{"id":49611,"date":"2023-11-22T12:41:30","date_gmt":"2023-11-22T15:41:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/mind-the-graph-vs-biorender-copy\/"},"modified":"2023-11-22T13:06:40","modified_gmt":"2023-11-22T16:06:40","slug":"science-and-technology-in-india","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/el\/epistimi-kai-technologia-stin-india\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2: \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2: \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03a4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u0397 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1, \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b6\u03c9\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc \u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd. \u0397 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03bf\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03ac\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf, \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 <strong>\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1<\/strong>. \u0391\u03c2 \u03be\u03b5\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03af\u03b4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-definition-of-science-and-technology\">\u039f\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.quora.com\/What-is-the-definition-of-science-What-are-its-different-types-fields-branches-and-sub-branches#:~:text=Science%20is%20a%20systematic%20and%20organized%20approach%20to%20acquiring%20knowledge%20about%20the%20natural%20world%20through%20observation%2C%20experimentation%2C%20and%20analysis.\">\u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7<\/a> \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1. \u0397 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ce\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae 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\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ca\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c9\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-history-of-science-and-technology-in-india\">\u0399\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u0391\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf-\u03b2\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-early-beginnings\">\u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03be\u03b5\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1. \u03a4\u03bf <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indus_Valley_Civilization\">\u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u039a\u03bf\u03b9\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03cd<\/a> (2600-1900 \u03c0.\u03a7.) \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc, \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03b3\u03b9\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vedas\">\u039f\u03b9 \u0392\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2<\/a>, \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 (1500-500 \u03c0.\u03a7.), \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-pre-british-era\">\u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf 500 \u03c0.\u03a7. \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf 500 \u03bc.\u03a7. \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1. \u039c\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bf <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aryabhata\">Aryabhata<\/a> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brahmagupta\">Brahmagupta<\/a> \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ac\u03bb\u03b3\u03b5\u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u039f Aryabhata \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1. \u039f\u03b9 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03af \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ad\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0393\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-british-era\">\u0392\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039c\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ac\u03c6\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0392\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd 17\u03bf \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/East_India_Company\">\u0397 \u0392\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u0395\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd<\/a> \u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf Madrasa \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u039a\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 (1781) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf Hindu College (1817) \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae, \u03bf\u03b9 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03af \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose\">Jagadish Chandra Bose<\/a>, \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2, \u03b2\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c3\u03cd\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1, \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b6\u03c9\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c6\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd. \u03a3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-scientific-temper-throughout-history\">\u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03cc\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03cd\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b8\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae, \u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03bc\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd. \u0391\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd 20\u03cc \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03cc\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1. \u0391\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-ancient-civilizations\">\u0391\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03af<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0391\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03af \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03af, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03cd, \u03b7 \u039c\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03af\u03b1, \u03b7 \u0391\u03af\u03b3\u03c5\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u0395\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1, \u03b5\u03c0\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf, \u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae. \u039c\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pythagoras\">\u03a0\u03c5\u03b8\u03b1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aristotle\">\u0391\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2<\/a>, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Archimedes\">\u0391\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2<\/a> \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b8\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03b3\u03b3\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-islamic-golden-age\">\u0399\u03c3\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03a7\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03ae \u0395\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b9\u03c3\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 (8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 14\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2), \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf. \u039c\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bf <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-Kindi\">Al-Kindi<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi\">Al-Razi<\/a>, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Avicenna\">\u0399\u03bc\u03c0\u03bd \u03a3\u03af\u03bd\u03b1<\/a> (\u0391\u03b2\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03b1) \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03be\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1, \u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u0395\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2. \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-scientific-revolution\">\u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u0395\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 16\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 18\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bf <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copernicus\">\u039a\u03bf\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Galileo_Galilei\">Galileo<\/a>, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Isaac_Newton\">Newton<\/a> \u03b1\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03b2\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2, \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5. \u0397 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1, \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7, \u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03bf \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bb\u03af\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-modern-era\">\u03a3\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf\u03bd 19\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd 20\u03cc \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03cc\u03bb\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf. \u0397 \u0392\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u0395\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03cd\u03be\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7. \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bf <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charles_Darwin\">\u039a\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u0394\u03b1\u03c1\u03b2\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marie_Curie\">\u039c\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u039a\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03af<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Albert_Einstein\">\u0386\u03bb\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c4 \u0391\u03ca\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03b9\u03bd<\/a>, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03af \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c8\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-indigenous-technology-development-of-india\">\u0391\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03ac \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c2. \u0391\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-ayurveda\">\u0391\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b2\u03ad\u03b4\u03b1<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u0391\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b2\u03ad\u03b4\u03b1, \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2, \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd. \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c5\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u03b2\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2. \u0397 \u0391\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b2\u03ad\u03b4\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c5\u03b5\u03be\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"754\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/spices-997597-1280-1024x754.jpg\" alt=\"\u0391\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b2\u03ad\u03b4\u03b1\" class=\"wp-image-49614\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/spices-997597-1280-1024x754.