<\/td>V\u00f5ib kahjustada halbu struktuure<\/td>\u00dcle tuhande aastas<\/td><\/tr>
6,0 kuni 6,9<\/strong><\/td>Tugev<\/td>Tekitab kahju m\u00f5\u00f5dukatele h\u00e4sti ehitatud struktuuridele<\/td>\u00dcle saja aastas<\/td><\/tr>
7,0 kuni 7,9<\/strong><\/td>Major<\/td>Tekitab kahju enamikule hoonetele<\/td>K\u00fcmme kuni kaksk\u00fcmmend aastas<\/td><\/tr>
8,0-8,9<\/strong><\/td>Suur<\/td>Hoonetele tekitatud suuremad kahjud<\/td>\u00dcks aastas<\/td><\/tr>
9,0 v\u00f5i rohkem<\/strong><\/td>Suurim<\/td>Saab k\u00f5ik hooned kokku kukutada<\/td>\u00dcks iga k\u00fcmne v\u00f5i enama aasta tagant<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Oleme spetsialiseerunud graafilistele kokkuv\u00f5tetele, teaduslikele arvudele, mis on k\u00f5ik teadlaste poolt kureeritud<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Graafilised kokkuv\u00f5tted v\u00f5ivad aidata teadlastel edastada keerulisi kontseptsioone, r\u00f5hutades peamisi tulemusi, suurendades teadusuuringute avastatavust ja edendades multidistsiplinaarset t\u00f6\u00f6d. Teadlased v\u00f5ivad graafilisi kokkuv\u00f5tteid kasutades muuta oma uurimuse k\u00e4ttesaadavamaks ja arusaadavamaks, mis v\u00f5ib aidata kaasa teaduse arengule kogu valdkonnas. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kui teil on vaja lihtsat vahendit graafiliste kokkuv\u00f5tete loomiseks, kasutage Mind The Graphi, mis on m\u00f5eldud kasutajas\u00f5bralikuks vahendiks, mis v\u00f5imaldab iga\u00fchel, isegi piiratud disainiv\u00f5imega inimestel, toota professionaalse kvaliteediga graafikat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

On aeg m\u00f5ista maav\u00e4rina suurust, k\u00f5ige sagedamini kasutatavaid skaalasid ja seda, kuidas need v\u00f5ivad ennustada s\u00fcndmuse t\u00f5sidust.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":28,"featured_media":26924,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959,28],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nUnderstanding Earthquake Magnitudes and Their Impact<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"It's time to understand the earthquake magnitude, the most often used scales, and how they might predict the severity of an event.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/et\/wielkosc-trzesienia-ziemi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"et_EE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Understanding Earthquake 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