{"id":26890,"date":"2023-02-24T17:29:11","date_gmt":"2023-02-24T20:29:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/what-are-nanomaterials-copy\/"},"modified":"2023-02-28T17:41:23","modified_gmt":"2023-02-28T20:41:23","slug":"observer-bias","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/et\/vaatleja-eelarvamused\/","title":{"rendered":"Vaatleja erapoolikuse \u00fcletamine teadusuuringutes: Kuidas seda minimeerida?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Meie ootustel ja uskumustel v\u00f5ib olla suur m\u00f5ju sellele, kuidas me kogeme ja m\u00f5istame meid \u00fcmbritsevat maailma. Kui tegemist on teadusuuringutega, v\u00f5ivad need eelarvamused p\u00f5hjustada uuringu t\u00e4ielikku eelarvamust, mille tulemuseks on moonutatud, eksitavad v\u00f5i isegi t\u00e4iesti eba\u00f5iged j\u00e4reldused.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Seda nimetatakse vaatleja erapoolikuks ja see on tavaline n\u00e4htus teadusuuringutes. See on inimese normaalne kalduvus t\u00f5lgendada teavet instinktiivselt viisil, mis tugevdab tema enda uskumusi, ootusi v\u00f5i eelarvamusi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selles artiklis loodame mitte ainult selgitada, mis on vaatleja erapoolik, vaid ka anda m\u00f5ned soovitused, kuidas seda v\u00e4hendada.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mis on vaatlusuuring?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

