{"id":11788,"date":"2020-10-19T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-10-19T11:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/?p=11788"},"modified":"2022-11-21T09:55:34","modified_gmt":"2022-11-21T12:55:34","slug":"crispr-duo-wins-nobel-prize-2020-for-chemistry","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/et\/crispr-duo-voidab-nobeli-auhinna-2020-keemia-eest\/","title":{"rendered":"CRISPR DUO varastab show'd: Nobeli keemiapreemia 2020"},"content":{"rendered":"

T\u00e4psus on teadlase kaubam\u00e4rk. Emmanuelle Charpentier ja Jennifer Doudna avastasid geenitehnoloogia revolutsioonilise t\u00f6\u00f6riista nimega CRISPR\/Cas9, \"geneetilised k\u00e4\u00e4rid\". Selle elu muutva vahendi pioneerid Emmanuelle Charpentier ja Jennifer Doudna saavad 2020. aastal Nobeli keemiapreemia. Nende 2012. aastal tehtud leiutis t\u00f5i kaasa lugematuid avastusi sellistes olulistes valdkondades nagu v\u00e4hiuuringud, taimeuuringud ja p\u00e4rilike haiguste ravimise leidmine. CRISPR\/Cas9-vahend on lihtsustanud geneetiliste j\u00e4rjestuste toimetamist t\u00e4pses asukohas v\u00e4hemal ajal. Nende avastamine on muutnud perspektiivi bioteaduste suhtes. See on h\u00fcppelaua uuele ajastule geneetikas, mis toob kasu k\u00f5igile elavatele inimestele.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Mis on CRISPR\/Cas9 ja kuidas see avastati?<\/span><\/h2>\n

CISPR\/CAS9 on geenit\u00f6\u00f6tlusvahend, mida kasutatakse DNA j\u00e4rjestuse l\u00f5ikamiseks t\u00e4pselt soovitud kohas. CRISPR t\u00e4histab Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats ja Cas9 on ens\u00fc\u00fcm, mis aitab j\u00e4rjestust l\u00f5igata. CRISPRil on kaks peamist omadust, milleks on nukleotiidikordajad ja vahekordajad. Tavaliselt toimivad CRISPRi puhul nukleotiidij\u00e4rjestused nagu templaat, et transkribeerida komplementaarne RNA, mida l\u00f5puks nimetati CRISPR RNA-ks (cr RNA). Emmanuelle Charpentier ja Jennifer Doudna olid esimesed, kes avastasid need spacerid ja kordajad. Samuti leidsid nad, et Cas9 ens\u00fc\u00fcm, mis aitas DNA j\u00e4rjestuse l\u00f5ikamisel, seondub teise RNA molekuliga. Need kaks molekuli, cr RNA ja trans-aktiveeriv cr RNA, aitasid Cas9-l l\u00f5igata kahesuunalise DNA sihtkohas.<\/span><\/p>\n

Avastuse tegi Emmanuelle Charpentier streptokokkbakteri immuunmehhanismi j\u00e4lgides viiruse vastu. Teda intrigeeris k\u00f5ige rohkem see, kuidas bakterites leiduv RNA molekul oli v\u00e4ga sarnase geneetilise koodiga nagu bakterite CRISPR. P\u00e4rast kahe j\u00e4rjestuse anal\u00fc\u00fcsimist leiti, et RNA molekul vastas CRISPRi korduvale osale. Edasisel uurimisel leidis ta, et see v\u00e4ike RNA-molekul aktiveeris RNA-j\u00e4rjestuse Cas9 juuresolekul. RNA-j\u00e4rjestus oli CRISPR-j\u00e4rjestuse tulemus. Seda molekuli nimetati trans-aktiveerivaks CRISPR RNA-ks. Kui bakter nakatub viirusega, lisab bakter oma genoomi CRISPR-piirkonnas m\u00e4luna viiruse DNA. See aitab bakterit edasise uue nakatumise eest. Seej\u00e4rel kopeeritakse see CRISPR DNA, et teha CRISPR RNA, mis peaks l\u00f5hustuma, et moodustada viiruse DNA, mis aitaks v\u00f5\u00f5ras viiruse DNA-d \u00e4ra tunda.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Hiljem anal\u00fc\u00fcsis Jennifer Doudna, kas seda viiruslikku DNA-d on v\u00f5imalik tuvastada CRISPR RNA ja Cas9 ens\u00fc\u00fcmimolekuli abil. P\u00e4rast mitmeid katseid ei suutnud nad seda ikka veel tuvastada ja m\u00f5istsid, et midagi on puudu. Seega lisasid nad j\u00e4rgmisel korral, kui nad katset tegid, ka Emmanuelle'i poolt avastatud trans-aktiveeriva cr RNA molekuli. Nende \u00fcllatuseks tuvastati viiruse DNA, mis viis uue aeonini.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e4nap\u00e4eval on CRISPR\/Cas9 toonud kaasa uue l\u00e4henemise elule. Seda kasutatakse erinevates teadusvaldkondades. See vahend on olnud evolutsiooniline meditsiiniteadustes. T\u00e4na t\u00f6\u00f6tavad teadlased selle nimel, et l\u00f5petada p\u00e4rilikud haigused, mis on inimkonda k\u00f5ige rohkem m\u00f5jutanud. Teine valdkond, kus seda vahendit kasutatakse, on p\u00f5llumajandus, et muuta taimi nakkuskindlaks, ravimite v\u00e4ljat\u00f6\u00f6tamisel, geeniteraapias ja paljudes muudes valdkondades. Selle vahendi regulatiivse ja eetilise kasutamisega v\u00f5ib inimkond kogeda piirideta maailma.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Viide\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/prizes\/chemistry\/2020\/popular-information\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":11824,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959,28],"tags":[554],"yoast_head":"\nThe CRISPR DUO Steals The Show: Nobel Prize 2020 in Chemistry - Mind the Graph Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In 2020, many discoveries are accoladed with Nobel Prize and CRISPR DUO in Chemistry is one of them. 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