{"id":29632,"date":"2023-09-25T12:23:00","date_gmt":"2023-09-25T15:23:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/academic-success-copy\/"},"modified":"2023-09-25T16:18:14","modified_gmt":"2023-09-25T19:18:14","slug":"footnotes-in-a-paper","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/cs\/poznamky-pod-carou-v-novinach\/","title":{"rendered":"Pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010darou v dokumentu: Jak je efektivn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvat v p\u00edsemn\u00e9m projevu?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010darou v \u010dl\u00e1nku mohou b\u00fdt cenn\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem, kter\u00fd n\u00e1m umo\u017en\u00ed doplnit psan\u00fd text o dal\u0161\u00ed informace, citace a vysv\u011btlen\u00ed, ani\u017e bychom naru\u0161ili plynulost hlavn\u00edho textu. Mnoho autor\u016f si v\u0161ak nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt jisto, kdy a jak pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010darou efektivn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvat. V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku se budeme zab\u00fdvat v\u00fdznamem a pou\u017eit\u00edm pozn\u00e1mek pod \u010darou v akademick\u00e9m psan\u00ed a poskytneme praktick\u00e9 tipy, jak pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010darou za\u010dlenit do vlastn\u00edho psan\u00ed. A\u0165 u\u017e jste zku\u0161en\u00fd akademick\u00fd spisovatel, nebo teprve za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1te, porozum\u011bn\u00ed tomu, jak pou\u017e\u00edvat pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010darou, v\u00e1m m\u016f\u017ee pomoci zv\u00fd\u0161it srozumitelnost a d\u016fv\u011bryhodnost va\u0161eho psan\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Co jsou pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010darou?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010darou jsou v akademick\u00e9m psan\u00ed u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem, kter\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje uv\u00e9st v dokumentu nebo textu dal\u0161\u00ed informace nebo koment\u00e1\u0159e. Pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010darou, kter\u00e9 jsou v hlavn\u00edm textu obvykle ozna\u010deny mal\u00fdm \u010d\u00edslem nebo symbolem, se v dokumentu objevuj\u00ed na konci str\u00e1nky a mohou slou\u017eit k r\u016fzn\u00fdm \u00fa\u010del\u016fm. Pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010darou lze nap\u0159\u00edklad pou\u017e\u00edt k objasn\u011bn\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9ho bodu, k poskytnut\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edch informac\u00ed nebo k uveden\u00ed zdroje, kter\u00fd nen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo citov\u00e1n nebo na n\u011bj nen\u00ed odkazov\u00e1no v hlavn\u00edm textu. Jsou tak\u00e9 u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9, aby nenaru\u0161ovaly plynulost hlavn\u00edho textu, zejm\u00e9na pokud je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed dlouh\u00fdch citac\u00ed nebo vysv\u011btlen\u00ed. Stru\u010dn\u011b \u0159e\u010deno, pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010darou poskytuj\u00ed \u010dten\u00e1\u0159\u016fm dodate\u010dn\u00e9 informace nebo odkazy vztahuj\u00edc\u00ed se k ur\u010dit\u00fdm \u010d\u00e1stem textu, co\u017e z nich \u010din\u00ed cenn\u00fd n\u00e1stroj pro badatele.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n
\n
\"pozn\u00e1mky
Prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm EasybBib<\/a><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Jak napsat pozn\u00e1mku pod \u010darou<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Chcete-li napsat pozn\u00e1mku pod \u010darou, postupujte podle n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch obecn\u00fdch pokyn\u016f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. Ur\u010dete, jak\u00e9 informace je t\u0159eba uv\u00e9st v pozn\u00e1mce pod \u010darou. M\u016f\u017ee se jednat o jm\u00e9no autora, n\u00e1zev zdroje, datum vyd\u00e1n\u00ed, vydavatele a \u010d\u00edslo str\u00e1nky (str\u00e1nek), na kter\u00e9 odkazujete.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. \u010c\u00edslo nebo symbol pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010darou um\u00edst\u011bte na konec v\u011bty nebo odstavce, kter\u00fd vy\u017eaduje pozn\u00e1mku pod \u010darou. \u010c\u00edslo nebo symbol pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010darou by m\u011bl b\u00fdt um\u00edst\u011bn za interpunk\u010dn\u00edm znam\u00e9nkem, jako je te\u010dka nebo \u010d\u00e1rka.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. Samotnou pozn\u00e1mku pod \u010darou napi\u0161te na konec str\u00e1nky. Prvn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1dek pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010darou by m\u011bl b\u00fdt odsazen a dal\u0161\u00ed \u0159\u00e1dky by m\u011bly b\u00fdt zarovn\u00e1ny s lev\u00fdm okrajem.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. Pozn\u00e1mku pod \u010darou naform\u00e1tujte podle cita\u010dn\u00edho stylu, kter\u00fd pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1te (nap\u0159. MLA, APA<\/a>, Chicago). Ka\u017ed\u00fd cita\u010dn\u00ed styl m\u00e1 specifick\u00e1 pravidla pro form\u00e1tov\u00e1n\u00ed pozn\u00e1mek pod \u010darou, proto si podrobnosti vyhledejte v p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edru\u010dce stylu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  5. Pokud pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1te textov\u00fd editor, nap\u0159\u00edklad Microsoft Word, m\u016f\u017eete pou\u017e\u00edt funkci \"Vlo\u017eit pozn\u00e1mku pod \u010darou\", kter\u00e1 automaticky vlo\u017e\u00ed pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010darou a spr\u00e1vn\u011b je naform\u00e1tuje.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    Rozd\u00edl mezi pozn\u00e1mkami pod \u010darou a koncov\u00fdmi pozn\u00e1mkami<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Hlavn\u00ed rozd\u00edl mezi pozn\u00e1mkami pod \u010darou a koncov\u00fdmi pozn\u00e1mkami spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v jejich um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed v dokumentu. Pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010darou se objevuj\u00ed na konci str\u00e1nky, na kterou odkazuj\u00ed, zat\u00edmco pozn\u00e1mky na konci se objevuj\u00ed na konci dokumentu, kapitoly nebo odd\u00edlu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Zde je n\u011bkolik dal\u0161\u00edch rozd\u00edl\u016f mezi pozn\u00e1mkami pod \u010darou a koncov\u00fdmi pozn\u00e1mkami:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    <\/div>\n\n\n\n
    <\/th>Pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010darou<\/strong><\/th>Pozn\u00e1mky na z\u00e1v\u011br<\/strong><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
    Definice<\/td>Pozn\u00e1mky um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9 ve spodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti t\u00e9\u017ee str\u00e1nky jako odkaz.<\/td>Pozn\u00e1mky na konci dokumentu.<\/td><\/tr>
    Um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed<\/td>Pod textem, na kter\u00fd odkazuj\u00ed, obvykle men\u0161\u00ed velikost\u00ed p\u00edsma.<\/td>Na konci dokumentu, obvykle stejnou velikost\u00ed p\u00edsma jako hlavn\u00ed text.<\/td><\/tr>
    Pou\u017eit\u00ed<\/td>Slou\u017e\u00ed k poskytnut\u00ed dodate\u010dn\u00fdch informac\u00ed nebo vysv\u011btlen\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9ho bodu textu.<\/td>Slou\u017e\u00ed k poskytnut\u00ed dopl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edch informac\u00ed, vysv\u011btlen\u00ed nebo citace zdroje.<\/td><\/tr>
    V\u00fdhody<\/td>Snadn\u00e9 vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a \u010dten\u00ed v kontextu textu.<\/td>Udr\u017eujte text \u010dist\u00fd a nep\u0159epln\u011bn\u00fd.<\/td><\/tr>
    Nev\u00fdhody<\/td>M\u016f\u017ee znep\u0159ehlednit str\u00e1nku a odv\u00e1d\u011bt pozornost \u010dten\u00e1\u0159e.<\/td>M\u016f\u017ee vy\u017eadovat, aby \u010dten\u00e1\u0159 listoval mezi textem a pozn\u00e1mkami pod \u010darou.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
    <\/div>\n\n\n\n