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/spices-997597-1280-300x221.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/spices-997597-1280-768x565.jpg 768w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/spices-997597-1280-16x12.jpg 16w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/spices-997597-1280-100x74.jpg 100w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/spices-997597-1280.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>\u039c\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 <a href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pixabay<\/a><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-yoga\">\u0393\u03b9\u03cc\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03b3\u03b9\u03cc\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ad\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1, \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd, \u03bd\u03bf\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd. \u0394\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 (asanas), \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03bd\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 (pranayama) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc. \u0397 \u03b3\u03b9\u03cc\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c6\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/pexels-photo-3822906-1024x683.jpeg\" alt=\"\u03b3\u03b9\u03cc\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\" class=\"wp-image-49613\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/pexels-photo-3822906-1024x683.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/pexels-photo-3822906-300x200.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/pexels-photo-3822906-768x512.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/pexels-photo-3822906-1536x1024.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/pexels-photo-3822906-2048x1365.jpeg 2048w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/pexels-photo-3822906-18x12.jpeg 18w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/pexels-photo-3822906-100x67.jpeg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>\u039c\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pexels.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pexels<\/a><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-agriculture\">\u0393\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03cd\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2. \u03a4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03c8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac, \u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ac\u03c1\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9 (baori) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf qanat, \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03b4\u03ce \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/pexels-photo-2281073-1024x683.jpeg\" alt=\"\u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\" class=\"wp-image-49615\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/pexels-photo-2281073-1024x683.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/pexels-photo-2281073-300x200.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/pexels-photo-2281073-768x512.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/pexels-photo-2281073-18x12.jpeg 18w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/pexels-photo-2281073-100x67.jpeg 100w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/pexels-photo-2281073.jpeg 1125w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>\u039c\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pexels.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pexels<\/a><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-space-technology\">\u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation\">\u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u039f\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u0388\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2<\/a> (ISRO), \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03cd\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bf\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u039f ISRO \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mars_Orbiter_Mission\">\u0391\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae Mars Orbiter<\/a> (MOM), <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chandrayaan-1\">Chandrayaan-1<\/a>, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chandrayaan-2\">Chandrayaan-2<\/a>. \u0397 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle\">\u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b4\u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03cc\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03be\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/a> (PSLV) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Geosynchronous_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle\">\u038c\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03be\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5<\/a> (GSLV) \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"679\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/eat-11114-1280-1024x679.jpg\" alt=\"\u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\" class=\"wp-image-49616\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/eat-11114-1280-1024x679.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/eat-11114-1280-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/eat-11114-1280-768x509.jpg 768w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/eat-11114-1280-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/eat-11114-1280-100x66.jpg 100w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/eat-11114-1280.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>\u039c\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 <a href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pixabay<\/a><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-promotion-of-science-and-technology-in-india\">\u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2. \u0388\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03ca\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf. \u0391\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-research-and-development-r-d-institutions\">\u0399\u03b4\u03c1\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 (\u0395&amp;\u0391)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u0399\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03a4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (IIT), \u03c4\u03b1 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u0399\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b1 \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u0395\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u0388\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 (IISER), \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u0392\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u0388\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 (CSIR) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03a3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf \u0399\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u0388\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 (ICMR). \u03a4\u03b1 \u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b9\u03c7\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-science-and-technology-policy\">\u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u03a4\u03bf <a href=\"https:\/\/dst.gov.in\/sites\/default\/files\/STIP_Doc_1.4_Dec2020.pdf\">\u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7, \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03c2<\/a> (STIP) \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0395&amp;\u0391, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd, \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-science-education-and-skill-development\">\u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0388\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1. \u03a0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf <a href=\"https:\/\/www.education.gov.in\/sites\/upload_files\/mhrd\/files\/raa\/Order_of_RAA_Guidelines.pdf\">Rashtriya Avishkar Abhiyan<\/a> (RAA) \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1. \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c6\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ce\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-technology-incubation-and-startup-support\">\u0398\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03bd\u03b5\u03bf\u03c6\u03c5\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b5\u03bf\u03c6\u03c5\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c5\u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u03a0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 <a href=\"https:\/\/vikaspedia.in\/education\/policies-and-schemes\/atal-innovation-mission\">\u0391\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 Atal<\/a> (AIM) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.startupindia.gov.in\/\">Startup \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1<\/a> \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03cd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-science-education-in-india-today\">\u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ac\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd. \u0391\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-school-curriculum\">\u03a3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7. \u03a4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-science-fairs-and-exhibitions\">\u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0394\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1, \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd. \u039f\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd. \u039f\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c9\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-science-education-initiatives\">\u03a0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03af \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c4\u03bf \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03a3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf \u0395\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u0388\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (NCERT) \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03cd\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u038a\u03b4\u03c1\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1 \u039a\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (NIF) \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-five-year-plans-for-economic-development-of-india-s-science-and-technology-sector\">\u03a0\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ce\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1. \u0391\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-first-five-year-plan-1951-1956\">\u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf (1951-1956)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf \u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03a3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03ad\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b7 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1. \u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2. \u03a4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-second-five-year-plan-1956-1961\">\u0394\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf (1956-1961)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf \u0394\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03a0\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03a3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03ba\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2. \u03a4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-third-five-year-plan-1961-1966\">\u03a4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf (1961-1966)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03b1. \u0388\u03b4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd. \u03a4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-fourth-five-year-plan-1969-1974\">\u03a4\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf (1969-1974)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03ba\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1. \u03a3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03bd\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd, \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u03a4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03ac\u03bc\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-fifth-five-year-plan-1974-1979\">\u03a0\u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf (1974-1979)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf \u03a0\u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03a3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03be\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c7\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03b8\u03bd\u03b7. \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7\u03c2. \u03a4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03ba\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0388\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5, \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2. \u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03b7 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Technology_Development_Board\">\u03a3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf \u03a4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u0391\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7\u03c2<\/a>, \u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 (SIRO) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-contributions-from-indian-scientists\">\u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039f\u03b9 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03af \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf. \u0391\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-sir-jagadish-chandra-bose\">Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2, \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, \u03bf Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c3\u03cd\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd. \u0391\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c3\u03cd\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b6\u03c9\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c6\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd. \u03a4\u03bf \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-dr-homi-j-bhabha\">Dr. Homi J. Bhabha<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0393\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03bf Dr. Homi J. Bhabha \u03ad\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03be\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2 \u0391\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u0395\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae, \u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd. \u03a4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tata_Institute_of_Fundamental_Research\">\u0399\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf \u0398\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03c9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd \u0395\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd Tata<\/a> (TIFR), \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bf \u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-dr-c-v-raman\">\u0394\u03c1 C.V. Raman<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039f Dr. C.V. Raman \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2, \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Raman_scattering\">\u03a6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf Raman<\/a>. \u03a4\u03bf \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd. \u03a4\u03bf \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd \u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03be\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03a1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b5\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-dr-a-p-j-abdul-kalam\">Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039f \u0394\u03c1 A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 11\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b6\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03be\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, SLV-III, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 Pokhran-II. \u039f \u0394\u03c1 \u039a\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c9\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bd\u03ad\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ac.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-dr-srinivasa-ramanujan\">Dr. Srinivasa Ramanujan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039f \u0394\u03c1 \u03a3\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b1 \u03a1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03b6\u03ac\u03bd, \u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 20\u03bf\u03cd \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd, \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2. \u03a4\u03bf \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-conclusion\">\u03a3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2. \u039c\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1, \u03b7 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03ae\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd. \u039c\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae \u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd, \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-exclusive-scientific-content-created-by-scientists\">\u0391\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03c7\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0391\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03c7\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03c5\u03bf, <a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/?utm_source=blog&amp;utm_medium=content\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Mind the Graph<\/a> \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5. \u0397 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03ac \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03c7\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 infographics \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7. \u0395\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/?utm_source=blog&amp;utm_medium=content\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1362\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/mtg-microbiology.gif\" alt=\"\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\" class=\"wp-image-29570\"\/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button aligncenter\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-background wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/?utm_source=blog&amp;utm_medium=content\" style=\"border-radius:50px;background-color:#dc1866\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u039e\u03b5\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf Mind the Graph<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:44px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0397 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7. \u0395\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":49617,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959,28],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v19.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>From Vedic to Space Explorations: Science and Technology In India - Mind the Graph Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"India is becoming a hub 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