{"id":55853,"date":"2025-01-09T12:04:31","date_gmt":"2025-01-09T15:04:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/?p=55853"},"modified":"2025-01-23T12:12:27","modified_gmt":"2025-01-23T15:12:27","slug":"null-hypothesis-significance","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/el\/null-hypothesis-significance\/","title":{"rendered":"\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u0397 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 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\u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ae \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5. \u039c\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1, \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2. \u0391\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac, \u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ae \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b4\u03ad\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9. \u0391\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd <strong>\u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/strong>&nbsp; \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03ad\u03bd!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2>\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd 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\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c8\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03af\u03c8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5. \u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ac \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03b9.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/poster-maker\/?utm_source=blog&amp;utm_medium=banners&amp;utm_campaign=conversion\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"651\" height=\"174\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/mind-the-graph.png\" alt=\"&quot;\u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc banner \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf Mind the Graph \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 &#039;\u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf Mind the Graph&#039;, \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c5\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c2.&quot;\" class=\"wp-image-54656\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/mind-the-graph.png 651w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/mind-the-graph-300x80.png 300w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/mind-the-graph-18x5.png 18w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/mind-the-graph-100x27.png 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 651px) 100vw, 651px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 <a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/poster-maker\/?utm_source=blog&amp;utm_medium=banners&amp;utm_campaign=conversion\">Mind the Graph<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03ac \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03b3\u03b3\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b3\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1. \u039e\u03b5\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \"\u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2\", \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03ac \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03af\u03c8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3>\u03a1\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2. \u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd. \u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1, \u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bd\u03ad\u03bf \u03c6\u03ac\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c6\u03ac\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf. \u0397 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03ac\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c6\u03ac\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03b2\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0398\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \"\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c8\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2\" \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ac \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2. \u0397 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c8\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03ae \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03af \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3>\u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 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\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03af\u03b5\u03c2.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03ac \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03b7\u03c0\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b3\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae \u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03ae \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd, \u03b7 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2. \u03a7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd, \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03b4\u03cd\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0388\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9, \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3>\u03a1\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039f \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03cd\u03c1\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ae \u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7. \u03a3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03b7 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03af. \u039e\u03b5\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2: \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 (\u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 (\u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ae \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1. \u0391\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03ae\u03c2. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ac \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bf \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd p-values \u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ad\u03ba\u03c5\u03c8\u03b1\u03bd \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03cd\u03c7\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03af\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 (\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae p-\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf 0,05), \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03ae\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ac, \u03b5\u03ac\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03af\u03c8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \"\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03af\u03c8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\". \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ae \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7, \u03bf\u03c0\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b7 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03b3\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039f \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03bc\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2. \u03a3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03ac \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03cd\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c8\u03b5\u03c5\u03b4\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2>\u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf \u03b1 (\u03ac\u03bb\u03c6\u03b1), \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd. \u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ae \u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03cd\u03c7\u03b7.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 0,05 (\u03ae 5%). \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c7\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 5% \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2. \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03b7 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae p-value, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ac\u03bd \u03b7 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03ae\u03c2, \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ae \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7. \u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ac, \u03b5\u03ac\u03bd \u03b7 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae p-value \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03af\u03c8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b5\u03cd\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03af \u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2. \u0388\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 (\u03c0.\u03c7. 0,01 \u03ae 1%) \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03c1\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03cd\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0388\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 (\u03c0.\u03c7. 0,10 \u03ae 10%) \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03cd\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03af\u03c8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7. \u0393\u03b9' \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03ad\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3>\u03a3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u0399 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u0399\u0399<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd: \u03a3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u0399 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u0399\u0399. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03ad\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 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\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ac \u03b5\u03ac\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03ad\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03ae \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ae \u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03ae \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 p-values. \u039f\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 p-values \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03af\u03c8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ae \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bb\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5 \u03cc\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03cd\u03c1\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03cd\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae, \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03c9\u03c2 \"p-hacking\", \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. \u0391\u03bd\u03c4' \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd, \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c8\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03bf \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03cc \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03bf, \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u03cd\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2. \u0395\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf, \u03b8\u03b1 \u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03bc\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0395\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b9, \u03b7 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ce\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03b5\u03ba\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ae \u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03cd\u03c7\u03b7. \u039f\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u0399 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u0399\u0399, \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac \u03c3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03ac \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03be\u03af\u03b1, \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03c5\u03b3\u03ae \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/how-to-write-a-hypothesis\/\"><strong>\u03a0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2>\u03a5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac. <a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/science-figures\/?utm_source=blog&amp;utm_medium=cta-final&amp;utm_campaign=conversion\">Mind the Graph<\/a> \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd infographics \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c5\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2. \u0395\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae, \u03b7 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03ac \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf. \u039e\u03b5\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/science-figures\/?utm_source=blog&amp;utm_medium=cta-final&amp;utm_campaign=conversion\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1362\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/mtg-80-plus-fields.gif\" alt=\"&quot;\u039a\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf GIF \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc 80 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf Mind the Graph, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c5\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03be\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2.&quot;\" class=\"wp-image-29586\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Animated GIF \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03cd \u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf <a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/science-figures\/?utm_source=blog&amp;utm_medium=cta-final&amp;utm_campaign=conversion\">Mind the Graph<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-1 wp-block-buttons\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-background wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/science-figures\/?utm_source=blog&amp;utm_medium=cta-final&amp;utm_campaign=conversion\" style=\"background-color:#7833ff\"><strong>\u0391\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2<\/strong><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u039c\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf \u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":55854,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[961,982],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v19.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Understanding Null Hypothesis Significance in Statistical Testing - Mind the Graph Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn about null hypothesis significance, its role in research, and how it impacts statistical findings.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/el\/null-hypothesis-significance\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"el_GR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" 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