{"id":31472,"date":"2023-10-23T07:43:00","date_gmt":"2023-10-23T10:43:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/how-to-write-discussion-questions-copy\/"},"modified":"2023-10-24T11:12:11","modified_gmt":"2023-10-24T14:12:11","slug":"what-does-ibid-mean","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/cs\/co-znamena-nabidka-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Demystifikace tamt\u00e9\u017e: Co znamen\u00e1 Ibid v akademick\u00e9m psan\u00ed?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\"Ibidem\" je zkratka latinsk\u00e9ho v\u00fdrazu \"ibidem\", co\u017e znamen\u00e1 \"na stejn\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b\". Pochopen\u00ed v\u00fdznamu a spr\u00e1vn\u00e9ho pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed zkratky \"ibidem\" je z\u00e1sadn\u00ed pro zachov\u00e1n\u00ed srozumitelnosti a efektivity akademick\u00e9ho psan\u00ed, zefektivn\u011bn\u00ed procesu citov\u00e1n\u00ed a zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159esn\u00e9ho uv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed autor\u016f. V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku se budeme zab\u00fdvat definic\u00ed, \u00fa\u010delem a praktick\u00fdm pou\u017eit\u00edm slova \"ibid\" a vybav\u00edme v\u00e1s znalostmi, kter\u00e9 v\u00e1m umo\u017en\u00ed efektivn\u011b jej za\u010dlenit do akademick\u00e9ho psan\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-what-does-ibid-mean-in-academic-writing-and-how-is-it-used\"><strong>Co znamen\u00e1 slovo tamt\u00e9\u017e v akademick\u00e9m psan\u00ed a jak se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>V akademick\u00e9 literatu\u0159e se jako odkaz na citaci pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 \"ibid\", kter\u00fd ozna\u010duje, \u017ee citovan\u00fd zdroj je stejn\u00fd jako p\u0159edchoz\u00ed. Je u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fd zejm\u00e9na tehdy, kdy\u017e po sob\u011b jdouc\u00ed citace poch\u00e1zej\u00ed ze stejn\u00e9ho d\u00edla a maj\u00ed stejn\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo str\u00e1nky. M\u00edsto opakov\u00e1n\u00ed cel\u00e9 citace se m\u00edsto jm\u00e9na autora, n\u00e1zvu a \u00fadaj\u016f o publikaci vkl\u00e1d\u00e1 \"ibid\". To umo\u017e\u0148uje stru\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a p\u0159ehledn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed odkaz a z\u00e1rove\u0148 nazna\u010duje, \u017ee informace poch\u00e1z\u00ed ze stejn\u00e9ho zdroje jako p\u0159edchoz\u00ed citace. Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm \"tamt\u00e9\u017e\" se auto\u0159i mohou vyhnout nadbyte\u010dn\u00fdm citac\u00edm a zachovat p\u0159ehlednost sv\u00e9ho psan\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na pokud se v t\u011bsn\u00e9 bl\u00edzkosti vyskytuje v\u00edce citac\u00ed.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-what-does-ibid-mean-in-chicago-style\"><strong>Co znamen\u00e1 slovo tamt\u00e9\u017e v chicagsk\u00e9m stylu?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/chicago-style-citation\/\">Chicagsk\u00fd styl<\/a> umo\u017e\u0148uje v pozn\u00e1mk\u00e1ch pod \u010darou nebo na konci textu pou\u017e\u00edvat \"ibid\", aby se zjednodu\u0161ilo odkazov\u00e1n\u00ed a zachovala p\u0159ehlednost odborn\u00e9ho textu. Abyste zajistili spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed, dodr\u017eujte n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed pokyny:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>M\u00edsto \"Tamt\u00e9\u017e\". (s velk\u00fdm \"I\") v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed citaci, pokud odkazuje na stejn\u00fd zdroj jako bezprost\u0159edn\u011b p\u0159edch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pokud se n\u00e1sledn\u00e1 citace t\u00fdk\u00e1 jin\u00e9 str\u00e1nky v r\u00e1mci t\u00e9ho\u017e zdroje, uve\u010fte \u010d\u00edslo str\u00e1nky (str\u00e1nek).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pokud jsou mezi dv\u011bma p\u0159\u00edpady t\u00e9ho\u017e zdroje dal\u0161\u00ed citace, uve\u010fte \u00faplnou citaci ka\u017ed\u00e9ho dal\u0161\u00edho zdroje.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pokud n\u00e1sledn\u00e1 citace odkazuje na jin\u00e9 d\u00edlo, uve\u010fte celou citaci jako obvykle.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ujist\u011bte se, \u017ee dodr\u017eujete specifick\u00e9 pokyny chicagsk\u00e9ho stylu pro form\u00e1tov\u00e1n\u00ed pozn\u00e1mek pod \u010darou nebo pozn\u00e1mek na konci, v\u010detn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed horn\u00edch index\u016f, interpunkce a form\u00e1tov\u00e1n\u00ed citac\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-first-use-of-source-full-bibliography-one-page-number\"><strong>Prvn\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed zdroje. \u00dapln\u00e1 bibliografie. Jedno \u010d\u00edslo str\u00e1nky.