{"id":29197,"date":"2023-08-25T09:37:03","date_gmt":"2023-08-25T12:37:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/one-way-anova-copy\/"},"modified":"2024-12-05T15:49:02","modified_gmt":"2024-12-05T18:49:02","slug":"types-of-sampling","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/cs\/typy-vzorkovani\/","title":{"rendered":"Jak vybrat spr\u00e1vn\u00fd typ vzorku pro v\u00e1\u0161 v\u00fdzkum"},"content":{"rendered":"

V\u00fdb\u011br vzorku je z\u00e1kladn\u00edm aspektem ka\u017ed\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho projektu a typ vybran\u00e9ho vzorku m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt v\u00fdznamn\u00fd dopad na platnost a spolehlivost v\u00fdsledk\u016f studie. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee je k dispozici tolik r\u016fzn\u00fdch typ\u016f v\u00fdb\u011brov\u00fdch technik, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9 vybrat pro v\u00e1\u0161 v\u00fdzkumn\u00fd projekt tu nejvhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. C\u00edlem tohoto \u010dl\u00e1nku je poskytnout ucelen\u00fd p\u0159ehled r\u016fzn\u00fdch typ\u016f v\u00fdb\u011brov\u00fdch technik a jejich v\u00fdhod a nev\u00fdhod, jako\u017e i faktor\u016f, kter\u00e9 je t\u0159eba p\u0159i v\u00fdb\u011bru typu vzorku zv\u00e1\u017eit, a b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch \u00faskal\u00ed, kter\u00fdm je t\u0159eba se vyhnout.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Co je vzorkov\u00e1n\u00ed?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdb\u011br vzorku je proces v\u00fdb\u011bru podskupiny jedinc\u016f nebo polo\u017eek z v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed populace, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 b\u00fdt reprezentov\u00e1na a zkoum\u00e1na. Je nezbytnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161iny v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch studi\u00ed, proto\u017ee umo\u017e\u0148uje v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk\u016fm vyvodit platn\u00e9 z\u00e1v\u011bry o cel\u00e9 populaci na z\u00e1klad\u011b men\u0161\u00edho vzorku. \u00da\u010delem v\u00fdb\u011bru vzorku je z\u00edskat reprezentativn\u00ed vzorek, kter\u00fd p\u0159esn\u011b odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed charakteristiky z\u00e1jmov\u00e9 populace. Pou\u017eit\u00e1 metoda v\u00fdb\u011bru vzorku z\u00e1vis\u00ed na v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 ot\u00e1zce, charakteristik\u00e1ch populace a dostupn\u00fdch zdroj\u00edch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Typy odb\u011bru vzork\u016f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdb\u011br vzorku je proces v\u00fdb\u011bru reprezentativn\u00ed skupiny jedinc\u016f nebo jednotek z v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed populace. Dva hlavn\u00ed typy v\u00fdb\u011bru jsou pravd\u011bpodobnostn\u00ed a nepravd\u011bpodobnostn\u00ed v\u00fdb\u011br.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pravd\u011bpodobnostn\u00ed v\u00fdb\u011br vzork\u016f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Pravd\u011bpodobnostn\u00ed v\u00fdb\u011br pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 n\u00e1hodnou techniku, kter\u00e1 zaji\u0161\u0165uje, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010dlen populace m\u00e1 stejnou nebo zn\u00e1mou \u0161anci, \u017ee bude vybr\u00e1n, co\u017e poskytuje spravedliv\u00fd a reprezentativn\u00ed vzorek. Existuje n\u011bkolik typ\u016f pravd\u011bpodobnostn\u00edho v\u00fdb\u011bru, v\u010detn\u011b:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jednoduch\u00fd n\u00e1hodn\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Prost\u00fd n\u00e1hodn\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br je obl\u00edben\u00e1 a jednoduch\u00e1 metoda v\u00fdb\u011bru ve statistice. Zahrnuje v\u00fdb\u011br podmno\u017einy jedinc\u016f nebo prvk\u016f z v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho souboru takov\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd jedinec nebo prvek m\u00e1 stejnou \u0161anci b\u00fdt za\u0159azen do vzorku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Systematick\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br vzork\u016f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Systematick\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br je