{"id":29892,"date":"2023-10-14T06:04:00","date_gmt":"2023-10-14T09:04:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/academic-report-format-copy\/"},"modified":"2023-10-10T18:12:07","modified_gmt":"2023-10-10T21:12:07","slug":"ordinal-data-examples","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/cs\/ordinal-data-examples\/","title":{"rendered":"Zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed ordin\u00e1ln\u00edch dat: P\u0159\u00edklady a vyu\u017eit\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"

V oblasti v\u00fdzkumu a anal\u00fdzy dat je pochopen\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch typ\u016f dat z\u00e1sadn\u00ed pro vyvozen\u00ed smyslupln\u00fdch z\u00e1v\u011br\u016f a p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed informovan\u00fdch rozhodnut\u00ed. Jedn\u00edm z takov\u00fdch typ\u016f jsou po\u0159adov\u00e1 data, kter\u00e1 hraj\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli v r\u016fzn\u00fdch oborech, od spole\u010densk\u00fdch v\u011bd a\u017e po pr\u016fzkum trhu. Pochopen\u00ed toho, co p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed ordin\u00e1ln\u00ed data a jak se li\u0161\u00ed od ostatn\u00edch typ\u016f dat, je pro v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 pracovn\u00edky, kte\u0159\u00ed cht\u011bj\u00ed ze sv\u00fdch datov\u00fdch soubor\u016f z\u00edskat smyslupln\u00e9 poznatky, z\u00e1sadn\u00ed. Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek poskytne komplexn\u00ed vysv\u011btlen\u00ed toho, co jsou ordin\u00e1ln\u00ed data a jak\u00fd maj\u00ed v\u00fdznam v oblasti v\u00fdzkumu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Co jsou to ordin\u00e1ln\u00ed data?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ordin\u00e1ln\u00ed data jsou typem kategori\u00e1ln\u00edch dat, v nich\u017e maj\u00ed kategorie p\u0159irozen\u00e9 po\u0159ad\u00ed nebo \u0159azen\u00ed. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee kategorie jsou uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1ny tak, \u017ee je lze se\u0159adit nebo se\u0159adit na z\u00e1klad\u011b jejich relativn\u00ed hodnoty nebo d\u016fle\u017eitosti. Nap\u0159\u00edklad ot\u00e1zka v pr\u016fzkumu, kter\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1d\u00e1 respondenty, aby ohodnotili m\u00edru sv\u00e9ho souhlasu na stupnici od 1 do 5, shroma\u017e\u010fuje ordin\u00e1ln\u00ed data, proto\u017ee odpov\u011bdi maj\u00ed p\u0159irozen\u00e9 po\u0159ad\u00ed od \"rozhodn\u011b nesouhlas\u00edm\" (1) po \"rozhodn\u011b souhlas\u00edm\" (5). P\u0159\u00edklady ordin\u00e1ln\u00edch dat lze analyzovat pomoc\u00ed statistick\u00fdch metod, jako jsou ch\u00ed-kvadr\u00e1t testy, ale je t\u0159eba ur\u010dit\u00e9 opatrnosti, proto\u017ee vzd\u00e1lenosti mezi kategoriemi nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt stejn\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ordin\u00e1ln\u00ed data maj\u00ed ve v\u011bdeck\u00e9m v\u00fdzkumu z\u00e1sadn\u00ed v\u00fdznam, proto\u017ee umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed klasifikovat a porovn\u00e1vat data s p\u0159irozen\u00fdm po\u0159ad\u00edm nebo \u0159azen\u00edm, co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee poskytnout cenn\u00e9 informace o vzorc\u00edch, vztaz\u00edch a trendech v datech. Tento typ dat se \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 ve spole\u010denskov\u011bdn\u00edm v\u00fdzkumu, nap\u0159\u00edklad v pr\u016fzkumech a dotazn\u00edc\u00edch, kde jsou respondenti po\u017e\u00e1d\u00e1ni, aby ohodnotili sv\u00e9 n\u00e1zory nebo zku\u0161enosti na stupnici.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obr\u00e1zek: https:\/\/www.voxco.