<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>V chicagsk\u00e9m stylu plat\u00ed, \u017ee pokud m\u00e1te v pr\u00e1ci po sob\u011b jdouc\u00ed pozn\u00e1mky, kter\u00e9 poch\u00e1zej\u00ed ze stejn\u00e9ho zdroje na stejn\u00e9m \u010d\u00edsle str\u00e1nky, je t\u0159eba s nimi zach\u00e1zet ur\u010dit\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem. Kdy\u017e citujete prvn\u00ed pozn\u00e1mku, uvedete cel\u00fd bibliografick\u00fd z\u00e1znam se jm\u00e9nem autora, n\u00e1zvem d\u00edla a \u010d\u00edslem str\u00e1nky. U dal\u0161\u00edch pozn\u00e1mek, kter\u00e9 rovn\u011b\u017e cituj\u00ed stejnou str\u00e1nku, v\u0161ak m\u016f\u017eete jednodu\u0161e pou\u017e\u00edt \"tamt\u00e9\u017e\". Pou\u017eit\u00edm \"Tamt\u00e9\u017e\" u\u0161et\u0159\u00edte m\u00edsto a vyhnete se opakov\u00e1n\u00ed v citac\u00edch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159\u00edklad:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p>1. John Smith, <em>Historie Chicaga<\/em>, 45.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. Tamt\u00e9\u017e.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Ob\u011b pozn\u00e1mky odkazuj\u00ed na stranu 45 knihy Johna Smithe: <em>D\u011bjiny Chicaga.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-second-use-of-source-full-bibliography-one-page-number\"><strong>Druh\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed zdroje. \u00dapln\u00e1 bibliografie. Jedno \u010d\u00edslo str\u00e1nky<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>V chicagsk\u00e9m stylu plat\u00ed, \u017ee pokud m\u00e1te v pr\u00e1ci po sob\u011b jdouc\u00ed pozn\u00e1mky, kter\u00e9 poch\u00e1zej\u00ed ze stejn\u00e9ho zdroje se stejn\u00fdm \u010d\u00edslem str\u00e1nky, a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1te \u00faplnou bibliografii, ale nejedn\u00e1 se o prvn\u00ed citovanou pozn\u00e1mku, je t\u0159eba dodr\u017eet specifick\u00fd form\u00e1t. V takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b mus\u00edte v pozn\u00e1mce uv\u00e9st pouze p\u0159\u00edjmen\u00ed autora, proto\u017ee cel\u00e9 jm\u00e9no by bylo uvedeno v p\u0159edchoz\u00ed pozn\u00e1mce.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159\u00edklad:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p>10. Smith, <em>Historie Chicaga<\/em>, 45.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>11. Tamt\u00e9\u017e.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Ob\u011b pozn\u00e1mky odkazuj\u00ed na stranu 45 knihy Johna Smithe: <em>Historie Chicaga<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-multiple-use-of-source-no-full-bibliography-one-page-number\"><strong>V\u00edcen\u00e1sobn\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed zdroje. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00e1 \u00fapln\u00e1 bibliografie. Jedno \u010d\u00edslo str\u00e1nky<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Pokud po sob\u011b jdouc\u00ed pozn\u00e1mky v r\u00e1mci akademick\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce poch\u00e1zej\u00ed ze stejn\u00e9ho \u010d\u00edsla str\u00e1nky ve stejn\u00e9m odkazu a nen\u00ed pou\u017eita \u00fapln\u00e1 bibliografie, m\u011bl by b\u00fdt pro prvn\u00ed citaci dan\u00e9ho zdroje pou\u017eit specifick\u00fd postup. V takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b by prvn\u00ed pozn\u00e1mka m\u011bla obsahovat \u00fapln\u00e9 \u00fadaje o citaci, jako je jm\u00e9no autora, n\u00e1zev zdroje, m\u00edsto vyd\u00e1n\u00ed, vydavatelstv\u00ed a rok vyd\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159\u00edklad:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p>1. John Adams, <em>Zalo\u017een\u00ed Ameriky <\/em>(New York: ABC Publishers, 2019), 78.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. Tamt\u00e9\u017e.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Ob\u011b pozn\u00e1mky odkazuj\u00ed na stranu 78 knihy Johna Adamse: <em>Zalo\u017een\u00ed Ameriky<\/em>a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159\u00edklad:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p>10. Mark Johnson,<em> Efektivn\u00ed gramatick\u00e9 techniky <\/em>(Lond\u00fdn: PQR Publishing, 2024), 32.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>11. Tamt\u00e9\u017e.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Ob\u011b pozn\u00e1mky odkazuj\u00ed na stranu 32 knihy Marka Johnsona: <em>Efektivn\u00ed gramatick\u00e9 techniky.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-consecutive-uses-of-source-no-full-bibliography-one-page-number\"><strong>Postupn\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed zdroje. