{"id":29066,"date":"2023-08-17T06:03:09","date_gmt":"2023-08-17T09:03:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/grounded-theory-qualitative-copy\/"},"modified":"2024-05-29T14:30:01","modified_gmt":"2024-05-29T17:30:01","slug":"construct-in-research","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/el\/%ce%ba%ce%b1%cf%84%ce%b1%cf%83%ce%ba%ce%b5%cf%85%ce%ae-%cf%83%cf%84%ce%b7%ce%bd-%ce%ad%cf%81%ce%b5%cf%85%ce%bd%ce%b1\/","title":{"rendered":"\u03a4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf Construct \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1; \u0391\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c6\u03cc \u03c3\u03c7\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u038a\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5, \u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ad\u03c2; \u039b\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u03cc\u03bd, \u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 - \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c6\u03b7\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03b5\u03c2, \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ae \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd. \u03a7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03c7\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2. \u0391\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2- \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u03a3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ce\u03bd.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03ac\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf, \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 <strong>\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1<\/strong> \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-what-is-construct-in-research\">\u03a4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf Construct \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c6\u03b7\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ae \u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ae \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9. \u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1. \u039f\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03ae \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039f\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03cd\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ae \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd. \u039f\u03b9 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd. \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ae \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039f\u03b9 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7 \u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7. \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1, \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03cd\u03c1\u03c9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-types-of-constructs\">\u03a4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ce\u03bd<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-latent-constructs\">\u039b\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039f\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ae \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ae \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c6\u03b7\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1. \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bd\u03bf\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1. \u039f\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ae \u03b7 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b9\u03c3\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-composite-constructs\">\u03a3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ad\u03c2<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039f\u03b9 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03ae \u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2. \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bf \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03cc\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1. \u039f\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-operational-constructs\">\u039b\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039f\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2, \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ae \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c6\u03b7\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2. \u039f\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1, \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ae \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae. \u039f\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03af \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03ad\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9. \u0388\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 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id=\"h-measuring-constructs\">\u039c\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03ae \u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac 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\u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3>1. 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\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-construct-validity\">\u0394\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ae \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9. \u0391\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae\u03c2.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0394\u03cd\u03bf \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03bd\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 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\u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b1\u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c0\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-threats-to-construct-validity\">\u0391\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03af \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03ae \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-poor-operationalization\">\u039a\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ae \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03c9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ae \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b7 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9. \u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc, \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae\u03c2. \u03a9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-experimenter-expectancies\">\u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039f\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd. \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03bc\u03b7 \u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03ae \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2. \u039f\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03b2\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-subject-bias\">\u039c\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03ae \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1. \u0397 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd 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\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0395\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b9, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b6\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1. \u0397 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\u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-integrate-information-and-illustrations-into-beautiful-and-impactful-slides\">\u0395\u03bd\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03ae \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03bc\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03ac\u03bb\u03c4\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03ae\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03c0\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03ae \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2, \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03ae. \u03a7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf <a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Mind the Graph<\/a> \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2. \u0395\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/?utm_source=blog&amp;utm_medium=content\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"651\" height=\"174\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/banner-blog-trial-01.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-26823\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/banner-blog-trial-01.jpg 651w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/banner-blog-trial-01-300x80.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/banner-blog-trial-01-18x5.jpg 18w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/banner-blog-trial-01-100x27.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 651px) 100vw, 651px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:44px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2. <\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":29069,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959,28],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v19.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>What is Construct in Research? Unveiling the Hidden Scheme<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Get a better understanding of construct in research and learn valuable tips on how to use them in your research studies.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/el\/\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae-\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd-\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"el_GR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"What is Construct in Research? 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