P\u00f5him\u00f5tteliselt on vaatlusuuring kasulik meetod andmete kogumiseks ning k\u00e4itumise ja s\u00fcndmuste m\u00f5istmiseks mittekohustuslikul viisil. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Naturalistlik vaatlus, osaline vaatlus ja arhiiviuuringud on k\u00f5ik vaatlusuuringute n\u00e4ited. Lisaks kasutatakse vaatlusuuringuid paljudes uurimisvaldkondades, sealhulgas meditsiinis, ps\u00fchholoogias, k\u00e4itumisteadustes ja etnograafias.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mis on vaatleja erapoolikus?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Teadlase isiklike arvamuste, ootuste v\u00f5i eelarvamuste m\u00f5ju uuringu tulemustele nimetatakse vaatleja eelarvamuseks. See juhtub siis, kui uurija m\u00f5jutab alateadlikult uuringu tulemusi oma arvamuste v\u00f5i eelarvamuste p\u00f5hjal, mille tulemuseks on andmete ebat\u00e4pne t\u00f5lgendamine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uurimismeetodi iseloomu t\u00f5ttu on vaatlusuuringute puhul t\u00f5en\u00e4olisem, et vaatleja erapoolik on seotud vaatlusuuringutega. Vaatlusuuringu puhul on uurija sageli passiivne vaatleja, kes s\u00f5ltub andmete kogumisel oma t\u00e4helepanekutest ja t\u00f5lgendustest. Selle tulemusena v\u00f5ivad uurija isiklikud arvamused, ootused v\u00f5i eelarvamused m\u00f5jutada seda, kuidas ta andmeid t\u00f5lgendab ja kajastab, suurendades seel\u00e4bi vaatleja erapoolikuse ohtu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Vaatleja erapoolikuse liigid<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Vaatleja eelarvamusi on mitut liiki; loe edasi, et nende kohta rohkem teada saada.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e4itleja ja vaatleja eelarvamused<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e4itleja-vaatleja eelarvamus viitab inimeste kalduvusele omistada oma k\u00e4itumist keskkonnatingimustele, samal ajal kui teiste inimeste tegevust omistatakse nende isiksusele v\u00f5i kalduvusele. Teisis\u00f5nu, kui inimesed m\u00f5tisklevad omaenda k\u00e4itumise \u00fcle, kalduvad nad pigem hindama konteksti ja asjaolusid, mis viisid nende k\u00e4itumiseni, kuid kui nad n\u00e4evad teiste tegusid, omistavad nad sellist k\u00e4itumist pigem isiksuseomadustele v\u00f5i sisemistele kalduvustele.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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N\u00e4ide: <\/strong>Mina hilinesin koosolekule, sest olin ummikus, aga tema hilines, sest ta oli organiseerimata.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Vaatleja-ootuse efekt<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Vaatleja-ootuste efekt h\u00f5lmab m\u00f5ju, mida vaatleja ootused v\u00f5i uskumused v\u00f5ivad avaldada sellele, kuidas ta t\u00f5endusmaterjali tajub ja t\u00f5lgendab. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e4iteks kui vaatlejal on kindel ettekujutus teatud isikute grupi v\u00f5i konkreetsete n\u00e4htuste kohta, v\u00f5ib ta eelistatavalt j\u00e4lgida v\u00f5i t\u00f5lgendada teavet, mis toetab tema uskumusi, ignoreerides samas t\u00f5endeid, mis on vastuolus nende uskumustega.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Praktiline n\u00e4ide on f\u00fcsioloog, kes uurib \u00e4revush\u00e4irete v\u00f5imaliku ravi t\u00f5husust. Osalejate hindamisel v\u00f5ib ps\u00fchholoog tahtmatult keskenduda t\u00f5enditele, mis toetavad tema h\u00fcpoteesi, et ravi on \u00e4\u00e4rmiselt kasulik, ja j\u00e4tta t\u00e4helepanuta v\u00f5i v\u00e4hendada andmeid, mis n\u00e4itavad vastupidist.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eksperimendi eelarvamused<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Eksperimendi erapoolikus on m\u00f5ju, mida eksperimendi ootused, uskumused v\u00f5i isiklikud eelarvamused v\u00f5ivad avaldada eksperimendi tulemustele. See eelarvamus v\u00f5ib tekkida siis, kui katsetaja tahtmatult manipuleerib v\u00f5i t\u00f5lgendab andmeid oma ootuste v\u00f5i arvamuste toetamiseks, mille tulemuseks on ekslikud v\u00f5i erapoolikud j\u00e4reldused.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eksperimendi erisus erineb vaatleja-ootuse efektist selle poolest, et eksperimendi erisus m\u00f5jutab nii eksperimendi tulemusi kui ka seda, kuidas eksperimenti l\u00e4bi viiakse ja t\u00f5lgendatakse, samas kui vaatleja-ootuse efekt viitab sellele, kuidas vaatleja ootused v\u00f5i uskumused v\u00f5ivad m\u00f5jutada seda, kuidas ta vaatluse k\u00e4igus andmeid tajub, kogub, anal\u00fc\u00fcsib ja t\u00f5lgendab. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lisaks sellele on vaatleja erapoolikus tavaliselt seotud eksperimentaalsete uuringutega, samas kui eksperimendi erapoolikus on tavaliselt seotud vaatlusuuringutega.