{"id":11793,"date":"2020-10-15T05:06:00","date_gmt":"2020-10-15T08:06:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/?p=11793"},"modified":"2022-11-21T09:55:34","modified_gmt":"2022-11-21T12:55:34","slug":"nobel-prize-2020-for-medicine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/et\/nobeli-preemia-2020-meditsiinile\/","title":{"rendered":"Nobeli meditsiinipreemia 2020 - C-hepatiidi avastamine, diagnoosimine ja ravi"},"content":{"rendered":"

aasta \u00fchel \u00fclemaailmsel teaduslikul tipps\u00fcndmusel, mis toimus 5. oktoobril 2020 Stockholmis, anti Nobeli f\u00fcsioloogia- v\u00f5i meditsiiniauhind viroloogide ja biokeemikute r\u00fchmale C-hepatiidi viiruse avastamise eest. Harvey Alter, Michael Houghton ja Charles Rice saavad Nobeli preemia \u00fchiselt haiguse tekitaja avastamise ja haiguse ravimise tee leidmise eest. Karolinska instituudi Nobeli assamblee liikmed ei suutnud end tagasi hoida, \u00f6eldes, et see avastus on lootus veres\u00fcndinud hepatiidi h\u00e4vitamiseks maailmast.<\/span><\/p>\n

aasta \u00fchel \u00fclemaailmsel teaduslikul tipps\u00fcndmusel, mis toimus 5. oktoobril 2020 Stockholmis, anti Nobeli f\u00fcsioloogia- v\u00f5i meditsiiniauhind viroloogide ja biokeemikute r\u00fchmale C-hepatiidi viiruse avastamise eest. Harvey Alter, Michael Houghton ja Charles Rice saavad Nobeli preemia \u00fchiselt haiguse tekitaja avastamise ja haiguse ravimise tee leidmise eest. Karolinska instituudi Nobeli assamblee liikmed ei suutnud end tagasi hoida, \u00f6eldes, et see avastus on lootus veres\u00fcndinud hepatiidi h\u00e4vitamiseks maailmast.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Mis on hepatiit?<\/b><\/h2>\n

S\u00f5na hepatiit p\u00e4rineb kreekakeelsest s\u00f5nast \"Hepar\", mis viitab maksale. Hepatiit on meditsiiniline seisund, mille puhul inimese maks on kas m\u00fcrgistuse v\u00f5i viirusnakkuse t\u00f5ttu p\u00f5letikuline. Hepatiidile on iseloomulikud kollat\u00f5bi, tsirroos, palavik ja maksa suurenemine. Hepatiiti tekitavatest nakkusetekitajatest levib A-hepatiidi viirus saastunud vee kaudu, B- ja C-viirus aga vere ja kehavedelike kaudu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kuidas see avastati?<\/b><\/h2>\n

P\u00e4rast B-hepatiidi avastamist olid Alter ja tema meeskond t\u00e4heldanud mitmeid seletamatuid maksainfektsioone ja kroonilist hepatiiti p\u00e4rast vere\u00fclekannet. Oma hilisemates uuringutes t\u00f5estasid nad kaks olulist fakti: esiteks, tundmatu nakkusetekitaja v\u00f5is haigust edasi kanda \u0161impansidele ja teiseks, nakkusetekitajal olid viiruse tunnused, kuid mitte nagu hepatiit A v\u00f5i B. Alteri panus viroloogia valdkonda oli valguseks maksainfektsioonijuhtumite pimedas tormilises \u00f6\u00f6s. Siiski ei olnud viirust identifitseeritud ega iseloomustatud \u00fchtegi viiruste perekonda ega klassifitseeritud.<\/span><\/p>\n

Panused identifitseerimiseks ja likvideerimise viisid<\/b><\/h2>\n

Suure haigestumuse ja suremuse t\u00f5ttu on teadlased aastate jooksul p\u00fc\u00fcdnud tuvastada \"tundmatu\" hepatiidi sarnase viiruse tekitajat ja seda iseloomustada. P\u00e4rast k\u00f5igi traditsiooniliste meetodite proovimist ja eba\u00f5nnestumist suutsid nad Chiron Pharmaceuticals'i Houghtoni uuendusliku l\u00e4henemise abil tuvastada ja kloonida DNA-fragmente, mis vastutavad viiruse valgu moodustamise eest. P\u00e4rast keerukat DNA raamatukogu ettevalmistamist ja klooni otsimist suutsid Houghton ja tema meeskond l\u00f5puks tuvastada sarnasuse Flaviviridae perekonnaga ja nimetasid selle C-hepatiidi viiruseks. Nende uurimist\u00f6\u00f6 andis ka katsemenetluse, et tuvastada haigustekitajat tuvastatud antikehade abil.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

L\u00f5plik t\u00f5estus, et C-hepatiit v\u00f5ib olla ainus maksap\u00f5letikku p\u00f5hjustav tegur, oli Rice'i ulatusliku uurimist\u00f6\u00f6 tulemus Washingtoni \u00dclikoolis St. Louis'is. Kasutades rekombinantset DNA-tehnoloogiat, tekitasid Rice ja tema t\u00f6\u00f6r\u00fchm C-hepatiidi viiruse genoomi variatsiooni, millel puudusid inaktiveerivad j\u00e4rjestused, ja s\u00fcstisid seda primaatidele. Tulemused n\u00e4itasid, et variandid v\u00f5ivad p\u00f5hjustada kroonilist maksahaigust ja kajastasid k\u00f5iki patoloogilisi muutusi. K\u00f5igi \u00e4sja tuvastatud j\u00e4rjestuste ja inaktiveerivate piirkondade abil andsid nad lootust luua \u00f5ige ravimi C-hepatiidi viiruse vastu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Avastuse m\u00f5ju<\/b><\/h2>\n

COVID-19 pandeemiaga on maailm muutunud s\u00f5jarindeks. Viirusevastaste ravimite avastamine, selle diagnostika ja identifitseerimise avastused, C-hepatiidi ja sellega seotud saavutused on m\u00e4rkimisv\u00e4\u00e4rsed sammud viroloogia ja meditsiini valdkonnas. Maailma Terviseorganisatsioon on seadnud eesm\u00e4rgiks C-hepatiidi viiruse likvideerimise k\u00fcmne aasta jooksul. Need avastused on sammud selle eesm\u00e4rgi poole. Siiski tuleb veel \u00fcletada probleeme ja vaktsiini ei ole veel tehtud, kuid lootuskiir on saabunud haiguse avastamis- ja ravikavade n\u00e4ol, et v\u00f5idelda selle haiguse vastu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mind the Graph meeskond \u00f5nnitleb teadlaste, \u00fclikoolide ja nende r\u00fchmade kolmikut nende saavutuste eest! Aastak\u00fcmneid kestnud teadust\u00f6\u00f6 ja raske t\u00f6\u00f6 on andnud inimkonnale uue tee surmava viirushaiguse v\u00f5itmiseks.<\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":11817,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959,28],"tags":[554],"yoast_head":"\nNobel Prize in Medicine 2020 - Diagnosis and Cure of Hepatitis C<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The recent findings in Hepatitis C have been acclaimed for the Nobel Prize in 2020 in Chemistry. 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