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00e1 \u00fapln\u00e1 bibliografie. Jedno \u010d\u00edslo str\u00e1nky<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Pokud v\u00edce po sob\u011b jdouc\u00edch pozn\u00e1mek odkazuje na stejn\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo str\u00e1nky ve stejn\u00e9m zdroji a nen\u00ed pou\u017eita \u00fapln\u00e1 bibliografie, m\u011bl by b\u00fdt pou\u017eit n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklad, pokud se nejedn\u00e1 o prvn\u00ed pozn\u00e1mku cituj\u00edc\u00ed dan\u00fd zdroj:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159\u00edklad:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p>5. Nezn\u00e1m\u00fd, <em>Chicagsk\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edru\u010dka stylu<\/em>, 45.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>6. Tamt\u00e9\u017e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>7. Tamt\u00e9\u017e.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u0161echny t\u0159i pozn\u00e1mky odkazuj\u00ed na stranu 45 knihy Johna Doea:<em> Chicagsk\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edru\u010dka stylu<\/em>. V \u00favodn\u00ed pozn\u00e1mce jsou uvedeny \u00fapln\u00e9 \u00fadaje o zdroji. Aby se p\u0159ede\u0161lo opakov\u00e1n\u00ed, lze pou\u017e\u00edt zkr\u00e1cenou pozn\u00e1mku, v n\u00ed\u017e se uvede pouze p\u0159\u00edjmen\u00ed autora. Tento postup je od\u016fvodn\u011bn dostupnost\u00ed \u00fapln\u00fdch informac\u00ed v prvn\u00ed pozn\u00e1mce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159\u00edklad:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p>9. B\u00edl\u00e1, <em>S\u00edla slov<\/em>, 102.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>10. Tamt\u00e9\u017e.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Ob\u011b pozn\u00e1mky odkazuj\u00ed na stranu 102 knihy Emily Whiteov\u00e9. <em>S\u00edla slov<\/em>. Tento p\u0159\u00edstup je vhodn\u00fd vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee informace jsou k dispozici ji\u017e v prvn\u00ed pozn\u00e1mce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-consecutive-uses-of-source-no-full-bibliography-different-page-numbers\"><strong>Postupn\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed zdroje. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00e1 \u00fapln\u00e1 bibliografie. R\u016fzn\u00e1 \u010d\u00edsla str\u00e1nek<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Pokud m\u00e1te v textu po sob\u011b jdouc\u00ed pozn\u00e1mky, kter\u00e9 poch\u00e1zej\u00ed ze stejn\u00e9ho zdroje, ale maj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e1 \u010d\u00edsla str\u00e1nek, m\u016f\u017eete pou\u017e\u00edt \"Ibid.\" pro ozna\u010den\u00ed stejn\u00e9ho autora a n\u00e1zvu a z\u00e1rove\u0148 uv\u00e9st nov\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo str\u00e1nky.<br><br>P\u0159\u00edklad:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p>1. John Smith, <em>Historie Chicaga<\/em>, 45.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. Tamt\u00e9\u017e, 57.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. Tamt\u00e9\u017e, 62.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>10. Jane Doe, <em>Um\u011bn\u00ed ps\u00e1t<\/em>, 78.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>11. Tamt\u00e9\u017e, 85.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>25. Mark Johnson,<em> Efektivn\u00ed gramatick\u00e9 techniky<\/em>, 32.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>26. Tamt\u00e9\u017e, 41.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>37. Tamt\u00e9\u017e, 55.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-not-first-use-of-source-different-page-numbers-interspersed-with-other-sources\"><strong>Nen\u00ed to prvn\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed zdroje. Odli\u0161n\u00e1 \u010d\u00edsla str\u00e1nek. Prolo\u017eeno jin\u00fdmi zdroji<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Pokud m\u00e1te v p\u00edsemn\u00e9m projevu v\u00edce pozn\u00e1mek, kter\u00e9 odkazuj\u00ed na stejnou str\u00e1nku v t\u00e9\u017ee pr\u00e1ci, ale mezi nimi jsou i pozn\u00e1mky odkazuj\u00edc\u00ed na jin\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce, je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 zachovat p\u0159ehlednost odkaz\u016f. V takov\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech se pro po sob\u011b jdouc\u00ed pozn\u00e1mky v r\u00e1mci t\u00e9ho\u017e d\u00edla a \u010d\u00edsla str\u00e1nky pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 \"tamt\u00e9\u017e\".