    Chicago<\/a> Pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010darou ke stylu<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010darou v chicagsk\u00e9m stylu jsou b\u011b\u017en\u00fdm cita\u010dn\u00edm stylem pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdm ve v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch prac\u00edch. V tomto form\u00e1tu se pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010darou pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k poskytnut\u00ed informac\u00ed o zdroji v textu. Existuj\u00ed dva typy pozn\u00e1mek pod \u010darou chicagsk\u00e9ho stylu: kr\u00e1tk\u00e1 forma a dlouh\u00e1 forma. Kr\u00e1tk\u00e1 forma citac\u00ed obsahuje pouze z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u00fadaje o zdroji, pokud je uvedena \u00fapln\u00e1 bibliografie, zat\u00edmco dlouh\u00e1 forma citac\u00ed obsahuje \u00faplnou citaci p\u0159i prvn\u00edm citov\u00e1n\u00ed zdroje, p\u0159i dal\u0161\u00edch citac\u00edch se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 kr\u00e1tk\u00e1 forma. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Zde je p\u0159\u00edklad pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010darou v chicagsk\u00e9m stylu s pou\u017eit\u00edm zkr\u00e1cen\u00e9 formy:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    \"Koncept soci\u00e1ln\u00edho kapit\u00e1lu je v posledn\u00edch letech hojn\u011b diskutov\u00e1n, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e Putnamova kniha Bowling Alone\u00b9 je jedn\u00edm z nejvlivn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch d\u011bl v t\u00e9to oblasti.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    V doln\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti str\u00e1nky by se p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e1 pozn\u00e1mka pod \u010darou objevila ve tvaru:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u00b9 Putnam, Bowling Alone, 26.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