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kasutame sama n\u00e4idet, mida tegime vaatleja-ootuse efekti puhul. F\u00fcsioloog, kes viib l\u00e4bi uuringuid \u00e4revush\u00e4irete v\u00f5imaliku ravi t\u00f5hususe kohta. Ps\u00fchholoog v\u00f5ib teadust\u00f6\u00f6 k\u00e4igus tahtmatult korraldada eksperimenti, et suurendada heade tulemuste t\u00f5en\u00e4osust. Ta v\u00f5ib n\u00e4iteks valida vabatahtlikud, kes reageerivad ravimile t\u00f5en\u00e4olisemalt soodsalt, v\u00f5i ta v\u00f5ib muuta ravi annust v\u00f5i kestust, et optimeerida selle kasulikkust.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hawthorne'i efekt<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Hawthorne'i efekt on n\u00e4htus, mis on seotud sellega, et teadmine, et inimest j\u00e4lgitakse, v\u00f5ib m\u00f5jutada tema k\u00e4itumist. See efekt sai oma nime 1920ndatel ja 1930ndatel aastatel Illinoisi osariigis asuvas Hawthorne Works'i tehases tehtud katsete j\u00e4rgi, kus teadlased avastasid, et t\u00f6\u00f6tingimuste muutmine, n\u00e4iteks parem valgustus v\u00f5i l\u00fchemad t\u00f6\u00f6ajad, t\u00f5i kaasa t\u00f6\u00f6v\u00f5ime paranemise. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uurijad leidsid, et tootlikkuse kasv oli tingitud pigem t\u00f6\u00f6tajate teadlikkusest, et neid j\u00e4lgitakse, ja sellest tulenevast t\u00e4helepanust, mitte konkreetsest t\u00f6\u00f6tingimuste paranemisest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kuidas minimeerida vaatleja erapoolikust?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Arvestades, et vaatleja erapoolikusel v\u00f5ib olla suur m\u00f5ju uurimistulemuste kehtivusele ja usaldusv\u00e4\u00e4rsusele, tuleb v\u00f5tta meetmeid selle m\u00f5ju minimeerimiseks. J\u00e4rgnevalt on esitatud m\u00f5ned meetodid vaatleja erapoolikuse minimeerimiseks:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. Vaatlejate eelarvamuste teadlikkuse suurendamine ja nende m\u00f5ju alane koolitus v\u00f5ib aidata vaatlejatel oma eelarvamuste \u00e4ratundmisel ja kontrollimisel oma j\u00e4reldustes.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
      \n
    1. Erinevate vaatlejate andmete ristkontrollimine v\u00f5ib aidata tagada vaatluste j\u00e4rjepidevust ja t\u00e4psust. See v\u00f5ib aidata tuvastada erinevusi v\u00f5i erisusi vaatlustes, mille tulemuseks on andmete usaldusv\u00e4\u00e4rsem esitus. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
        \n
      1. Standardiseeritud protokollid v\u00f5ivad aidata tagada, et vaatlusi tehakse j\u00e4rjepidevalt ja objektiivselt. See v\u00f5ib aidata v\u00e4hendada vaatlejate erapoolikuse m\u00f5ju, k\u00f5rvaldades individuaalse t\u00f5lgendamise v\u00f5i vaatluste varieerumise v\u00f5imaluse.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
          \n
        1. Pimedad l\u00e4henemisviisid, n\u00e4iteks topeltpimedad uuringud, v\u00f5ivad aidata v\u00e4hendada vaatleja erapoolikuse m\u00f5ju, kuna vaatleja ei saa teada, milline ravi v\u00f5i sekkumine osalejatele on m\u00e4\u00e4ratud. See tagab, et vaatleja ootused ja eelarvamused ei m\u00f5juta tema t\u00e4helepanekuid ega faktide t\u00f5lgendamist.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
            \n
          1. Vaatluste v\u00f5imalikult m\u00e4rkamatuks tegemine v\u00f5ib aidata v\u00e4hendada Hawthorne'i efekti, mis viitab sellele, et teadmine, et kedagi j\u00e4lgitakse, v\u00f5ib m\u00f5jutada tema k\u00e4itumist.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

            Teadlaste koostatud infograafiamallid<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

            Pole midagi paremat, kui olla abiks inimesele, kes m\u00f5istab teie vajadusi. Kui olete teadlane, kes otsib oma infograafiate ja illustratsioonide jaoks sobivat vahendit, Mind The Graph<\/a> on parim koht, kuhu minna, sest me m\u00f5istame t\u00e4pselt, mida te vajate!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            <\/div>\n\n\n
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            \"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
            <\/div>\n\n\n\n
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            Alustage Mind the Graph kasutamist<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
            <\/div>\n\n\n\n

            <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

            \u00d5ppige, mis on vaatleja erapoolikus, selle erinevad liigid, kuidas see m\u00f5jutab teadusuuringuid ja, mis k\u00f5ige t\u00e4htsam, kuidas seda minimeerida.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":28,"featured_media":26897,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959,28],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nOvercoming Observer Bias in Research: How To Minimize It?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn what observer bias is, the different types, how it affects research, and, most importantly, how to minimize it.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/et\/vaatleja-eelarvamused\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"et_EE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Overcoming Observer 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