&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159\u00edklad:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p>1. John Smith, <em>Historie Chicaga<\/em>, 45.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. Tamt\u00e9\u017e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. Tamt\u00e9\u017e, 62.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4. Hawthorne, <em>\u0160arlatov\u00e9 p\u00edsmeno<\/em>, 101.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>5. John Smith,<em> Historie Chicaga<\/em>, 110.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>A\u010dkoli<em> Historie Chicaga <\/em>je uvedeno v pozn\u00e1mk\u00e1ch 1-3, pozn\u00e1mka 5 mus\u00ed p\u0159esto obsahovat \u00fapln\u00e9 \u00fadaje o d\u00edle, proto\u017ee pozn\u00e1mka 4 se t\u00fdk\u00e1 jin\u00e9ho zdroje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159\u00edklad:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p>6. Jane Doe, <em>Um\u011bn\u00ed ps\u00e1t<\/em> (New York: ABC Publishers, 2023), 78.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>7. Tamt\u00e9\u017e, 85.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>8. Mark Johnson, <em>Efektivn\u00ed gramatick\u00e9 techniky<\/em> (Lond\u00fdn: PQR Publishing, 2024), 32.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>9. Tamt\u00e9\u017e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>10. Tamt\u00e9\u017e, 41.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>11. Nezn\u00e1m\u00fd,<em> Um\u011bn\u00ed ps\u00e1t<\/em>, 102.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>12. Tamt\u00e9\u017e, 115-119.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Navzdory p\u0159edchoz\u00edm odkaz\u016fm na <em>Um\u011bn\u00ed ps\u00e1t<\/em> v pozn\u00e1mk\u00e1ch 6-7, je nutn\u00e9 uv\u00e9st autora a n\u00e1zev znovu v pozn\u00e1mk\u00e1ch 11-12, proto\u017ee pozn\u00e1mky 8-10 se t\u00fdkaj\u00ed jin\u00e9ho d\u00edla. Proto\u017ee v\u0161ak ji\u017e bylo uvedeno cel\u00e9 jm\u00e9no autora a nakladatelstv\u00ed, posta\u010d\u00ed v pozn\u00e1mk\u00e1ch 11-12 zkr\u00e1cen\u00e1 pozn\u00e1mka.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-using-short-notes-instead-of-ibid\"><strong>Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed kr\u00e1tk\u00fdch pozn\u00e1mek m\u00edsto tamt\u00e9\u017e<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Pokud d\u00e1v\u00e1te p\u0159ednost pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed kr\u00e1tk\u00fdch pozn\u00e1mek nam\u00edsto \"ibid.\" ve sv\u00e9m akademick\u00e9m psan\u00ed, m\u016f\u017eete se \u0159\u00eddit t\u011bmito pokyny:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Pou\u017eijte p\u0159\u00edjmen\u00ed autora, za kter\u00fdm n\u00e1sleduje kr\u00e1tk\u00fd n\u00e1zev nebo kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 slovo ze zdroje.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pot\u0159eby uve\u010fte konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed \u010d\u00edslo str\u00e1nky (str\u00e1nek).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ujist\u011bte se, \u017ee zkr\u00e1cen\u00e1 pozn\u00e1mka obsahuje dostatek informac\u00ed pro jasnou identifikaci zdroje.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pokud jsou mezi dv\u011bma p\u0159\u00edpady t\u00e9ho\u017e zdroje dal\u0161\u00ed citace, uve\u010fte ke ka\u017ed\u00e9mu z nich kr\u00e1tkou pozn\u00e1mku.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pokud n\u00e1sledn\u00e1 citace odkazuje na jin\u00e9 d\u00edlo, uve\u010fte celou citaci jako obvykle.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Zde je p\u0159\u00edklad, kter\u00fd ilustruje pou\u017eit\u00ed kr\u00e1tk\u00fdch pozn\u00e1mek:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p><strong>Prvn\u00ed citace:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>John Smith, \"The Effects of Climate Change\", Environmental Studies Journal 25, \u010d. 2 (2019): 45.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>N\u00e1sledn\u00e1 citace (stejn\u00fd zdroj):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. Smith, \"Zm\u011bna klimatu\", 50.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>N\u00e1sledn\u00e1 citace (jin\u00fd zdroj):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. Emily Johnson, \"Biodiversity Conservation,\" Conservation Review 10, no. 3 (2020): 112.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>N\u00e1sledn\u00e1 citace (pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 pozn\u00e1mky ke stejn\u00e9mu zdroji):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4. Smith, \"Zm\u011bna klimatu\", 115.