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\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-what-is-experimental-design\"><strong>\u03a4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2;<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039f \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 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\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-types-of-experimental-design\"><strong>\u03a4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039f\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03af \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 <a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/objectives-in-research-paper\/\">\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9<\/a> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2. \u039a\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2, \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2, \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd. \u0391\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-independent-measures\"><strong>\u0391\u03bd\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1, \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03ae \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ae \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2. \u03a3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc, \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd \u03b2\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 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\u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2. \u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf \u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd. \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c9\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc, \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03b7 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-matched-pairs\"><strong>\u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b6\u03b5\u03cd\u03b3\u03b7<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 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\u03b5\u03be\u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039f \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd. \u0397 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd 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\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd, \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-between-subjects-vs-within-subjects\"><strong>\u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd Vs. \u0395\u03bd\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ae \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7. \u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03cb\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ac, \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd, \u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd. \u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"600\" height=\"550\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/experimental-design-1-blog-2.png\" alt=\"\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2\" class=\"wp-image-49387\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/experimental-design-1-blog-2.png 600w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/experimental-design-1-blog-2-300x275.png 300w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/experimental-design-1-blog-2-13x12.png 13w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/experimental-design-1-blog-2-100x92.png 100w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/experimental-design-1-blog-2-150x138.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/?utm_source=blog&amp;utm_medium=content\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Mind the Graph<\/a><\/strong><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-developing-an-experimental-design\"><strong>\u0391\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd. \u039f \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03af \u03b4\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1. \u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03b3\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0388\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-preplanning\"><strong>\u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ad\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b4\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c7\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc, \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. \u039c\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03c8\u03b7 \u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-developing-experimental-treatments\"><strong>\u0391\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039f\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-determining-subject-assignment-to-treatment-groups\"><strong>\u039a\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039f\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03ae \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03cc\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-assigning-subjects-to-experimental-groups\"><strong>\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd. \u039f\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5. \u0397 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ae \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u0397 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b1\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac \u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2. \u0391\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03b3\u03b3\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-completely-randomized\"><strong>\u03a0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03c1\u03af\u03c8\u03b7 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b7 \u03c1\u03af\u03c8\u03b7 \u03b6\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03ae \u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ae, \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03cc\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2. \u0397 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0388\u03bd\u03b1 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\u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03af\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bd\u03ad\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-randomized-block\"><strong>\u03a4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba 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\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1. \u0397 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba, \u03b1\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba. \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03af \u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nuisance_variable\">\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03b5\u03ac\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03af\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-observational-studies\"><strong>\u039c\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039c\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quasi-experiment\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03af \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc<\/a> \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03af, \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2. \u0391\u03bd\u03c4' \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039f\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2. \u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03af \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03af \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2. \u03a3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd, \u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1. \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03ce\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u0394\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b7 \u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03ce\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-treatments-in-experimental-designs\"><strong>\u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c9\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ae \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1. \u03a3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0395\u03bd\u03ce \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c6\u03ac\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1 \u03ae \u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1, \u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b7 \u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd. \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd, \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b6\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ae \u03b7 \u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7. \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03b5\u03ac\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2, \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039f \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd. \u03a9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-visually-appealing-figures-for-your-research\"><strong>\u039f\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/?utm_source=blog&amp;utm_medium=content\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Mind the Graph<\/a> \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u039c\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b5\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf. \u0397 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2. \u0395\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03bf\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/?utm_source=blog&amp;utm_medium=content\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"648\" height=\"535\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/beautiful-poster-templates.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-25482\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/beautiful-poster-templates.png 648w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/beautiful-poster-templates-300x248.png 300w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/beautiful-poster-templates-15x12.png 15w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/beautiful-poster-templates-100x83.png 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 648px) 100vw, 648px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button aligncenter\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-background wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/?utm_source=blog&amp;utm_medium=content\" style=\"border-radius:50px;background-color:#dc1866\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u039e\u03b5\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf Mind the Graph<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:44px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0391\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03cd\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c8\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":35,"featured_media":49384,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959,28],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v19.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ 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