{"id":29291,"date":"2023-08-31T08:15:53","date_gmt":"2023-08-31T11:15:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/delve-qualitative-research-copy\/"},"modified":"2023-08-31T08:32:18","modified_gmt":"2023-08-31T11:32:18","slug":"what-is-deductive-reasoning","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/cs\/co-je-to-deduktivni-uvazovani\/","title":{"rendered":"Co je to deduktivn\u00ed uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed: Co je to deduktivn\u00ed my\u0161len\u00ed: \u00davod do logick\u00e9ho my\u0161len\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Deduktivn\u00ed uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed je hlavn\u00ed slo\u017ekou logick\u00e9ho my\u0161len\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159i \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9m\u016f, rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed a kritick\u00e9 anal\u00fdze. Jedn\u00e1 se o metodu uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed, p\u0159i n\u00ed\u017e jsou z\u00e1kladn\u00ed principy nebo premisy pou\u017eity k logick\u00e9mu vyvozen\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch z\u00e1v\u011br\u016f nebo p\u0159edpov\u011bd\u00ed. Uveden\u00fd typ uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed se b\u011b\u017en\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v p\u0159edm\u011btech, jako jsou nap\u0159. <strong>matematika, fyzika, filozofie a pr\u00e1vo.<\/strong>, kde se vy\u017eaduje schopnost vyvozovat logick\u00e9 z\u00e1v\u011bry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pochopen\u00ed princip\u016f deduktivn\u00edho uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed je nezbytn\u00e9 pro rozvoj logick\u00e9ho my\u0161len\u00ed a \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed slo\u017eit\u00fdch probl\u00e9m\u016f. Umo\u017e\u0148uje n\u00e1m rozpoznat a posoudit z\u00e1kladn\u00ed struktury a z\u00e1konitosti, kter\u00e9 \u0159\u00edd\u00ed sv\u011bt kolem n\u00e1s, a umo\u017e\u0148uje n\u00e1m \u010dinit rozumn\u00e9 \u00fasudky a rozhodnut\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Na ot\u00e1zku \"Co je to deduktivn\u00ed uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed?\" se pokus\u00edme odpov\u011bd\u011bt v tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku, kter\u00fd nab\u00edz\u00ed d\u016fkladn\u00fd a komplexn\u00ed \u00favod do deduktivn\u00edho uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed, zkoum\u00e1 jeho r\u016fzn\u00e9 typy, pravidla a aplikace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-what-is-deductive-reasoning\">Co je to deduktivn\u00ed uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Deduktivn\u00ed uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed je typ logick\u00e9ho uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed, p\u0159i kter\u00e9m se k vyvozen\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch z\u00e1v\u011br\u016f pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed obecn\u00e9 principy nebo premisy.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u010casto se zam\u011b\u0148uje s induktivn\u00edm uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00edm, kdy se z\u00e1v\u011bry vyvozuj\u00ed z konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed nebo d\u016fkaz\u016f a mohou, ale nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt pravdiv\u00e9, i kdy\u017e jsou d\u016fkazy spr\u00e1vn\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Deduktivn\u00ed uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed je naproti tomu typem uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed, v n\u011bm\u017e platnost premis zaji\u0161\u0165uje pravdivost z\u00e1v\u011bru za p\u0159edpokladu, \u017ee je logika p\u0159ijateln\u00e1. Jin\u00fdmi slovy jde o proces odvozov\u00e1n\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00edho z\u00e1v\u011bru z obecn\u00e9ho pravidla nebo tvrzen\u00ed.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V deduktivn\u00ed \u00favaze existuj\u00ed dva typy v\u00fdrok\u016f: premisy a z\u00e1v\u011bry. Premisy jsou obecn\u00e1 tvrzen\u00ed, o nich\u017e se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee jsou pravdiv\u00e1, a z\u00e1v\u011br je konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed tvrzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 je odvozeno z premis. Deduktivn\u00ed uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed zahrnuje postup od obecn\u00fdch princip\u016f ke konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm z\u00e1v\u011br\u016fm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vezm\u011bme si nap\u0159\u00edklad n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed deduktivn\u00ed \u00favahu:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159edpoklad 1: V\u0161echny ko\u010dky jsou zv\u00ed\u0159ata.<br>P\u0159edpoklad 2: Garfield je ko\u010dka.