{"id":12051,"date":"2020-12-23T11:11:39","date_gmt":"2020-12-23T13:11:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/?p=12051"},"modified":"2023-01-05T14:32:04","modified_gmt":"2023-01-05T17:32:04","slug":"nerve-impulses-the-action-potential","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/et\/narviimpulsid-tegevus-potentsiaal\/","title":{"rendered":"N\u00e4rviimpulsid 1. OSA - Tegevuspotentsiaal"},"content":{"rendered":"

Et m\u00f5ista, kuidas neuron t\u00f6\u00f6tab, on kaks m\u00f5istet, mida peame vaatama. Esimene on seotud sellega, mis toimub neuroni sees, kui info liigub edasi - aktsioonipotentsiaal -, teine on see, kuidas info h\u00fcppab \u00fchest rakust teise - s\u00fcnaps. Nende kahe protsessi abil on n\u00e4rvis\u00fcsteemi rakud v\u00f5imelised edasi kandma k\u00f5ige keerulisemat teavet kogu kehas, liigutades seda neuronilt neuronile, kuni j\u00f5uab l\u00f5puks sihtrakku. K\u00e4esolevas artiklis arutame esimest m\u00f5istet, milleks on tegevuspotentsiaal<\/strong>.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e4rviimpulss on elektrokeemiline signaal; see on peamine mehhanism, mida kasutatakse teabe edastamiseks neuroni sees. M\u00f5ne neuroni dendriidid tuvastavad ja v\u00f5tavad vastu impulsi eelmisest rakust, n\u00e4rviimpulss kulgeb m\u00f6\u00f6da minnes alates dendriidid <\/strong>et tuum <\/strong>kui akson<\/strong>ja l\u00f5puks aksoni terminal<\/strong> kui impulss antakse edasi j\u00e4rgmisele neuronile. See protsess j\u00e4tkub <\/strong>korduvalt, kuni see j\u00f5uab sihtruutu.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Elektrokeemiline signaal tekib t\u00e4nu ioonide liikumisele neuroni plasmamembraani sise- ja v\u00e4lisosa vahel. Ioonid liiguvad v\u00e4ljastpoolt sissepoole, tekitades membraanis potentsiaalierinevuse. \"Sild\", mida need ioonid kasutavad raku sees liikumiseks, on transmembraaniline valk, mida nimetatakse pinge-kiirusega ioonikanalid<\/strong>.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Neid pinge-kanaleid kontrollivad elektrilised pinged, mis on omamoodi vastus elektrilistele stiimulitele, teisis\u00f5nu, need kanalid ei ole alati avatud ioonide l\u00e4bip\u00e4\u00e4suks, nad avanevad ja sulguvad ainult m\u00f5ne elektrilise pinge stiimulite m\u00f5jul.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Kui rakk ei ole stiimulite all, kui membraan on rahulik, s\u00e4ilib neuroni sise- ja v\u00e4lisosa vahel potentsiaalierinevus. Puhkeolekus on membraani potentsiaal -70mV, mis on negatiivne potentsiaal, samas kui v\u00e4lisk\u00fcljel on positiivne potentsiaal. Seda potentsiaalierinevust nimetatakse puhkeva membraanipotentsiaal, <\/strong>ja seda s\u00e4ilitavad peamiselt naatrium- ja kaaliumioonid naatrium-kaaliumpumba kaudu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elektrilise pingestimulatsiooni m\u00f5jul hakkab membraanipotentsiaalide vahe ise \u00fcmberp\u00f6\u00f6rduma, naatriumikanalid avanevad, v\u00f5imaldades paljudele naatriumioonidele minna raku sisemusse, muutes membraani hetkeks depolariseeritud<\/strong>, ehk siis naatriumioonid muudavad membraani sisemise piirkonna positiivseks v\u00f5rgustikuks. See depolarisatsiooni liikumine on kuulus tegevuspotentsiaal<\/strong>; membraanipotentsiaal t\u00f5useb ja langeb kiiresti. Potentsiaal t\u00f5useb +40mV-ni veidi rohkem kui 2milisekundiga ja l\u00e4heb tagasi puhkeolekusse v\u00e4hem kui 3milisekundiga.