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Cover-scale-1536\u00d7864.jpg<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Charakteristiky ordin\u00e1ln\u00edch dat<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ordin\u00e1ln\u00ed data jsou typem kategori\u00e1ln\u00edch dat, kter\u00e1 p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9 po\u0159ad\u00ed nebo \u0159azen\u00ed mezi sv\u00fdmi kategoriemi. N\u00e1sleduj\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00e9 kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 charakteristiky ordin\u00e1ln\u00edch dat:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Objedn\u00e1vka: <\/strong>Kategorie v ordin\u00e1ln\u00edch datech maj\u00ed specifick\u00e9 po\u0159ad\u00ed, kter\u00e9 vyjad\u0159uje m\u00edru souhlasu, nesouhlasu nebo preferenc\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad v pr\u016fzkumu, kter\u00fd se pt\u00e1 na kvalitu obdr\u017een\u00fdch slu\u017eeb, mohou b\u00fdt mo\u017enosti odpov\u011bd\u00ed \"v\u00fdborn\u00e1\", \"dobr\u00e1\", \"slu\u0161n\u00e1\" nebo \"\u0161patn\u00e1\", kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed jasn\u00e9 po\u0159ad\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ne\u010d\u00edseln\u00e9:<\/strong> <\/em>Kategorie ordin\u00e1ln\u00edch dat nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt nutn\u011b reprezentov\u00e1ny \u010d\u00edsly a kategorie mohou m\u00edt podobu slov nebo symbol\u016f. Nap\u0159\u00edklad syst\u00e9m hodnocen\u00ed restaurac\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edsto \u010d\u00edseln\u00fdch hodnot pou\u017e\u00edvat hv\u011bzdi\u010dky k ozna\u010den\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b kvality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nerovnom\u011brn\u00e9 intervaly:<\/strong> <\/em>Vzd\u00e1lenosti mezi kategoriemi nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt nutn\u011b stejn\u00e9. Nap\u0159\u00edklad rozd\u00edl mezi \"rozhodn\u011b souhlas\u00edm\" a \"souhlas\u00edm\" na Likertov\u011b stupnici nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt stejn\u00fd jako rozd\u00edl mezi \"nesouhlas\u00edm\" a \"rozhodn\u011b nesouhlas\u00edm\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Omezen\u00fd po\u010det kategori\u00ed:<\/strong> Ordin\u00e1ln\u00ed data maj\u00ed obvykle kone\u010dn\u00fd po\u010det kategori\u00ed, kter\u00e9 jsou \u010dasto p\u0159edem definov\u00e1ny v\u00fdzkumn\u00edkem. Nap\u0159\u00edklad v pr\u016fzkumu m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pou\u017eita Likertova \u0161k\u00e1la s p\u011bti mo\u017enostmi odpov\u011bd\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lze s nimi zach\u00e1zet jako s \u010d\u00edseln\u00fdmi \u00fadaji: <\/strong>N\u011bkdy lze pro \u00fa\u010dely statistick\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy s ordin\u00e1ln\u00edmi \u00fadaji zach\u00e1zet jako s \u010d\u00edseln\u00fdmi \u00fadaji, ale je t\u0159eba postupovat opatrn\u011b. P\u0159i\u0159azen\u00ed smyslupln\u00fdch \u010d\u00edseln\u00fdch hodnot ordin\u00e1ln\u00edm kategori\u00edm m\u016f\u017ee usnadnit anal\u00fdzu a interpretaci, ale nem\u011blo by m\u011bnit z\u00e1kladn\u00ed povahu dat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Typy ordin\u00e1ln\u00edch prom\u011bnn\u00fdch<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ordin\u00e1ln\u00ed prom\u011bnn\u00e9 jsou prom\u011bnn\u00e9, kter\u00e9 lze se\u0159adit nebo se\u0159adit na z\u00e1klad\u011b jejich hodnot nebo atribut\u016f. Existuj\u00ed dva typy ordin\u00e1ln\u00edch prom\u011bnn\u00fdch:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed kategorie<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