    V\u0161imn\u011bte si, \u017ee p\u0159\u00edjmen\u00ed autora je uvedeno jako prvn\u00ed, n\u00e1sleduje zkr\u00e1cen\u00fd n\u00e1zev d\u00edla (v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b \"Bowling Alone\") a \u010d\u00edslo str\u00e1nky, na kter\u00e9 byla informace nalezena.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Zde je pozn\u00e1mka pod \u010darou v chicagsk\u00e9m stylu na p\u0159\u00edkladu zkr\u00e1cen\u00e9 formy:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    Prvn\u00ed odkaz:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    John Smith, The History of Chicago (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), 25.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    N\u00e1sledn\u00fd odkaz:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Smith, The History of Chicago, 30.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

    Zde je p\u0159\u00edklad chicagsk\u00e9 pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010darou v textu:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    \"Podle Smithe lze pojem lidsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v vysledovat a\u017e do starov\u011bk\u00e9 \u0159eck\u00e9 filozofie.\u00b9\"\u00b2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Dole na str\u00e1nce:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    John Smith, The Origins of Human Rights (New York: Oxford University Press, 2021), 15.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u00b2Smith, Origins of Human Rights, 22.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

    Na na\u0161em blogu se dozv\u00edte, jak citovat v chicagsk\u00e9m stylu \"Snadn\u00e9 citov\u00e1n\u00ed v chicagsk\u00e9m stylu: form\u00e1tov\u00e1n\u00ed a p\u0159\u00edklady<\/a>“.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    APA<\/strong><\/a> Pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010darou ke stylu<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Form\u00e1t APA obecn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 m\u00edsto pozn\u00e1mek pod \u010darou citace v z\u00e1vork\u00e1ch. Z tohoto pravidla v\u0161ak existuj\u00ed dv\u011b v\u00fdjimky: pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010darou t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se obsahu a uv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed autorsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v. Obsahov\u00e9 pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010darou poskytuj\u00ed dodate\u010dn\u00e9 informace k jednomu t\u00e9matu, kter\u00e9 se nevejdou souvisle do textu, zat\u00edmco pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010darou s uveden\u00edm autorsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee autor pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 dlouh\u00fd cit\u00e1t nebo jin\u00fd materi\u00e1l chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fd autorsk\u00fdm pr\u00e1vem, nap\u0159\u00edklad fotografii z fondu. Pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010darou jsou form\u00e1tov\u00e1ny podobn\u011b jako v chicagsk\u00e9m stylu, kdy za \u00faryvkem n\u00e1sleduj\u00ed po\u0159adov\u00e1 \u010d\u00edsla horn\u00edho indexu a p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e1 pozn\u00e1mka pod \u010darou je uvedena na konci str\u00e1nky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Zde je p\u0159\u00edklad pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010darou ve stylu APA pro dopl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed informace:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    In-text:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Podle nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00edch studi\u00ed je vakc\u00edna COVID-19 vysoce \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1 v prevenci infekce a p\u0159enosu viru.\u00b9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Pozn\u00e1mka pod \u010darou:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u00b9 V\u00edce informac\u00ed o citovan\u00fdch studi\u00edch viz Smith et al. (2021) a Jones et al. (2022).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

