{"id":11803,"date":"2020-10-28T09:30:35","date_gmt":"2020-10-28T11:30:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/?p=11803"},"modified":"2022-10-18T08:09:32","modified_gmt":"2022-10-18T11:09:32","slug":"rt-pcr-test-for-coronavirus","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/es\/rt-pcr-test-for-coronavirus\/","title":{"rendered":"La prueba RT-PCR para el Coronavirus"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">De las muchas cosas que se han o\u00eddo sobre el COVID-19 en 2020, una cosa en medio de todo es la prueba utilizada para detectar si alguien est\u00e1 contaminado con el virus, la famosa prueba RT-PCR o s\u00f3lo PCR.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Seguramente, ya ha o\u00eddo hablar de esta prueba antes, de un profesional m\u00e9dico o en las noticias. La prueba PCR se emplea para detectar la presencia (o no) del virus en el cuerpo de alguien.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La prueba RT-PCR no es la \u00fanica que puede detectar el virus, pero es, en comparaci\u00f3n con los dem\u00e1s m\u00e9todos, la m\u00e1s precisa y fiable. Otra prueba es la prueba serol\u00f3gica convencional que detecta los niveles de anticuerpos espec\u00edficos en muestras de sangre.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Las letras en RT-PCR, significan <\/span><b>Reacci\u00f3n en cadena de la polimerasa de transcripci\u00f3n inversa<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La tecnolog\u00eda de la informaci\u00f3n y la comunicaci\u00f3n, utilizada durante d\u00e9cadas por los cient\u00edficos para producir m\u00faltiples copias de material gen\u00e9tico.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Es decir, en este caso, m\u00e1s material gen\u00e9tico del SARS-CoV-2, que se utiliza como huella dactilar para atestiguar la presencia del virus en las muestras de la nariz, los o\u00eddos o la saliva recogidas de los pacientes. Si hay alg\u00fan virus oculto en la muestra, incluso en peque\u00f1as cantidades, podr\u00e1 detectarse debido a su ciclo de copia-pega. Por eso la prueba RT-PCR es tan fiable.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>La prueba<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> es un m\u00e9todo con b\u00e1sicamente dos pasos dentro del ciclo de temperatura, que hace un proceso de copia-pega de un trozo de material gen\u00e9tico, ya sea ADN o ARN.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La prueba requiere una <\/span><b>m\u00e1quina termocicladora<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> que tiene un preciso <\/span><b>control de temperatura y tiempo<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. A trav\u00e9s de m\u00faltiples ciclos de temperatura, el material gen\u00e9tico viral aumentar\u00e1. A continuaci\u00f3n se muestra un ejemplo de un ciclo de temperatura.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/polymerase-chain-reaction-steps.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-11804 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/polymerase-chain-reaction-steps.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"567\" height=\"391\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/polymerase-chain-reaction-steps.png 567w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/polymerase-chain-reaction-steps-300x207.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 567px) 100vw, 567px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">El m\u00e9todo requiere dos enzimas principales, la transcriptasa inversa (por eso el \"RT\" del t\u00edtulo) y la ADN-polimerasa. Cada una de ellas tiene una fase de acci\u00f3n y una funci\u00f3n. En la figura anterior, la fase amarilla del ciclo es cuando act\u00faa la RT, y la fase roja es cuando la ADN-polimerasa hace su trabajo.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La primera enzima fabrica la hebra complementaria de ADN del virus de ARN, lo que permite a la segunda enzima realizar el trabajo de copia-pega de la nueva hebra de ADN reci\u00e9n hecha, aumentando la cantidad de material gen\u00e9tico presente. Esta amplificaci\u00f3n hace posible caracterizar y\/o manipular el material gen\u00e9tico, cuando en una cantidad menor no ser\u00eda posible.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/dna-polyemrase.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-11806 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/dna-polyemrase.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"375\" height=\"154\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/dna-polyemrase.png 375w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/dna-polyemrase-300x123.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 375px) 100vw, 375px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Para que todo este proceso ocurra las enzimas necesitan la ayuda de una peque\u00f1a (o gran) mol\u00e9cula llamada PRIMER. La funci\u00f3n del cebador es indicar el lugar donde la enzima debe comenzar a extender las hebras, sin \u00e9l el proceso de copia-pega de la ADN-polimerasa no comenzar\u00e1.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">El cebador puede elegirse con una forma aleatoria o espec\u00edfica. Es muy importante conocer el mapa gen\u00e9tico del v\u00edrus en casos como \u00e9ste, para poder utilizar cebadores espec\u00edficos que aumenten la eficacia y la fiabilidad de los resultados.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Si eres curioso como nosotros y quieres conocer m\u00e1s detalles sobre la RT-PCR puedes consultar m\u00e1s detalles\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/14667534\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> este art\u00edculo cient\u00edfico <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">aqu\u00ed<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 pero en esencia aqu\u00ed est\u00e1 todo lo que se necesita para hacer la prueba:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>El material gen\u00e9tico viral, el ARN<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/viral-genetic-material-the-rna.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-11808 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/viral-genetic-material-the-rna.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"370\" height=\"157\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/viral-genetic-material-the-rna.png 370w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/viral-genetic-material-the-rna-300x127.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 370px) 100vw, 370px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Transcriptasa inversa y enzimas de ADN-polimerasa<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/reverse-transcriptase-and-dna-polymerase-enzymes.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-11809 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/reverse-transcriptase-and-dna-polymerase-enzymes.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"280\" height=\"143\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>PRIMERAS<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/primers.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-11810 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/primers.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"177\" height=\"94\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Trifosfatos de nucle\u00f3sidos<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/nucleoside-triphosphates.