<br>Z\u00e1v\u011br: Garfield je tedy zv\u00ed\u0159e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V tomto p\u0159\u00edkladu je prvn\u00ed premisa obecn\u00fdm tvrzen\u00edm o v\u0161ech ko\u010dk\u00e1ch a druh\u00e1 premisa je konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm tvrzen\u00edm o Garfieldovi. Pomoc\u00ed deduktivn\u00edho uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u016f\u017eeme doj\u00edt k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee Garfield je zv\u00ed\u0159e, proto\u017ee je ko\u010dka a v\u0161echny ko\u010dky jsou zv\u00ed\u0159ata.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Matematika, p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed v\u011bdy a filozofie \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed deduktivn\u00ed uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed. Umo\u017e\u0148uje n\u00e1m logicky a systematicky uva\u017eovat, co\u017e z n\u00ed \u010din\u00ed mocn\u00fd n\u00e1stroj pro \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9m\u016f a rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed. Je v\u0161ak d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 si uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee deduktivn\u00ed uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed je z\u00e1visl\u00e9 na p\u0159esnosti p\u0159edpoklad\u016f. Pokud jsou premisy nepravdiv\u00e9 nebo nep\u0159esn\u00e9, bude nepravdiv\u00fd i z\u00e1v\u011br, i kdy\u017e je logika platn\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-types-of-deductive-reasoning\">Typy deduktivn\u00edho uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Nyn\u00ed, kdy\u017e u\u017e v\u00edte, co je to deduktivn\u00ed uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed, je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 v\u011bd\u011bt, \u017ee existuje n\u011bkolik typ\u016f deduktivn\u00edho uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b <strong>sylogismus, modus ponens, modus tollens, hypotetick\u00fd sylogismus a disjunktivn\u00ed sylogismus.<\/strong>. Ka\u017ed\u00fd z t\u011bchto typ\u016f m\u00e1 jedine\u010dnou strukturu a slou\u017e\u00ed k ur\u010dit\u00e9mu \u00fa\u010delu v logick\u00e9m uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-syllogism\">Sylogismus<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>V deduktivn\u00ed \u00favaze se sylogismus skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze z\u00e1v\u011bru a dvou premis. Z\u00e1v\u011br se vyvozuje ze dvou premis. Nap\u0159\u00edklad:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p>P\u0159edpoklad 1: V\u0161ichni lid\u00e9 jsou smrteln\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159edpoklad 2: Sokrates je \u010dlov\u011bk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Z\u00e1v\u011br: Sokrates je tedy smrteln\u00fd.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-modus-ponens\">Modus Ponens&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Modus ponens je forma deduktivn\u00edho uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed, kdy je potvrzen antecedent podm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9ho v\u00fdroku a n\u00e1sledn\u011b je potvrzen konsekvent. Nap\u0159\u00edklad:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p>P\u0159edpoklad 1: Kdy\u017e pr\u0161\u00ed, jsou ulice mokr\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159edpoklad 2: Pr\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Z\u00e1v\u011br: Proto jsou ulice mokr\u00e9.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-modus-tollens\">Modus tollens<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Modus tollens je forma deduktivn\u00edho uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed, kdy je nejprve pop\u0159en antecedent a pot\u00e9 je vyvr\u00e1cen d\u016fsledek podm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9ho tvrzen\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p>P\u0159edpoklad 1: Kdy\u017e pr\u0161\u00ed, jsou ulice mokr\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159edpoklad 2: Ulice nejsou mokr\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Z\u00e1v\u011br: Proto nepr\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-hypothetical-syllogism\">Hypotetick\u00fd sylogismus<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Hypotetick\u00fd sylogismus je logick\u00fd argument sest\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed ze dvou podm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdch v\u00fdrok\u016f a podm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9ho v\u00fdroku pro z\u00e1v\u011br. Nap\u0159\u00edklad:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p>P\u0159edpoklad 1: Pokud pr\u0161\u00ed, je p\u016fda mokr\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159edpoklad 2: Pokud je p\u016fda mokr\u00e1, tr\u00e1va je kluzk\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Z\u00e1v\u011br: Proto bude tr\u00e1va za de\u0161t\u011b kluzk\u00e1.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-disjunctive-syllogism\">Disjunktivn\u00ed sylogismus<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Disjunktivn\u00ed sylogismus je deduktivn\u00ed argument sest\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed z disjunktivn\u00edho tvrzen\u00ed a negace jednoho z disjunkt\u016f. Z\u00e1v\u011br je tvrzen\u00edm druh\u00e9ho disjunktu. Nap\u0159\u00edklad:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p>P\u0159edpoklad 1: Bu\u010f sv\u00edt\u00ed slunce, nebo pr\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159edpoklad 2: Nepr\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Z\u00e1v\u011br: Proto je slune\u010dno.