    Na na\u0161em blogu se dozv\u00edte, jak citovat ve stylu APA \"Jak citovat podle form\u00e1tu APA: Pr\u016fvodce<\/a>“.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    MLA<\/a> Pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010darou ke stylu<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Styl MLA (Modern Language Association) obvykle nepou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010darou. M\u00edsto toho se k uveden\u00ed zdroje informac\u00ed nebo citac\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed citace v textu. Pokud jsou v\u0161ak pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010darou vy\u017eadov\u00e1ny pro konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed publikaci nebo \u00fakol, lze postupovat podle n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch pokyn\u016f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed:<\/strong> Pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010darou by m\u011bly b\u00fdt um\u00edst\u011bny na konci str\u00e1nky, na kter\u00e9 se odkaz nach\u00e1z\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u010c\u00edslov\u00e1n\u00ed: <\/strong>Pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010darou by m\u011bly b\u00fdt v cel\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci \u010d\u00edslov\u00e1ny postupn\u011b arabsk\u00fdmi \u010d\u00edslicemi. \u010c\u00edslo by m\u011blo b\u00fdt um\u00edst\u011bno za interpunk\u010dn\u00edmi znam\u00e9nky, jako jsou te\u010dky nebo \u010d\u00e1rky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Form\u00e1tov\u00e1n\u00ed:<\/strong> Pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010darou by m\u011bly b\u00fdt ps\u00e1ny na jedn\u00e9 \u0159\u00e1dce a men\u0161\u00ed velikost\u00ed p\u00edsma ne\u017e hlavn\u00ed text.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Obsah: <\/strong>Pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010darou by m\u011bly obsahovat bibliografick\u00e9 \u00fadaje o citovan\u00e9m zdroji a dal\u0161\u00ed informace pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 k objasn\u011bn\u00ed odkazu. Nap\u0159\u00edklad pozn\u00e1mka pod \u010darou u knihy m\u016f\u017ee obsahovat autora, n\u00e1zev, vydavatele a rok vyd\u00e1n\u00ed, zat\u00edmco pozn\u00e1mka pod \u010darou u webov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky m\u016f\u017ee obsahovat adresu URL a datum p\u0159\u00edstupu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    P\u0159\u00edklad pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010darou ve stylu MLA pro knihu:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    John Doe, The History of Art (New York: Penguin Books, 2000), 24.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    P\u0159\u00edklad pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010darou ve stylu MLA pro webov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"The Benefits of Exercise\", National Institutes of Health, p\u0159\u00edstup 15. kv\u011btna 2023, https:\/\/www.nih.gov\/health-information\/benefits-exercise<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

    P\u0159\u00edklad textu pozn\u00e1mky pod \u010darou ve stylu MLA:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    Text: Podle ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 studie m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed soci\u00e1ln\u00edch m\u00e9di\u00ed negativn\u00ed vliv na du\u0161evn\u00ed zdrav\u00ed (Johnson 36).\u00b2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Pozn\u00e1mka pod \u010darou: \u00b2 Johnson, Sarah. \"Vliv soci\u00e1ln\u00edch m\u00e9di\u00ed na du\u0161evn\u00ed zdrav\u00ed.\" Journal of Health Psychology, ro\u010d. 22, \u010d. 1, 2018, s. 35-44.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

    Na na\u0161em blogu se dozv\u00edte, jak citovat ve stylu MLA \"Pr\u016fvodce spisovatele form\u00e1tem MLA: Jak to ud\u011blat spr\u00e1vn\u011b<\/a>“.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Zlep\u0161ete dopad a viditelnost sv\u00fdch dokument\u016f d\u00edky kvalitn\u00ed vizu\u00e1ln\u00ed komunikaci.<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Mind the Graph<\/a> je inovativn\u00ed platforma, kter\u00e1 poskytuje \u0161irokou \u0161k\u00e1lu n\u00e1stroj\u016f, je\u017e pom\u00e1haj\u00ed v\u011bdc\u016fm zlep\u0161it dopad a viditelnost jejich \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm kvalitn\u00ed vizu\u00e1ln\u00ed komunikace. Pomoc\u00ed Mind the Graph mohou v\u011bdci snadno vytv\u00e1\u0159et grafick\u00e9 abstrakty, postery a dal\u0161\u00ed vizu\u00e1ln\u00ed pom\u016fcky, kter\u00e9 mohou efektivn\u011b zprost\u0159edkovat v\u00fdsledky jejich v\u00fdzkumu \u0161ir\u0161\u00edmu publiku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    <\/div>\n\n\n
    \n
    \"v\u011bdeck\u00e9<\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
    <\/div>\n\n\n\n
    \n
    Za\u010dn\u011bte tvo\u0159it s Mind the Graph<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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