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Nezapome\u0148te se \u0159\u00eddit konkr\u00e9tn\u00edmi pokyny pro cita\u010dn\u00ed styl, kter\u00fd pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1te (nap\u0159. <a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/chicago-style-citation\/\">Chicago<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/apa-formatting-2\/\">APA<\/a>nebo MLA), abyste zajistili konzistentnost a p\u0159esnost citac\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-is-ibid-used-in-apa-and-mla-citations\"><strong>Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se Ibid v citac\u00edch APA a MLA?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Styl APA a MLA nepou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed ibid. Je to proto, \u017ee oba pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed citace v textu v z\u00e1vork\u00e1ch m\u00edsto pozn\u00e1mek pod \u010darou. Tyto citace odkazuj\u00ed na obs\u00e1hl\u00fd seznam zdroj\u016f uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00fd podle abecedy na konci \u010dl\u00e1nku. A\u010dkoli pozn\u00e1mky lze st\u00e1le pou\u017e\u00edvat pro koment\u00e1\u0159e a vysv\u011btlen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se nevejdou do hlavn\u00edho textu, odkazy v textu jsou ji\u017e dostate\u010dn\u011b stru\u010dn\u00e9. Nen\u00ed t\u0159eba je d\u00e1le zhu\u0161\u0165ovat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p><strong>P\u0159\u00edklad stylu APA:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Podle Darwina (1859) \"podneb\u00ed hraje d\u016fle\u017eitou roli p\u0159i ur\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 po\u010detnosti druh\u016f\" (s. 67).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p><strong>P\u0159\u00edklad stylu MLA:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Darwin zd\u016fraz\u0148uje b\u011b\u017enou mylnou p\u0159edstavu o vz\u00e1cnosti a zd\u016fraz\u0148uje, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd druh \"v ur\u010dit\u00e9m obdob\u00ed sv\u00e9ho \u017eivota neust\u00e1le trp\u00ed obrovskou zk\u00e1zou\" (67).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-online-infographic-maker-for-science\"><strong>Online infografika pro v\u011bdu<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Mind the Graph<\/a> nab\u00edz\u00ed rozs\u00e1hlou knihovnu ilustrac\u00ed, ikon a \u0161ablon s v\u011bdeckou tematikou, kter\u00e9 lze p\u0159izp\u016fsobit a kombinovat s textem, grafy a obr\u00e1zky a vytv\u00e1\u0159et tak vizu\u00e1ln\u011b ohromuj\u00edc\u00ed grafiku.<strong> <\/strong>V\u011bdci mohou pomoc\u00ed Mind the Graph vytv\u00e1\u0159et profesion\u00e1ln\u011b vypadaj\u00edc\u00ed infografiky, plak\u00e1ty, prezentace a dal\u0161\u00ed vizu\u00e1ln\u00ed materi\u00e1ly, aby mohli efektivn\u011b sd\u011blovat v\u00fdsledky sv\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu, koncepty a data a dos\u00e1hnout v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho vlivu ve sv\u00fdch oborech.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"478\" height=\"337\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/infographics.png\" alt=\"infografiky\" class=\"wp-image-29948\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/infographics.png 478w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/infographics-300x212.png 300w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/infographics-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/infographics-100x71.png 100w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/infographics-150x106.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 478px) 100vw, 478px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button aligncenter\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-background wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/\" style=\"border-radius:50px;background-color:#dc1866\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Za\u010dn\u011bte tvo\u0159it s Mind the Graph<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:44px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Porozum\u011bt v\u00fdznamu slova \"tamt\u00e9\u017e\" a jeho pou\u017eit\u00ed v akademick\u00e9m a pr\u00e1vn\u00edm psan\u00ed. Prozkoumejte cita\u010dn\u00ed zvyklosti a zvy\u0161te sv\u00e9 dovednosti v oblasti odkazov\u00e1n\u00ed. <\/p>","protected":false},"author":35,"featured_media":31522,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959,28],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v19.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Demystifying Ibid: What Does Ibid Mean In Academic Writing? - Mind the Graph Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Understand the meaning of &#039;ibid&#039; and its usage in academic and legal writing. 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