{"id":12051,"date":"2020-12-23T11:11:39","date_gmt":"2020-12-23T13:11:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/?p=12051"},"modified":"2023-01-05T14:32:04","modified_gmt":"2023-01-05T17:32:04","slug":"nerve-impulses-the-action-potential","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/da\/nerveimpulser-handlingspotentiale\/","title":{"rendered":"Nerveimpulser DEL 1 - Aktionspotentialet"},"content":{"rendered":"

For at forst\u00e5, hvordan en neuron fungerer, er der to begreber, vi er n\u00f8dt til at se p\u00e5. Det f\u00f8rste er relateret til det, der sker inde i neuronen, n\u00e5r informationen sendes videre - aktionspotentialet - det andet er, hvordan en information hopper fra en celle til en anden - synapsen. Med disse to processer er nervesystemets celler i stand til at overf\u00f8re de mest komplekse informationer gennem hele kroppen og flytte dem fra neuron til neuron, indtil de til sidst n\u00e5r m\u00e5lcellen. I denne artikel vil vi diskutere det f\u00f8rste begreb, synapsen. aktionspotentiale<\/strong>.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nerveimpulsen er et elektrokemisk signal; det er den vigtigste mekanisme, der bruges til at transportere information inde i en neuron. Dendritterne i en neuron opdager og modtager impulsen fra en tidligere celle, og nerveimpulsen bev\u00e6ger sig langs fra dendritter <\/strong>til kerne <\/strong>end til Axon<\/strong>og endelig til axon terminal<\/strong> n\u00e5r impulsen sendes videre til den n\u00e6ste neuron. Denne proces forts\u00e6tter <\/strong>gentagne gange, indtil den n\u00e5r frem til m\u00e5lcellen.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Det elektrokemiske signal genereres p\u00e5 grund af ionernes bev\u00e6gelse mellem den indre og den ydre del af neuronets plasmamembran. Ionerne g\u00e5r fra ydersiden til indersiden og skaber en potentialeforskel i membranen. Den \"bro\", som disse ioner bruger til at komme ind i cellerne, er et transmembranprotein kaldet sp\u00e6ndingsstyrede ionkanaler<\/strong>.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Disse sp\u00e6ndingskanaler styres af elektriske sp\u00e6ndinger, som en form for respons p\u00e5 elektriske stimuli, med andre ord er disse kanaler ikke altid \u00e5bne for passage af ioner, de \u00e5bner og lukker kun over nogle elektriske sp\u00e6ndingsstimuli.<\/p>\n\n\n

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N\u00e5r cellen ikke uds\u00e6ttes for stimuli, n\u00e5r membranen er i hvile, opretholdes der en potentialeforskel mellem den indre og den ydre del af et neuron. I hvile har membranen et potentiale p\u00e5 -70 mV, et negativt potentiale, mens ydersiden har et positivt potentiale. Denne potentialeforskel kaldes hvilemembranpotentiale, <\/strong>og den opretholdes hovedsageligt af natrium- og kaliumioner gennem natrium-kalium-pumpen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Under elektrisk sp\u00e6ndingsstimuli begynder membranens potentialeforskel at vende sig selv, natriumkanaler \u00e5bner, s\u00e5 mange natriumioner kan g\u00e5 ind i cellen, hvilket vender membranen kortvarigt... depolariseret<\/strong>Eller rettere, natriumionerne forvandler membranens indre omr\u00e5de til et positivt net. Denne bev\u00e6gelse af depolarisering er den ber\u00f8mte aktionspotentiale<\/strong>membranpotentialet stiger og falder hurtigt. Potentialet stiger til +40 mV p\u00e5 lidt mere end 2 millisekunder og g\u00e5r tilbage til hviletilstanden p\u00e5 mindre end 3 millisekunder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aktionspotentialet sker ikke i hele neuronet p\u00e5 \u00e9n gang, depolariseringen af membranen starter i dendritterne og derefter til kernen del for del, depolariseres og g\u00e5r tilbage til hviletilstandspotentialet kort tid efter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For at genoprette hvilemembranpotentialet lukkes natriumkanalerne, og de sp\u00e6ndingsstyrede kaliumkanaler \u00e5bnes, s\u00e5 kaliumioner kan komme ind i cellen og repolarisere membranen, s\u00e5 den indvendige del af membranen igen bliver negativt ladet og den udvendige del positiv. Natrium-kalium-pumpen hj\u00e6lper med at genoprette den rette m\u00e6ngde af hver ion inde i cellen ved at lukke tre natriumioner ud for hver to kaliumioner.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vi kan forestille os det som en synkroniseret bev\u00e6gelse fra det \u00f8jeblik, hvor aktionspotentialet reagerer, til det \u00f8jeblik, hvor hviletilstanden genoprettes.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Det er interessant, at mens vi i aksonet har sp\u00e6ndingsstyrede ionkanaler, der genererer og udbreder nerveimpulsen, findes disse kanaler ikke i dendritterne. I disse neuronregioner sendes signalet ikke via aktionspotentialet, men via en gradueret potentiale, <\/strong>a <\/strong>en anden form for signaludbredelse, hvor signalets omfang \u00f8ges undervejs, indtil det bliver til aktionspotentialet p\u00e5 aksonet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bem\u00e6rk, at natriumionen er ansvarlig for at udbrede aktionspotentialet, og kaliumionen er ansvarlig for at genoprette hviletilstanden. Manglen p\u00e5 disse ioner i organismen kan for\u00e5rsage problemer med kvaliteten og effektiviteten af aktionspotentialet, hvilket betyder problemer ved synapserne og i overf\u00f8rslen af information gennem nervesystemet. Alle disse problemer kan udl\u00f8se psykiske komplikationer og sygdomme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Det n\u00e6ste trin er, at nerveimpulsen sendes videre til den n\u00e6ste neuron. Der sker noget andet i rummet mellem de to neuroner, i den synaptiske spalte. Den synaptiske kl\u00f8ft er et meget vigtigt sted at se p\u00e5 og studere, for det er her, mange forskellige neurotransmittere tr\u00e6der i aktion og aktiverer en ny signalvej ved hj\u00e6lp af receptorer, andre proteiner og ioner ud over natrium og kalium. Men det overlader vi til den n\u00e6ste diskussion i artiklen. Nerveimpuls DEL 2 - Den synaptiske spalte<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kunne du lide infografikkerne i denne artikel? Du kan ogs\u00e5 bruge Mind the Graph og lave informative billeder som dette. Kom til Mind the Graph<\/a> og tage et kig p\u00e5 Illustrationsgalleri<\/a>, er der tilg\u00e6ngelige neurologi<\/a> og Biokemi<\/a> illustrationer, og hvis du har brug for hj\u00e6lp, s\u00e5 Kontakt os<\/a>!<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

For at forst\u00e5, hvordan en neuron fungerer, er der to begreber, vi er n\u00f8dt til at se p\u00e5. Det f\u00f8rste er relateret til, hvad der sker inde i neuronet, n\u00e5r informationen sendes videre - aktionspotentialet - det andet er, hvordan en information hopper fra en til en anden celle - [...]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":12055,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959],"tags":[812,813],"yoast_head":"\nNerve Impulses PART 1 \u2013 The Action Potential - MTG<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"It's a deep dive into nerve impulses. 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