U ordin\u00e1ln\u00edch prom\u011bnn\u00fdch s p\u0159i\u0159azenou kategori\u00ed existuje p\u0159irozen\u00e9 po\u0159ad\u00ed kategori\u00ed prom\u011bnn\u00e9. Toto po\u0159ad\u00ed je definov\u00e1no samotnou prom\u011bnnou a kategorie se vz\u00e1jemn\u011b vylu\u010duj\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad ve studii p\u0159ed a po se u stejn\u00e9 skupiny \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f m\u011b\u0159\u00ed stejn\u00e1 ordin\u00e1ln\u00ed prom\u011bnn\u00e1 ve dvou r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u010dasov\u00fdch okam\u017eic\u00edch, nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159ed l\u00e9\u010dbou a po n\u00ed. Kategorie v m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed \"p\u0159ed\" jsou porovn\u00e1ny nebo sp\u00e1rov\u00e1ny s kategoriemi v m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed \"po\". <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dal\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edkladem je studie porovn\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed preference p\u00e1r\u016f v ur\u010dit\u00e9m ohledu, kdy jsou preference jednoho partnera porovn\u00e1v\u00e1ny nebo p\u00e1rov\u00e1ny s preferencemi druh\u00e9ho partnera. Shodn\u00e9 kategorie se \u010dasto analyzuj\u00ed pomoc\u00ed neparametrick\u00fdch statistick\u00fdch test\u016f, jako je Wilcoxon\u016fv signovan\u00fdrank test nebo Friedman\u016fv test, aby se porovnaly rozd\u00edly mezi kategoriemi v r\u00e1mci ka\u017ed\u00e9 dvojice nebo skupiny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nesrovnateln\u00e1 kategorie<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Dal\u0161\u00edm typem ordin\u00e1ln\u00ed prom\u011bnn\u00e9 je kategorie neshodn\u00fdch. Na rozd\u00edl od odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edch kategori\u00ed nemaj\u00ed neodpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed kategorie jasn\u00fd vztah nebo souvislost mezi kategoriemi. Pokud nap\u0159\u00edklad \u017e\u00e1d\u00e1te respondenty, aby ohodnotili sv\u00e9 preference pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 typy hudebn\u00edch \u017e\u00e1nr\u016f, nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt mezi kategoriemi jazz, country a rock jasn\u00e9 po\u0159ad\u00ed nebo vztah.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V nesrovnateln\u00fdch kategori\u00edch mohou b\u00fdt kategorie st\u00e1le se\u0159azeny na z\u00e1klad\u011b individu\u00e1ln\u00edch preferenc\u00ed nebo vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed respondenta, ale neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 objektivn\u00ed nebo konzistentn\u00ed se\u0159azen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 by platilo pro v\u0161echny respondenty. To m\u016f\u017ee zt\u00ed\u017eit anal\u00fdzu a interpretaci dat ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edmi kategoriemi, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed jasn\u00e9 a konzistentn\u00ed uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159\u00edklady ordin\u00e1ln\u00edch dat<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159\u00edklady ordin\u00e1ln\u00edch dat lze nal\u00e9zt v mnoha oblastech v\u00fdzkumu a v r\u016fzn\u00fdch typech m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed. Mezi p\u0159\u00edklady ordin\u00e1ln\u00edch dat pat\u0159\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Intervalov\u00e1 stupnice<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Intervalov\u00e1 \u0161k\u00e1la je typ m\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed \u0161k\u00e1ly, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 ke ka\u017ed\u00e9 kategorii nebo odpov\u011bdi p\u0159i\u0159azenou \u010d\u00edselnou hodnotu a rozd\u00edly mezi hodnotami jsou smyslupln\u00e9 a stejn\u00e9. Je podobn\u00e1 pom\u011brov\u00e9 stupnici s t\u00edm rozd\u00edlem, \u017ee nem\u00e1 skute\u010dn\u00fd nulov\u00fd bod.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159\u00edkladem intervalov\u00e9 stupnice je nap\u0159\u00edklad Celsiova teplotn\u00ed stupnice. Rozd\u00edl mezi 10 \u00b0C a 20 \u00b0C je stejn\u00fd jako rozd\u00edl mezi 20 \u00b0C a 30 \u00b0C. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b 0\u00b0C nep\u0159edstavuje \u00faplnou absenci teploty, ale sp\u00ed\u0161e ur\u010dit\u00fd bod na stupnici.