{"id":14781,"date":"2021-10-14T14:28:34","date_gmt":"2021-10-14T17:28:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/?p=14781"},"modified":"2023-01-05T14:53:24","modified_gmt":"2023-01-05T17:53:24","slug":"motivational-tactics-the-math-behind-the-reward-system","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/da\/motivations-taktik-matten-bag-belonningssystemet\/","title":{"rendered":"Motiverende taktik: Matematikken bag bel\u00f8nningssystemet"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bel\u00f8nningssystemet<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

En internt motiveret strategi styrer, hvor stor en indsats vi g\u00f8r for at n\u00e5 et m\u00e5l. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5let er: Hvad motiverer os til at g\u00f8re vores bedste for at n\u00e5 et m\u00e5l, uanset hvor ubetydeligt det kan synes? Er det vores hjerne, der fors\u00f8ger at lokke os til en bel\u00f8nning som en motivationsstrategi, der vil drive os fremad? Hvad er \u00e5rsagerne bag vores handlinger?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bel\u00f8nningssystemet er sv\u00e6kket af mange patologiske tilstande, hvilket for\u00e5rsager manglende motivation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A Ny unders\u00f8gelse<\/a> i Japan har unders\u00f8gt abernes bel\u00f8nningsnetv\u00e6rk og justeret dem. I deres unders\u00f8gelse afsl\u00f8rede forskerne et par grundl\u00e6ggende aspekter af bel\u00f8nningssystemer, der har til form\u00e5l at \u00f8ge motivationen. <\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"Mind<\/a>
Mind the Graph illustration: Vervet-abe \u00e6dru<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Fra et neurologisk synspunkt handler det om hjernens bel\u00f8nningssystem, som p\u00e5virker vores tilb\u00f8jelighed til at forf\u00f8lge vores m\u00e5l og nyde den tilfredsstillelse, der f\u00f8lger med at n\u00e5 dem. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

For at identificere kilden til de skadelige psykologiske vanskeligheder, som visse grupper af mennesker kan have (f.eks. personer med depression, skizofreni eller Parkinsons sygdom, hvis bel\u00f8nningssystemer typisk er kompromitterede), unders\u00f8ger forskere bel\u00f8nningssystemets mekanismer, og hvordan det tr\u00e6ffer beslutninger om, hvorvidt bestemte handlinger skal iv\u00e6rks\u00e6ttes eller ej.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"Mind<\/a>
Mind the Graph-skabelon<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Afkodning af motivation: Hvad forskerne fandt ud af<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Hver dag afvejer vi fordele og omkostninger ved en handling for at afg\u00f8re, om vi skal handle eller ej. Fordele (bel\u00f8nninger) \u00f8ger sandsynligheden for et vellykket resultat, mens omkostningerne ved at opn\u00e5 dette resultat (risiko, forsinkelse og h\u00e5rdt arbejde) resulterer i reducerede bel\u00f8nninger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dopamin (DA) er en n\u00f8glekomponent i motivation og p\u00e5virker adf\u00e6rd baseret p\u00e5 de forventede bel\u00f8nninger eller omkostninger ved en handling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Positiv for\u00f8gelse af fasefyring fra DA-neuroner i mellemhjernen er korreleret med potentielle bel\u00f8nninger, og kontraproduktiv for\u00f8gelse er korreleret med risici.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e5r DA overf\u00f8rer sine virkninger i hjernen, sker det via DA-receptorer, som ops\u00f8ger og binder DA-molekylerne og dermed udbreder signalerne i hele nervesystemet. P\u00e5 trods af dette var det vigtigt at forst\u00e5 den relative indvirkning af hver enkelt receptor p\u00e5 DA-signalvejen, da egenskaberne for hver receptor er forskellige.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For at forst\u00e5 motivation brugte forskerne makakaber til at studere to slags DA-receptorer: D1-receptorer (D1R) og D2-receptorer (D2R) - som begge spiller en rolle i bel\u00f8nningsdrevet motivation.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"Mind<\/a>
Mind the Graph-skabelon<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Forskerne brugte en systematisk tilgang til at modulere D1R- og DA-receptorerne i disse aber ved at injicere dem med et molekyle, der undertrykte abernes DA-respons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ved hj\u00e6lp af positronemissionstomografi blev det bestemt, hvor mange receptorer der var bundet eller blokeret i dyrenes hjerner. Derefter fik aberne opgaver, som de skulle udf\u00f8re til geng\u00e6ld for en bel\u00f8nning. Det blev bl.a. bestemt, om de accepterede opgaverne eller ej, og om de var hurtige til at reagere p\u00e5 signalerne. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

For at f\u00e5 en dybdeg\u00e5ende forst\u00e5else af DA's rolle i motivation er det afg\u00f8rende at overv\u00e5ge DA-m\u00f8nstre i benefit- og cost-faserne samt m\u00e5le DA's effekt p\u00e5 DA-receptorer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En persons beslutningstagning og motivation p\u00e5virkes af udvekslingen mellem bel\u00f8nning og omkostningerne ved at opn\u00e5 bel\u00f8nningen. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Det antages generelt, at mennesker og dyr foretr\u00e6kker \u00f8jeblikkelige, relativt sm\u00e5 bel\u00f8nninger frem for st\u00f8rre, der tager tid at opn\u00e5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Det er gennem transmission af DA via D1R og D2R, at omkostningsbaseret motivation styres forskelligt afh\u00e6ngigt af den tilg\u00e6ngelige bel\u00f8nning og de afholdte omkostninger (indsats) for en bestemt opgave. Men kompensation for arbejdsbyrde var p\u00e5 den anden side prim\u00e6rt relateret til D2R-manipulation, da den skalerede bel\u00f8nninger i henhold til den kr\u00e6vede indsats.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To dopaminreceptorundertyper, som de fandt ud af spiller komplement\u00e6re roller, kan hj\u00e6lpe med at bestemme patofysiologien for psykiatriske lidelser ved at v\u00e6re opm\u00e6rksom p\u00e5 deres interaktioner. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Forskning som deres giver mulighed for at \u00f8ge motivationsniveauet hos mange mennesker ved at manipulere deres indre bel\u00f8nningssystem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hvis du vil vide mere om det, kan du se referencen nedenfor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hori, Yukiko, et al. \"D1- og D2-lignende receptorer formidler differentielt virkningerne af dopaminerg transmission p\u00e5 cost\/benefit-evaluering og motivation hos aber.\" bioRxiv (2021): 2020-11. DOI: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.3<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bel\u00f8nningssystemet En indre motiveret strategi styrer, hvor stor en indsats vi g\u00f8r for at n\u00e5 et m\u00e5l. Sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5let er: Hvad motiverer os til at g\u00f8re vores bedste for at n\u00e5 et m\u00e5l, uanset hvor ubetydeligt det kan virke? Er det vores hjerne, der fors\u00f8ger at lokke os til en bel\u00f8nning som en motivationsstrategi, der [...]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":14787,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959,28],"tags":[554],"yoast_head":"\nMotivational Tactics: The Math Behind the Reward System - MTG<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Is it our brain trying to lure us into a reward as a motivation strategy that will propel us forward? Have you ever thought about that? 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