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-11811\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/nucleoside-triphosphates.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"188\" height=\"70\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Y colorantes fluorescentes reporteros:\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Para conocer los resultados de una muestra que puede estar o no contaminada con el virus COVID-19, se utiliza el ensayo de colorantes fluorescentes reporteros en combinaci\u00f3n con la prueba RT-PCR. El ensayo se basa en la presencia o no de una se\u00f1al fluorescente de la muestra. En ausencia de se\u00f1al, la prueba puede concluirse como negativa o falsa negativa. En presencia de una se\u00f1al intensa puede concluirse no s\u00f3lo como positivo para la presencia de v\u00edrus sino tambi\u00e9n como enfermedad en estado avanzado.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Mezcle todos los ingredientes y p\u00f3ngalos en la m\u00e1quina termocicladora.\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">El primer paso de la prueba se muestra en la siguiente infograf\u00eda. La enzima RT realiza la primera copia del material gen\u00e9tico del virus presente en la muestra. A continuaci\u00f3n se ve el segundo paso del m\u00e9todo RT-PCR. El cebador indica la posici\u00f3n de inicio y la ADN-polimerasa, mediante una reacci\u00f3n enzim\u00e1tica, comienza a extender las hebras de ADN.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/mix-all-the-ingredients-and-put-it-in-the-thermocycle-machine.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-11812 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/mix-all-the-ingredients-and-put-it-in-the-thermocycle-machine.png\" alt=\"La prueba RT-PCR para el Coronavirus\" width=\"512\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/mix-all-the-ingredients-and-put-it-in-the-thermocycle-machine.png 512w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/mix-all-the-ingredients-and-put-it-in-the-thermocycle-machine-300x88.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/01-mix-all-the-ingredients-and-put-it-in-the-thermocycle-machine.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-11813 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/01-mix-all-the-ingredients-and-put-it-in-the-thermocycle-machine.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"472\" height=\"384\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/01-mix-all-the-ingredients-and-put-it-in-the-thermocycle-machine.png 472w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/01-mix-all-the-ingredients-and-put-it-in-the-thermocycle-machine-300x244.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 472px) 100vw, 472px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/02-mix-all-the-ingredients-and-put-it-in-the-thermocycle-machine.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-11814 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/02-mix-all-the-ingredients-and-put-it-in-the-thermocycle-machine.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"466\" height=\"364\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/02-mix-all-the-ingredients-and-put-it-in-the-thermocycle-machine.png 466w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/02-mix-all-the-ingredients-and-put-it-in-the-thermocycle-machine-300x234.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 466px) 100vw, 466px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Por \u00faltimo, esta imagen es una micrograf\u00eda electr\u00f3nica del virus SARS-CoV-2, y en ella se puede ver perfectamente la estructura del virus. \u00bfNo es hermoso?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La prueba es compleja y no es tan sencilla como parece, pero apuesto a que con la infograf\u00eda fue mucho m\u00e1s f\u00e1cil entender el panorama general de su funcionamiento, \u00bfno?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Puede hacerlo con cualquier informaci\u00f3n cient\u00edfica que desee utilizando\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mind the Graph<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. La plataforma est\u00e1 aqu\u00ed para darle autonom\u00eda para comunicar mejor la informaci\u00f3n cient\u00edfica. Aprenda m\u00e1s sobre c\u00f3mo utilizar la plataforma y si necesita ayuda, p\u00f3ngase en contacto con nosotros<\/span><b>!<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Referencia<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">AI, T. et al. Correlaci\u00f3n de las pruebas de TC de t\u00f3rax y RT-PCR para la enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) en China: A Report of 1014 Cases. Radiology, v. 296, n. 2, p. E32-E40, 26 fev. 2020.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">GIBELLINI, D. et al. Detecci\u00f3n cuantitativa de la carga viral del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana tipo 1 (VIH-1) mediante la t\u00e9cnica de RT-PCR en tiempo real SYBR green en pacientes seropositivos al VIH-1. Journal of Virological Methods, v. 115, n. 2, p. 183-189, 1 fev. 2004.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">JAMES, D. A simple and reliable protocol for the detection of apple stem grooving virus by RT-PCR and in a multiplex PCR assay. Journal of Virological Methods, v. 83, n. 1, p. 1-9, 1 dez. 1999.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">LI, Y. et al. Stability issues of RT-PCR testing of SARS-CoV-2 for hospitalized patients clinically diagnosed with COVID-19. Journal of Medical Virology, v. 92, n. 7, p. 903-908, 2020.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">LIAO, C.-S. et al. Miniature RT-PCR system for diagnosis of RNA-based viruses. Nucleic Acids Research, v. 33, n. 18, p. e156-e156, 1 out. 2005.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">MOHAN, A. et al. Prevalencia de la infecci\u00f3n viral detectada por PCR y RT-PCR en pacientes con exacerbaci\u00f3n aguda de la EPOC: Una revisi\u00f3n sistem\u00e1tica. Respirology, v. 15, n. 3, p. 536-542, 2010.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NOLAN, T.; HANDS, R. E.; BUSTIN, S. A. Quantification of mRNA using real-time RT-PCR. Nature Protocols, v. 1, n. 3, p. 1559-1582, ago. 2006.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nuevo Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 | Este mi... | Flickr. Disponible en: . Acceso en: 23 jul. 2020. <\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":11847,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959,28],"tags":[388,799,554,798,250],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v19.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>The RT-PCR Test for Coronavirus - Mind the Graph Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Read this blog to know everything related to the popular COVID-19 test, RT-PCR or only PCR. 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He has a Ph.D. and solid scientific background in Psychopharmacology and experience as a Guest Researcher at the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry (Germany) and Researcher in D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR, Brazil). Fabricio holds over 2500 citations in Google Scholar. He has 10 years of experience in small innovative businesses, with relevant experience in product design and innovation management. 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