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Likertova stupnice<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Likertova \u0161k\u00e1la je b\u011b\u017en\u00fd typ ordin\u00e1ln\u00edch dat, kter\u00fd k m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed postoj\u016f, n\u00e1zor\u016f nebo vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 sadu mo\u017enost\u00ed odpov\u011bd\u00ed, jako jsou \"rozhodn\u011b souhlas\u00edm\", \"souhlas\u00edm\", \"neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed\", \"nesouhlas\u00edm\" a \"rozhodn\u011b nesouhlas\u00edm\". Ka\u017ed\u00e9 odpov\u011bdi je p\u0159i\u0159azena \u010d\u00edseln\u00e1 hodnota, obvykle v rozmez\u00ed 1 a\u017e 5 nebo 1 a\u017e 7, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hodnota znamen\u00e1 pozitivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed nebo siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed odpov\u011b\u010f. Likertova \u0161k\u00e1la se \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v pr\u016fzkumech a dotazn\u00edc\u00edch ke shroma\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed ordin\u00e1ln\u00edch \u00fadaj\u016f, kter\u00e9 lze analyzovat pomoc\u00ed specifick\u00fdch metod.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jak analyzovat ordin\u00e1ln\u00ed data?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Existuje n\u011bkolik metod anal\u00fdzy ordin\u00e1ln\u00edch dat, v\u010detn\u011b:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Popisn\u00e1 statistika:<\/strong> Popisn\u00e1 statistika se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k shrnut\u00ed a popisu centr\u00e1ln\u00ed tendence a rozd\u011blen\u00ed ordin\u00e1ln\u00edch dat. Mezi b\u011b\u017en\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 popisn\u00e9 statistiky pro ordin\u00e1ln\u00ed data pat\u0159\u00ed medi\u00e1n, modus a percentily. Popisn\u00e1 statistika m\u016f\u017ee pomoci poskytnout obecn\u00fd p\u0159ehled o datech a identifikovat p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9 probl\u00e9my, jako jsou odlehl\u00e9 hodnoty nebo zkreslen\u00e9 rozd\u011blen\u00ed. Neposkytuj\u00ed v\u0161ak \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 informace o statistick\u00e9 v\u00fdznamnosti rozd\u00edl\u016f nebo vztah\u016f mezi skupinami.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Neparametrick\u00e9 testy: <\/strong>Neparametrick\u00e9 testy se b\u011b\u017en\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k anal\u00fdze ordin\u00e1ln\u00edch dat, proto\u017ee nevy\u017eaduj\u00ed, aby data odpov\u00eddala ur\u010dit\u00e9mu rozd\u011blen\u00ed, nap\u0159\u00edklad norm\u00e1ln\u00edmu rozd\u011blen\u00ed, a nep\u0159edpokl\u00e1daj\u00ed, \u017ee intervaly mezi kategoriemi jsou stejn\u00e9. Tyto testy jsou zalo\u017eeny sp\u00ed\u0161e na po\u0159ad\u00ed pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed ne\u017e na jejich p\u0159esn\u00fdch hodnot\u00e1ch. Neparametrick\u00e9 testy jsou odoln\u00e9 v\u016f\u010di odlehl\u00fdm hodnot\u00e1m a \u010dasto se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed, pokud nejsou spln\u011bny p\u0159edpoklady parametrick\u00fdch test\u016f. Mohou v\u0161ak m\u00edt men\u0161\u00ed statistickou s\u00edlu ne\u017e parametrick\u00e9 testy, zejm\u00e9na pokud je velikost vzorku mal\u00e1. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ordin\u00e1ln\u00ed logistick\u00e1 regrese:<\/strong> Ordin\u00e1ln\u00ed logistick\u00e1 regrese je statistick\u00e1 metoda pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 k modelov\u00e1n\u00ed vztahu mezi jednou nebo v\u00edce ordin\u00e1ln\u00edmi nez\u00e1visl\u00fdmi prom\u011bnn\u00fdmi a ordin\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1vislou prom\u011bnnou. Tato metoda je u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e1, pokud chcete ur\u010dit faktory, kter\u00e9 ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed v\u00fdsledek ordin\u00e1ln\u00ed prom\u011bnn\u00e9. Ordin\u00e1ln\u00ed logistick\u00e1 regrese p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee kategorie z\u00e1visl\u00e9 prom\u011bnn\u00e9 jsou uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00e9 a \u017ee vzd\u00e1lenost mezi kategoriemi nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt nutn\u011b stejn\u00e1. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 tak\u00e9, \u017ee vztah mezi z\u00e1vislou prom\u011bnnou a nez\u00e1visl\u00fdmi prom\u011bnn\u00fdmi je log-line\u00e1rn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anal\u00fdza korespondence:<\/strong> Tato metoda se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 ke zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed vztahu mezi dv\u011bma nebo v\u00edce ordin\u00e1ln\u00edmi prom\u011bnn\u00fdmi. Pom\u00e1h\u00e1 identifikovat z\u00e1konitosti a vztahy mezi prom\u011bnn\u00fdmi a vizualizovat je ve dvourozm\u011brn\u00e9m prostoru. Metoda zahrnuje vytvo\u0159en\u00ed kontingen\u010dn\u00ed tabulky, kter\u00e1 zobrazuje \u010detnosti jednotliv\u00fdch kategori\u00ed pro ka\u017edou prom\u011bnnou. Pot\u00e9 se pro ka\u017edou kategorii vypo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 soubor sk\u00f3re na z\u00e1klad\u011b celkov\u00e9ho rozlo\u017een\u00ed dat. Tato sk\u00f3re se pou\u017eij\u00ed k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed dvourozm\u011brn\u00e9ho grafu, kde je ka\u017ed\u00e1 kategorie reprezentov\u00e1na bodem. Vzd\u00e1lenost mezi body ud\u00e1v\u00e1 m\u00edru podobnosti nebo nepodobnosti mezi kategoriemi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Modelov\u00e1n\u00ed struktur\u00e1ln\u00edch rovnic:<\/strong> Modelov\u00e1n\u00ed struktur\u00e1ln\u00edch rovnic (SEM) je statistick\u00e1 metoda pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 k anal\u00fdze vztah\u016f mezi prom\u011bnn\u00fdmi a k testov\u00e1n\u00ed slo\u017eit\u00fdch model\u016f. Jedn\u00e1 se o techniku v\u00edcerozm\u011brn\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy, kter\u00e1 dok\u00e1\u017ee pracovat s v\u00edce prom\u011bnn\u00fdmi, pozorovan\u00fdmi i latentn\u00edmi, a dok\u00e1\u017ee testovat kauz\u00e1ln\u00ed vztahy mezi prom\u011bnn\u00fdmi. P\u0159i anal\u00fdze ordin\u00e1ln\u00edch dat lze SEM pou\u017e\u00edt k testov\u00e1n\u00ed model\u016f, kter\u00e9 zahrnuj\u00ed v\u00edce ordin\u00e1ln\u00edch prom\u011bnn\u00fdch a latentn\u00edch konstrukt\u016f. M\u016f\u017ee tak\u00e9 pomoci identifikovat a odhadnout velikost p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdch a nep\u0159\u00edm\u00fdch vz\u00e1jemn\u00fdch \u00fa\u010dink\u016f prom\u011bnn\u00fdch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inferen\u010dn\u00ed statistika<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Inferen\u010dn\u00ed statistika je obor statistiky, kter\u00fd se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 vyvozov\u00e1n\u00edm z\u00e1v\u011br\u016f a usuzov\u00e1n\u00edm o populaci na z\u00e1klad\u011b vzorku dat. Jedn\u00e1 se o mocn\u00fd n\u00e1stroj, kter\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk\u016fm vytv\u00e1\u0159et zobecn\u011bn\u00ed, p\u0159edpov\u011bdi a hypot\u00e9zy o v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed skupin\u011b nad r\u00e1mec pozorovan\u00fdch dat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zat\u00edmco popisn\u00e1 statistika shrnuje a popisuje data, inferen\u010dn\u00ed statistika jde o krok d\u00e1le a vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 teorii pravd\u011bpodobnosti a statistick\u00e9 metody k anal\u00fdze dat z v\u00fdb\u011brov\u00e9ho souboru a k vyvozen\u00ed z\u00e1v\u011br\u016f o populaci, z n\u00ed\u017e byl vzorek vybr\u00e1n. Vyu\u017eit\u00edm inferen\u010dn\u00ed statistiky mohou v\u00fdzkumn\u00ed pracovn\u00edci vytv\u00e1\u0159et p\u0159edpov\u011bdi, testovat hypot\u00e9zy a na z\u00e1klad\u011b zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f \u010dinit informovan\u00e1 rozhodnut\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pou\u017eit\u00ed ordin\u00e1ln\u00edch dat<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ordin\u00e1ln\u00ed data