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-rules-of-inference\">Pravidla odvozov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Pravidla odvozov\u00e1n\u00ed jsou principy deduktivn\u00edho uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 pom\u00e1haj\u00ed z\u00edskat platn\u00e9 z\u00e1v\u011bry ze souboru premis. N\u00e1sleduj\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00e1 zn\u00e1m\u00e1 pravidla odvozov\u00e1n\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-prominent-inference-rules\">V\u00fdznamn\u00e1 pravidla odvozov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Mezi hlavn\u00ed pravidla odvozov\u00e1n\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed modus ponens, modus tollens, hypotetick\u00fd sylogismus a disjunktivn\u00ed sylogismus, jak bylo vysv\u011btleno v\u00fd\u0161e. Tato pravidla umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed odvodit platn\u00e9 z\u00e1v\u011bry z premis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-fallacies\">Omyly<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Nespr\u00e1vn\u00e9 z\u00e1v\u011bry mohou b\u00fdt d\u016fsledkem chybn\u00fdch \u00favah. Deduktivn\u00ed chyby \u010dasto zahrnuj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 omyly, jako je tvrzen\u00ed n\u00e1sledku, pop\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed antecedentu a dvojsmysl. V\u00fdsledkem t\u011bchto chyb mohou b\u00fdt chybn\u00e9 z\u00e1v\u011bry.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-definitory-rules\">Defini\u010dn\u00ed pravidla<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Defini\u010dn\u00ed pravidla stanov\u00ed definice a v\u00fdznamy pojm\u016f a koncept\u016f pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch v prostor\u00e1ch. Tato pravidla zaru\u010duj\u00ed spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 pochopen\u00ed premis a slou\u017e\u00ed k objasn\u011bn\u00ed jejich v\u00fdznamu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-strategic-rules\">Strategick\u00e1 pravidla<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Strategick\u00e1 pravidla jsou vod\u00edtkem pro konstrukci platn\u00fdch deduktivn\u00edch argument\u016f. Tato pravidla zahrnuj\u00ed jasnou a stru\u010dnou komunikaci, zdr\u017een\u00ed se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed nejednozna\u010dn\u00fdch term\u00edn\u016f a v\u00fdraz\u016f a uji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed se, \u017ee premisy jsou relevantn\u00ed pro z\u00e1v\u011br.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-validity-and-soundness\">Platnost a spolehlivost<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Deduktivn\u00ed uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k hodnocen\u00ed s\u00edly a spolehlivosti argument\u016f pojmy platnost a spolehlivost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Logick\u00e1 souvislost mezi premisami a z\u00e1v\u011brem argumentu se ozna\u010duje jako platnost argumentu. Argument je platn\u00fd, pokud z\u00e1v\u011br logicky vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 z premis, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9, aby premisy byly pravdiv\u00e9 a z\u00e1v\u011br nepravdiv\u00fd. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, platnost premis zaji\u0161\u0165uje pravdivost z\u00e1v\u011bru. Platnost v\u0161ak zaji\u0161\u0165uje pouze to, \u017ee z\u00e1v\u011br vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, pokud jsou premisy pravdiv\u00e9, nikoli to, \u017ee premisy jsou skute\u010dn\u011b pravdiv\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159i n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm argumentu:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p>Prvn\u00ed p\u0159edpoklad: Ko\u010dky jsou v\u0161echny savci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159edpoklad 2: Garfield je ko\u010dka.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Z\u00e1v\u011br: Garfield je savec.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Z\u00e1v\u011br mus\u00ed nutn\u011b vypl\u00fdvat z premis, tak\u017ee tento argument je platn\u00fd. Jsou-li premisy pravdiv\u00e9, mus\u00ed b\u00fdt pravdiv\u00fd i z\u00e1v\u011br. Argument v\u0161ak nen\u00ed nutn\u011b spr\u00e1vn\u00fd, proto\u017ee pravdivost premis nen\u00ed jist\u00e1. Argument by nebyl zdrav\u00fd, kdyby se nap\u0159\u00edklad uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee Garfield ve skute\u010dnosti nen\u00ed ko\u010dka.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Naproti tomu solidnost popisuje celkovou kvalitu argumentu a bere v \u00favahu jak jeho platnost, tak pravdivost jeho premis. Argument je platn\u00fd a v\u0161echny jeho premisy jsou pravdiv\u00e9, pokud je zdrav\u00fd. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, siln\u00fd argument je takov\u00fd, kter\u00fd logicky vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 a je podlo\u017een spolehliv\u00fdmi \u00fadaji.