metoda v\u00fdb\u011bru \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f z populace v pravideln\u00fdch intervalech. Pokud je nap\u0159\u00edklad velikost populace 100 osob a po\u017eadovan\u00e1 velikost vzorku je 20 osob, bude do vzorku vybr\u00e1n ka\u017ed\u00fd p\u00e1t\u00fd \u010dlen populace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stratifikovan\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br vzork\u016f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Stratifikovan\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br je technika, kter\u00e1 zahrnuje rozd\u011blen\u00ed populace do r\u016fzn\u00fdch podskupin nebo vrstev na z\u00e1klad\u011b specifick\u00fdch charakteristik, jako je v\u011bk nebo pohlav\u00ed. \u00da\u010dastn\u00edci jsou pak vyb\u00edr\u00e1ni z ka\u017ed\u00e9 vrstvy v pom\u011bru k velikosti dan\u00e9 vrstvy v populaci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Shlukov\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br vzork\u016f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Shlukov\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br zahrnuje rozd\u011blen\u00ed populace do shluk\u016f nebo skupin a n\u00e1sledn\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br n\u00e1hodn\u00e9ho vzorku z t\u011bchto shluk\u016f. Do vzorku jsou pak zahrnuti v\u0161ichni \u010dlenov\u00e9 vybran\u00fdch shluk\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00edcestup\u0148ov\u00fd odb\u011br vzork\u016f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

V\u00edcestup\u0148ov\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br vzork\u016f zahrnuje kombinaci r\u016fzn\u00fdch technik v\u00fdb\u011bru vzork\u016f, aby se z\u00edskal reprezentativn\u00ed vzorek. V\u00fdzkumn\u00edk m\u016f\u017ee nap\u0159\u00edklad pou\u017e\u00edt stratifikovan\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br pro v\u00fdb\u011br shluk\u016f a pot\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edt prost\u00fd n\u00e1hodn\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br pro v\u00fdb\u011br \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f z t\u011bchto shluk\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdb\u011br nepravd\u011bpodobnostn\u00edch vzork\u016f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Nepravd\u011bpodobnostn\u00ed v\u00fdb\u011br je technika v\u00fdb\u011bru, p\u0159i n\u00ed\u017e je v\u00fdb\u011br \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f zalo\u017een na jin\u00fdch ne\u017e pravd\u011bpodobnostn\u00edch faktorech. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed \u010dlenov\u00e9 populace mohou b\u00fdt do vzorku za\u0159azeni s v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed ne\u017e jin\u00ed. Existuje n\u011bkolik typ\u016f nepravd\u011bpodobnostn\u00edho v\u00fdb\u011bru, nap\u0159:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdhodn\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br vzork\u016f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdb\u011brov\u00fd soubor je technika, p\u0159i n\u00ed\u017e jsou \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edci vyb\u00edr\u00e1ni na z\u00e1klad\u011b jejich snadn\u00e9 dostupnosti nebo dosa\u017eitelnosti. V\u00fdzkumn\u00edk m\u016f\u017ee nap\u0159\u00edklad rekrutovat \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edky ze t\u0159\u00eddy, kterou vyu\u010duje, nebo z internetov\u00e9ho f\u00f3ra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdb\u011br kv\u00f3t<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Kv\u00f3tn\u00ed v\u00fdb\u011br je metoda v\u00fdb\u011bru \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f, jej\u00edm\u017e c\u00edlem je zajistit zastoupen\u00ed specifick\u00fdch charakteristik ve vzorku, kter\u00e9 odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed rozmanitost populace. V\u00fdzkumn\u00edk se nap\u0159\u00edklad m\u016f\u017ee sna\u017eit z\u00edskat ur\u010dit\u00fd po\u010det mu\u017e\u016f a \u017een nebo ur\u010dit\u00fd po\u010det \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f z r\u016fzn\u00fdch v\u011bkov\u00fdch skupin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdb\u011br vzork\u016f na z\u00e1klad\u011b \u00fasudku<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdb\u011br vzorku na z\u00e1klad\u011b \u00fasudku zahrnuje v\u00fdb\u011br \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f na z\u00e1klad\u011b \u00fasudku nebo odborn\u00fdch znalost\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00edka. To m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt vhodn\u00e9 p\u0159i v\u00fdzkumu vysoce specializovan\u00e9 nebo t\u011b\u017eko dosa\u017eiteln\u00e9 populace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdb\u011br vzork\u016f sn\u011bhovou koul\u00ed<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdb\u011br vzorku sn\u011bhovou koul\u00ed je metoda v\u00fdb\u011bru \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f, kter\u00e1 se op\u00edr\u00e1 o doporu\u010den\u00ed st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f. M\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fd p\u0159i v\u00fdzkumu populace, kterou je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 identifikovat nebo k n\u00ed\u017e je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 z\u00edskat p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup, jako jsou u\u017eivatel\u00e9 drog nebo p\u0159ist\u011bhovalci bez doklad\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pod\u00edvejte se na n\u00e1\u0161 obsahov\u00fd blog o \"V\u00fdb\u011br vzorku sn\u011bhovou koul\u00ed: Odhalen\u00ed tajemstv\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho n\u00e1stroje<\/a>“.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\"typy
Vyrobeno s Mind the Graph<\/a><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdhody a nev\u00fdhody r\u016fzn\u00fdch typ\u016f vzork\u016f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ka\u017ed\u00fd typ vzorku m\u00e1 sv\u00e9 v\u00fdhody a nev\u00fdhody, kter\u00e9 by m\u011bl v\u00fdzkumn\u00fd pracovn\u00edk p\u0159i v\u00fdb\u011bru metody v\u00fdb\u011bru zv\u00e1\u017eit. Zde jsou uvedeny n\u011bkter\u00e9 obecn\u00e9 v\u00fdhody a nev\u00fdhody r\u016fzn\u00fdch typ\u016f vzork\u016f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jednoduch\u00fd n\u00e1hodn\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdhody: Snadno se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 a poskytuje reprezentativn\u00ed vzorek populace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nev\u00fdhody: Vytvo\u0159en\u00ed \u00fapln\u00e9ho seznamu obyvatelstva m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt n\u00e1kladn\u00e9 a \u010dasov\u011b n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Systematick\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br vzork\u016f<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdhody: Je m\u00e9n\u011b \u010dasov\u011b n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fd ne\u017e prost\u00fd n\u00e1hodn\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br a m\u016f\u017ee poskytnout reprezentativn\u00ed vzorek populace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nev\u00fdhody: Pokud m\u00e1 populace periodick\u00fd vzorec, nemus\u00ed poskytnout reprezentativn\u00ed vzorek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stratifikovan\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br vzork\u016f<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdhody: V\u00fdhody: M\u016f\u017ee zv\u00fd\u0161it reprezentativnost vzorku t\u00edm, \u017ee zajist\u00ed zahrnut\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch podskupin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nev\u00fdhody: M\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 ur\u010dit vhodn\u00e9 vrstvy a jejich velikost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Shlukov\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br vzork\u016f<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdhody: Je u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e1 pro velk\u00e9 skupiny obyvatel, kter\u00e9 jsou geograficky rozpt\u00fdlen\u00e9, a m\u016f\u017ee sn\u00ed\u017eit n\u00e1klady a \u010das.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nev\u00fdhody: Nev\u00fdhody: M\u016f\u017ee sn\u00ed\u017eit reprezentativnost vzorku, pokud shluky nejsou reprezentativn\u00ed pro populaci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00edcestup\u0148ov\u00fd odb\u011br vzork\u016f<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdhody: M\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e1 pro velk\u00e9 skupiny obyvatel, kter\u00e9 jsou geograficky rozpt\u00fdlen\u00e9, a m\u016f\u017ee sn\u00ed\u017eit n\u00e1klady a \u010das.