se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v \u0161irok\u00e9 \u0161k\u00e1le aplikac\u00ed a \u010dasto se shroma\u017e\u010fuj\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm pr\u016fzkum\u016f, dotazn\u00edk\u016f a dal\u0161\u00edch forem v\u00fdzkumu. Zde je uvedeno n\u011bkolik b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch zp\u016fsob\u016f pou\u017eit\u00ed ordin\u00e1ln\u00edch dat:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pr\u016fzkumy\/dotazn\u00edky<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Pr\u016fzkumy a dotazn\u00edky jsou b\u011b\u017en\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem sb\u011bru ordin\u00e1ln\u00edch dat. V pr\u016fzkumu mohou b\u00fdt respondenti nap\u0159\u00edklad po\u017e\u00e1d\u00e1ni, aby ohodnotili m\u00edru sv\u00e9ho souhlasu s ur\u010dit\u00fdm tvrzen\u00edm na stupnici od \"rozhodn\u011b nesouhlas\u00edm\" po \"rozhodn\u011b souhlas\u00edm\". Tento typ \u00fadaj\u016f lze pak pou\u017e\u00edt k anal\u00fdze trend\u016f nebo vzorc\u016f v odpov\u011bd\u00edch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdzkum<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ordin\u00e1ln\u00ed data lze tak\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edt ve v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch studi\u00edch k m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed vztahu mezi r\u016fzn\u00fdmi prom\u011bnn\u00fdmi. V\u00fdzkumn\u00edk m\u016f\u017ee nap\u0159\u00edklad pou\u017e\u00edt ordin\u00e1ln\u00ed stupnici k m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed z\u00e1va\u017enosti ur\u010dit\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edznaku u skupiny pacient\u016f s ur\u010dit\u00fdm onemocn\u011bn\u00edm. Tento typ \u00fadaj\u016f pak m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pou\u017eit k porovn\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1va\u017enosti p\u0159\u00edznaku u r\u016fzn\u00fdch skupin pacient\u016f nebo ke sledov\u00e1n\u00ed zm\u011bn p\u0159\u00edznaku v pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u010dasu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Z\u00e1kaznick\u00fd servis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ordin\u00e1ln\u00ed data lze pou\u017e\u00edt tak\u00e9 v z\u00e1kaznick\u00e9m servisu k m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed spokojenosti nebo nespokojenosti z\u00e1kazn\u00edk\u016f. Z\u00e1kazn\u00edk m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt nap\u0159\u00edklad po\u017e\u00e1d\u00e1n, aby ohodnotil sv\u00e9 zku\u0161enosti s produktem nebo slu\u017ebou spole\u010dnosti na stupnici od \"velmi nespokojen\" po \"velmi spokojen\". Tento typ \u00fadaj\u016f lze pak pou\u017e\u00edt k identifikaci oblast\u00ed, kter\u00e9 je t\u0159eba zlep\u0161it, a ke sledov\u00e1n\u00ed zm\u011bn spokojenosti z\u00e1kazn\u00edk\u016f v pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u010dasu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u017d\u00e1dosti o zam\u011bstn\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ordin\u00e1ln\u00ed data lze tak\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edt v \u017e\u00e1dostech o zam\u011bstn\u00e1n\u00ed k m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed kvalifikace nebo \u00farovn\u011b zku\u0161enost\u00ed uchaze\u010de. Zam\u011bstnavatel m\u016f\u017ee nap\u0159\u00edklad po\u017e\u00e1dat uchaze\u010de o zam\u011bstn\u00e1n\u00ed, aby ohodnotili svou \u00farove\u0148 zku\u0161enost\u00ed v ur\u010dit\u00e9 oblasti na stupnici od \"bez zku\u0161enost\u00ed\" po \"odborn\u00edk\". Tento typ \u00fadaj\u016f pak m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pou\u017eit k porovn\u00e1n\u00ed kvalifikace r\u016fzn\u00fdch uchaze\u010d\u016f o zam\u011bstn\u00e1n\u00ed a k v\u00fdb\u011bru nejkvalifikovan\u011bj\u0161\u00edho kandid\u00e1ta na danou pozici.