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vezm\u011bme si nap\u0159\u00edklad n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed argument:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p>P\u0159edpoklad 1: V\u0161ichni lid\u00e9 jsou smrteln\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159edpoklad 2: Sokrates je \u010dlov\u011bk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Z\u00e1v\u011br: Sokrates je tedy smrteln\u00fd.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Tento argument je nejen platn\u00fd, ale tak\u00e9 spr\u00e1vn\u00fd, proto\u017ee ob\u011b jeho premisy jsou pravdiv\u00e9. Argument je logicky spr\u00e1vn\u00fd a zalo\u017een\u00fd na p\u0159esn\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u00edch, proto\u017ee pravdivost premis zaji\u0161\u0165uje platnost z\u00e1v\u011bru.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Souhrnn\u011b lze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee platnost a spr\u00e1vnost jsou kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pojmy v deduktivn\u00edm uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 pom\u00e1haj\u00ed posoudit s\u00edlu a spolehlivost argument\u016f. Pouze zdrav\u00fd argument je logicky spr\u00e1vn\u00fd a z\u00e1rove\u0148 se op\u00edr\u00e1 o spolehliv\u00e9 \u00fadaje, zat\u00edmco platn\u00fd argument zaru\u010duje pravdivost z\u00e1v\u011bru, pokud jsou premisy pravdiv\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-applications-of-deductive-reasoning\">Aplikace deduktivn\u00edho uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>V mnoha oborech, v\u010detn\u011b p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch v\u011bd, fyziky, matematiky, filozofie, pr\u00e1va a in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed, se ve velk\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 deduktivn\u00ed uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed. Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se k vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed hypot\u00e9z, dokazov\u00e1n\u00ed tez\u00ed, vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed logick\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f, posuzov\u00e1n\u00ed a anal\u00fdze slo\u017eit\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f a p\u0159edpov\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed materi\u00e1l\u016f a technologi\u00ed.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u011bdeck\u00e9 zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed, pr\u00e1vn\u00ed anal\u00fdza a technick\u00e9 navrhov\u00e1n\u00ed, stejn\u011b jako studium matematiky a filozofie, z\u00e1vis\u00ed na deduktivn\u00edm uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed. Jej\u00ed v\u00fdznam pro lidsk\u00e9 ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed a rozvoj nelze vzhledem k rozmanitosti a \u0161\u00ed\u0159i jej\u00edho vyu\u017eit\u00ed p\u0159ece\u0148ovat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-find-scientific-illustrations\">Vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00fdch ilustrac\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Mind the Graph<\/a> je online platforma, kter\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt vynikaj\u00edc\u00edm zdrojem informac\u00ed pro v\u011bdce, kte\u0159\u00ed pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed naj\u00edt vhodn\u00e9 v\u011bdeck\u00e9 ilustrace pro svou v\u00fdzkumnou pr\u00e1ci. V\u011bdci mohou pomoc\u00ed Mind the Graph rychleji a snadn\u011bji vytv\u00e1\u0159et p\u0159esn\u00e9 a estetick\u00e9 v\u011bdeck\u00e9 grafiky, co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee zlep\u0161it zp\u016fsob, jak\u00fdm sd\u011bluj\u00ed v\u00fdsledky sv\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Mind the Graph Experience | Vytvo\u0159en\u00ed grafick\u00e9ho abstraktu\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/GwLYcX1uo1s?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button aligncenter\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-background wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/\" style=\"border-radius:50px;background-color:#dc1866\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Za\u010dn\u011bte tvo\u0159it s Mind the Graph<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:44px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Co je deduktivn\u00ed uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed? P\u0159e\u010dt\u011bte si z\u00e1kladn\u00ed informace v\u010detn\u011b definice, r\u016fzn\u00fdch typ\u016f a mnoha zp\u016fsob\u016f pou\u017eit\u00ed - v\u0161e na jednom m\u00edst\u011b!<\/p>","protected":false},"author":28,"featured_media":29293,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959,28],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v19.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>What Is Deductive Reasoning: An Introduction to Logical Thinking - Mind the Graph Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"What is deductive reasoning? 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