{"id":49912,"date":"2023-12-17T14:55:11","date_gmt":"2023-12-17T17:55:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/control-group-copy\/"},"modified":"2023-12-21T11:32:52","modified_gmt":"2023-12-21T14:32:52","slug":"what-is-quantum-theory","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/el\/ti-einai-i-kvantiki-theoria\/","title":{"rendered":"\u03a4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1: \u039a\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u039a\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1: \u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u0398\u03b5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u0395\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\"\u03a4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1: 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\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1. \u0397 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03c5\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2-\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03ae.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2. \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd, \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c1\u03bc\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7. \u0397 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b5\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b6\u03b5\u03cd\u03b3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c1\u03bc\u03ae, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae, \u03b7 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae. \u0388\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03ad\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2, \u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03ad\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-history-of-quantum-mechanics\">\u0399\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03be\u03b5\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039c\u03b1\u03be \u03a0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03ba \u03c4\u03bf 1900, \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0386\u03bb\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c4 \u0391\u03ca\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf 1905. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03bf Niels Bohr \u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf 1913 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf Louis de Broglie \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc \u03b4\u03c5\u03ca\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf 1924. \u039f Werner Heisenberg \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf 1927 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger \u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03be\u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ac.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2. \u0397 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c2. \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03b6\u03c9\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-fundamentals-of-quantum-theory\">\u0392\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0391\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-wave-function-and-probability-density-function\">\u039a\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5. \u0397 \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c1\u03bc\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5. \u03a4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2. \u0397 \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-matrix-mechanics-and-the-schrodinger-equation\">\u039c\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03be\u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 Schrodinger<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03cd\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1920, \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2. \u03a7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af \u03c0\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b5\u03b8\u03ce\u03bd \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c1\u03bc\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1. \u0397 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03ad\u03c8\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger\">Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger<\/a>\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03cd\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1920. \u0397 \u03b5\u03be\u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 Schr\u00f6dinger \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5. \u0395\u03bd\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2-\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03cd\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-heisenberg-s-uncertainty-principle\">\u0397 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a7\u03ac\u03b9\u03b6\u03b5\u03bd\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ba<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ce\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a7\u03ac\u03b9\u03b6\u03b5\u03bd\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ba, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Werner_Heisenberg\">Werner Heisenberg<\/a> \u03c4\u03bf 1927. \u0397 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b6\u03b5\u03cd\u03b3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c1\u03bc\u03ae, \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03b8\u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1. \u0397 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b7 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1. \u0397 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ae \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-superposition\">\u03a5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd. \u0397 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-entanglement\">\u0395\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03ae<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1, \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03b1\u03c8\u03b7\u03c6\u03ac \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1, \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7. \u0397 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd, \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae. \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c6\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-the-wave-particle-duality-fundamental\">\u0397 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 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\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2. \u0397 \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03b2\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-louis-de-broglie-s-wave-theory\">\u0397 \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Louis de Broglie<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf 1924, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Louis_de_Broglie\">Louis de Broglie<\/a> \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ce\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7. \u03a5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03be\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1, \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c1\u03bc\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u0397 \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 De Broglie \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ae\u03b3\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03cd\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ae \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd de Broglie, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-experiments-indicating-wave-particle-duality\">\u03a0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03c5\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2-\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0391\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc \u03b4\u03c5\u03ca\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 de Broglie \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2. \u0391\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc \u03b4\u03c5\u03ca\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u03a0\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd \u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd: <\/strong>\u03a4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd Thomas Young \u03c4\u03bf 1801 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03c6\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1, \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd. \u03a3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03b2\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bf\u03b8\u03cc\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1. \u03a4\u03bf \u03bc\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03b2\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong> \u03a0\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1 Davisson-Germer: <\/strong>\u03a4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1 Davisson-Germer, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03be\u03ae\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 Clinton Davisson \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 Lester Germer \u03c4\u03bf 1927, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03be\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1\u03b6\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ae\u03b3\u03b1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03b2\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2, \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. \u03a4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03be\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 de Broglie.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac, \u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1, \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc \u03b4\u03c5\u03ca\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03cd\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2. \u0397 \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b4\u03c5\u03ca\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03ae \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bb\u03af\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-applications-of-quantum-theory\">\u0395\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf, \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03b1. \u0391\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-single-electron-and-kinetic-energy\">\u0395\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03bf \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u0392\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03c3\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b1 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03c9\u03bd, \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd, \u03b7 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03c5\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2-\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-quantum-chemistry-and-the-rules-of-quantum-mechanics\">\u039a\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03a7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u039a\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd. \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ce\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf. \u039f\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-quantum-objects-and-the-conservation-of-energy\">\u039a\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1. \u0397 \u03ba\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ce\u03bd \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b9\u03b6\u03b5\u03c1, \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c6\u03c9\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-quantum-computing\">\u039a\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03a0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03ba\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac bits \u03ae qubits, \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c8\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd. \u039f\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-unleash-the-power-of-infographics-with-mind-the-graph\">\u0391\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd Infographics \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf Mind The Graph<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0395\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 <a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/?utm_source=blog&amp;utm_medium=content\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Mind the Graph<\/a>! \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd infographics \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf. \u0393\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 Mind the Graph \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03be\u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd infographics \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u0395\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b4\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03bd!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/?utm_source=blog&amp;utm_medium=content\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"648\" height=\"535\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/beautiful-poster-templates.png\" alt=\"beautiful-poster-templates\" class=\"wp-image-25482\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/beautiful-poster-templates.png 648w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/beautiful-poster-templates-300x248.png 300w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/beautiful-poster-templates-15x12.png 15w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/beautiful-poster-templates-100x83.png 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 648px) 100vw, 648px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button aligncenter\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-background wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/?utm_source=blog&amp;utm_medium=content\" style=\"border-radius:50px;background-color:#dc1866\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u039e\u03b5\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf Mind the Graph<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:44px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u03a4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1; \u0391\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03ac\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":28,"featured_media":49914,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959,28],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v19.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>What Is Quantum Theory: From Fundamentals To Applications<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"What is quantum theory? 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Currently developing scientific and intellectual knowledge for the community's benefit. Jessica is an animal rights activist who enjoys reading and drinking strong coffee.","sameAs":["https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jessica-abbadia-9b834a13b\/"],"url":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/el\/author\/jessica\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/el\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/49912"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/el\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/el\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/el\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/28"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/el\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=49912"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/el\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/49912\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":49958,"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/el\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/49912\/revisions\/49958"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/el\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/49914"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/el\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=49912"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/el\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=49912"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/el\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=49912"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}