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aktsioonipotentsiaal ei toimu kogu neuronis korraga, membraani depolarisatsioon algab dendriitides ja seej\u00e4rel tuumas osade kaupa, depolarisatsioon ja tagasip\u00f6\u00f6rdumine puhkepotentsiaalile varsti p\u00e4rast seda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Membraani puhkepotentsiaali taastamiseks sulguvad naatriumikanalid ja avanevad pingekontrollitud kaaliumikanalid, mis v\u00f5imaldab kaaliumioonidel minna raku sisemusse, repolarisatsiooniga membraani, muutes membraani sisemise piirkonna taas negatiivselt laetud ja v\u00e4lise piirkonna positiivseks. Naatrium-kaaliumipump aitab taastada iga iooni \u00f5ige koguse raku sees, lastes iga kahe kaaliumiooni kohta v\u00e4lja kolm naatriumiooni.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Me v\u00f5ime seda ette kujutada nagu s\u00fcnkroonitud liikumist, alates tegevuspotentsiaali reageerimise hetkest kuni puhkeoleku taastamise hetkeni.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Huvitav on see, et kui aksonis on meil pingepeaga ioonikanalid, mis tekitavad ja levitavad n\u00e4rviimpulssi, siis dendriitides neid kanaleid ei ole. Nendes neuroni piirkondades ei edasta signaali mitte aktsioonipotentsiaal, vaid astmeline potentsiaal, <\/strong>a <\/strong>teistsugune signaali leviku vorm, kus signaali skaala suureneb m\u00f6\u00f6da teed, kuni muutub aktsioonipotentsiaaliks aksonil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pange t\u00e4hele, et naatriumioon vastutab de aktsioonipotentsiaali levitamise eest ja kaalium taastab puhkeseisundi. Nende ioonide puudumine organismis v\u00f5ib p\u00f5hjustada probleeme aktsioonipotentsiaali kvaliteedis ja t\u00f5hususes, mis t\u00e4hendab probleeme s\u00fcnapsides ja informatsiooni edastamisel n\u00e4rvis\u00fcsteemi kaudu. K\u00f5ik need probleemid v\u00f5ivad vallandada vaimse tervise t\u00fcsistusi ja haigusi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

J\u00e4rgmine samm oleks n\u00e4rviimpulsi edastamine j\u00e4rgmisele neuronile. Teistsugune asi toimub kahe neuroni vahelises ruumis, s\u00fcnaptilises pilus. S\u00fcnaptiline l\u00f5he on v\u00e4ga oluline koht, mida vaadata ja uurida, see on koht, kus paljud erinevad neurotransmitterid tulevad t\u00f6\u00f6le, aktiveerides uue signaalitee, kasutades retseptoreid, teisi valke ja ioone peale naatriumi ja kaaliumi. Kuid selle j\u00e4tame artikli j\u00e4rgmisesse arutlusse N\u00e4rviimpulss 2. OSA - S\u00fcnaptiline l\u00f5he<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kas sulle meeldisid selles artiklis olevad infograafiad? V\u00f5ite kasutada Mind the Graph ja teha pilte informatiivsed nagu see liiga. Saate aadressil Mind the Graph<\/a> ja heita pilk illustratsioonigalerii<\/a>, seal saadaval neuroloogia<\/a> ja biokeemia<\/a> illustratsioonid, ja kui vajate abi, siis palun v\u00f5tke meiega \u00fchendust<\/a>!<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Selleks, et m\u00f5ista, kuidas neuron t\u00f6\u00f6tab, on kaks m\u00f5istet, mida me peame vaatama. Esimene neist on seotud sellega, mis toimub neuroni sees, kui informatsioon liigub edasi - aktsioonipotentsiaal -, teine on see, kuidas informatsioon h\u00fcppab \u00fchest rakust teise - [...]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":12055,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959],"tags":[812,813],"yoast_head":"\nNerve Impulses PART 1 \u2013 The Action Potential - MTG<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"It's a deep dive into nerve impulses. 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