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rozd\u00edl mezi ordin\u00e1ln\u00edmi a nomin\u00e1ln\u00edmi daty<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ordin\u00e1ln\u00ed a nomin\u00e1ln\u00ed data jsou dva typy kategori\u00e1ln\u00edch dat. Hlavn\u00ed rozd\u00edl mezi nimi spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v \u00farovni m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed a informac\u00edch, kter\u00e9 zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1vaj\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ordin\u00e1ln\u00ed data jsou typem kategori\u00e1ln\u00edch dat, u nich\u017e maj\u00ed prom\u011bnn\u00e9 p\u0159irozen\u00e9 po\u0159ad\u00ed. M\u011b\u0159\u00ed se na ordin\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00farovni, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee maj\u00ed p\u0159irozen\u00e9 po\u0159ad\u00ed, ale rozd\u00edly mezi hodnotami nelze kvantifikovat nebo m\u011b\u0159it. P\u0159\u00edkladem ordin\u00e1ln\u00edch dat jsou \u017eeb\u0159\u00ed\u010dky, hodnocen\u00ed a Likertovy \u0161k\u00e1ly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na druhou stranu nomin\u00e1ln\u00ed data jsou tak\u00e9 typem kategori\u00e1ln\u00edch dat, ale nemaj\u00ed p\u0159irozen\u00e9 uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed nebo po\u0159ad\u00ed. M\u011b\u0159\u00ed se na nomin\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00farovni, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee data lze za\u0159adit pouze do vz\u00e1jemn\u011b se vylu\u010duj\u00edc\u00edch kategori\u00ed bez p\u0159irozen\u00e9ho po\u0159ad\u00ed nebo \u0159azen\u00ed. P\u0159\u00edkladem nomin\u00e1ln\u00edch dat je pohlav\u00ed, etnick\u00fd p\u016fvod a rodinn\u00fd stav.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hlavn\u00ed rozd\u00edl mezi ordin\u00e1ln\u00edmi a nomin\u00e1ln\u00edmi daty spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, \u017ee ordin\u00e1ln\u00ed data maj\u00ed p\u0159irozen\u00e9 po\u0159ad\u00ed, zat\u00edmco nomin\u00e1ln\u00ed data nikoli. Chcete-li se dozv\u011bd\u011bt v\u00edce o rozd\u00edlu mezi ordin\u00e1ln\u00edmi a nomin\u00e1ln\u00edmi daty, pod\u00edvejte se na na t\u011bchto webov\u00fdch str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pot\u0159ebujete velmi konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed ilustraci? Navrhneme ji pro v\u00e1s!<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Mind the Graph<\/a> platforma nab\u00edz\u00ed rozs\u00e1hlou knihovnu v\u011bdeck\u00fdch ilustrac\u00ed a \u0161ablon s komplexn\u00edmi v\u011bdeck\u00fdmi koncepty a konkr\u00e9tn\u00edmi obr\u00e1zky, kter\u00e9 pot\u0159ebujete. Spole\u010dnost Mind the Graph s v\u00e1mi bude spolupracovat na vytvo\u0159en\u00ed vysoce kvalitn\u00ed ilustrace, kter\u00e1 spln\u00ed va\u0161e o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. Tato slu\u017eba v\u00e1m zajist\u00ed, \u017ee budete m\u00edt k dispozici p\u0159esn\u011b takov\u00e9 vizualizace, jak\u00e9 pot\u0159ebujete pro sv\u016fj v\u00fdzkum, prezentaci nebo publikaci, ani\u017e byste pot\u0159ebovali specializovan\u00fd n\u00e1vrh\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd software nebo dovednosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
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Za\u010dn\u011bte tvo\u0159it s Mind the Graph<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Zde z\u00edsk\u00e1te ucelen\u00e9 informace o p\u0159\u00edkladech ordin\u00e1ln\u00edch dat. P\u0159e\u010dt\u011bte si, co jsou to ordin\u00e1ln\u00ed data a jak je efektivn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvat.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":35,"featured_media":29894,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959,28],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nExploring Ordinal Data: Examples and Uses - Mind the Graph Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Get a comprehensive understanding of ordinal data examples here. 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