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nev\u00fdhody: Nev\u00fdhody: M\u016f\u017ee sn\u00ed\u017eit reprezentativnost vzorku, pokud shluky nejsou reprezentativn\u00ed pro populaci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdhodn\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br vzork\u016f<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdhody: Snadno a rychle se implementuje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nev\u00fdhody: Nev\u00fdhody: M\u016f\u017ee doj\u00edt k zkreslen\u00ed a nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt reprezentativn\u00ed pro populaci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdb\u011br kv\u00f3t<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdhody: V\u00fdhody: Je snadno provediteln\u00fd a m\u016f\u017ee zajistit, \u017ee vzorek zahrnuje d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 podskupiny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nev\u00fdhody: Nev\u00fdhody: M\u016f\u017ee doj\u00edt k zkreslen\u00ed a nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt reprezentativn\u00ed pro populaci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdb\u011br vzork\u016f na z\u00e1klad\u011b \u00fasudku<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdhody: Je u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e1 pro specializovan\u00e9 populace a m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt \u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e jin\u00e9 metody.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nev\u00fdhody: Nev\u00fdhody: M\u016f\u017ee doj\u00edt k zkreslen\u00ed a nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt reprezentativn\u00ed pro populaci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdb\u011br vzork\u016f sn\u011bhovou koul\u00ed<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdhody: Je u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e1 pro t\u011b\u017eko dostupn\u00e9 skupiny obyvatel a m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt \u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e jin\u00e9 metody.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nev\u00fdhody: Nev\u00fdhody: M\u016f\u017ee doj\u00edt k zkreslen\u00ed a nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt reprezentativn\u00ed pro populaci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pod\u00edvejte se na n\u00e1\u0161 obsahov\u00fd blog o \"V\u00fdb\u011br vzorku sn\u011bhovou koul\u00ed: Odhalen\u00ed tajemstv\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho n\u00e1stroje<\/a>“.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Faktory, kter\u00e9 je t\u0159eba zv\u00e1\u017eit p\u0159i v\u00fdb\u011bru typu vzorku<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdb\u011br typu vzorku je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm krokem ve v\u00fdzkumu a zahrnuje zv\u00e1\u017een\u00ed n\u011bkolika faktor\u016f, kter\u00e9 zajist\u00ed, \u017ee vzorek bude reprezentativn\u00ed pro populaci a \u017ee v\u00fdsledky budou platn\u00e9 a spolehliv\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdzkumn\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka: <\/strong>To je v\u00fdchoz\u00ed bod pro v\u00fdb\u011br typu vzorku, proto\u017ee vzorek by m\u011bl b\u00fdt vybr\u00e1n tak, aby odpov\u00eddal na v\u00fdzkumnou ot\u00e1zku a c\u00edle. V\u00fdzkumn\u00edci mus\u00ed ur\u010dit, jakou populaci cht\u011bj\u00ed zkoumat, a vybrat vzorek, kter\u00fd je pro tuto populaci reprezentativn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obyvatelstvo:<\/strong> D\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm faktorem je tak\u00e9 velikost a charakteristika populace. V\u011bt\u0161\u00ed populace m\u016f\u017ee vy\u017eadovat v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed velikost vzorku a charakteristiky populace mohou ovlivnit v\u00fdb\u011br typu vzorku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Velikost vzorku:<\/strong> Velikost vzorku by m\u011bla b\u00fdt dostate\u010dn\u011b velk\u00e1, aby byla zaji\u0161t\u011bna spolehlivost a platnost v\u00fdsledk\u016f. V\u011bt\u0161\u00ed velikost vzorku sni\u017euje chybovost a zvy\u0161uje p\u0159esnost v\u00fdsledk\u016f. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chyba v\u00fdb\u011bru vzorku:<\/strong> V\u00fdzkumn\u00edci mus\u00ed tak\u00e9 zv\u00e1\u017eit mo\u017enost chyby p\u0159i v\u00fdb\u011bru vzorku a zvolit takov\u00fd typ vzorku, kter\u00fd tuto chybu minimalizuje. Chyba v\u00fdb\u011bru vzorku m\u016f\u017ee nastat, pokud vzorek nen\u00ed reprezentativn\u00ed pro populaci, co\u017e vede k nep\u0159esn\u00fdm v\u00fdsledk\u016fm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Metoda odb\u011bru vzork\u016f:<\/strong> <\/em>Pou\u017eit\u00e1 metoda v\u00fdb\u011bru vzorku by m\u011bla odpov\u00eddat typu vzorku a v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 ot\u00e1zce. R\u016fzn\u00e9 metody v\u00fdb\u011bru vzorku maj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 siln\u00e9 a slab\u00e9 str\u00e1nky a v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci si mus\u00ed vybrat metodu, kter\u00e1 nejl\u00e9pe vyhovuje jejich pot\u0159eb\u00e1m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anal\u00fdza dat:<\/strong> <\/em>Tyto metody je t\u0159eba vz\u00edt v \u00favahu i p\u0159i v\u00fdb\u011bru typu vzorku. Velikost vzorku a metoda v\u00fdb\u011bru vzorku mohou ovlivnit volbu technik anal\u00fdzy dat a v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci mus\u00ed zvolit metodu, kter\u00e1 je vhodn\u00e1 pro jejich vzorek a v\u00fdzkumnou ot\u00e1zku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u011b\u017en\u00e1 \u00faskal\u00ed, kter\u00fdm je t\u0159eba se p\u0159i v\u00fdb\u011bru vzork\u016f vyhnout<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Aby se v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci vyhnuli \u00faskal\u00edm, m\u011bli by pe\u010dliv\u011b zv\u00e1\u017eit metody v\u00fdb\u011bru vzork\u016f a sna\u017eit se pou\u017e\u00edvat reprezentativn\u00ed a nezkreslen\u00e9 vzorky. M\u011bli by tak\u00e9 podniknout kroky k minimalizaci chyby v\u00fdb\u011bru a k anal\u00fdze dat pou\u017e\u00edvat vhodn\u00e9 statistick\u00e9 metody. Zde jsou uvedena b\u011b\u017en\u00e1 \u00faskal\u00ed, kter\u00fdm je t\u0159eba se p\u0159i v\u00fdb\u011bru vzork\u016f ve v\u00fdzkumu vyhnout:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdb\u011brov\u00e9 zkreslen\u00ed: <\/strong>Zkreslen\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky mohou vzniknout, pokud metoda v\u00fdb\u011bru vzorku nebo vzorek samotn\u00fd nejsou reprezentativn\u00ed pro zkoumanou populaci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chyba v\u00fdb\u011bru vzorku:<\/strong> Odb\u011br vzorku p\u0159irozen\u011b vede k odchylk\u00e1m, kter\u00e9 mohou zp\u016fsobit nep\u0159esn\u00fd odhad parametr\u016f populace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Neodpov\u011bdn\u00ed zkreslen\u00ed:<\/strong> K tomu doch\u00e1z\u00ed, kdy\u017e n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed \u010dlenov\u00e9 vzorku na pr\u016fzkum nebo studii neodpov\u00ed, co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee do v\u00fdsledk\u016f vn\u00e9st zkreslen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zkreslen\u00ed v\u00fdb\u011brov\u00e9ho souboru:<\/strong> To vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 z ne\u00fapln\u00e9ho, nep\u0159esn\u00e9ho nebo zastaral\u00e9ho v\u00fdb\u011brov\u00e9ho souboru, co\u017e vede ke zkreslen\u00ed. V\u00edce se o tom do\u010dtete na na\u0161em obsahov\u00e9m blogu \"Probl\u00e9m zvan\u00fd zkreslen\u00ed v\u00fdb\u011bru vzorku<\/a>“.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dobrovoln\u00e9 zkreslen\u00ed odpov\u011bd\u00ed:<\/strong> <\/em>\u00da\u010dastn\u00edci se do studie vyb\u00edraj\u00ed sami, co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st ke zkreslen\u00fdm v\u00fdsledk\u016fm, proto\u017ee ti, kte\u0159\u00ed se rozhodnou z\u00fa\u010dastnit, se mohou li\u0161it od t\u011bch, kte\u0159\u00ed se nez\u00fa\u010dastn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nedostate\u010dn\u00e9 kryt\u00ed: <\/strong>V\u00fdsledky mohou b\u00fdt zkreslen\u00e9, pokud ur\u010dit\u00e9 skupiny populace nejsou ve v\u00fdb\u011brov\u00e9m souboru zastoupeny, co\u017e se ozna\u010duje jako zkreslen\u00ed nedostate\u010dn\u00e9ho pokryt\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159\u00edli\u0161n\u00e9 zobecn\u011bn\u00ed:<\/strong> <\/em>\u010castou chybou ve v\u00fdzkumu je vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed \u0161irok\u00fdch zobecn\u011bn\u00ed, kdy se na z\u00e1klad\u011b mal\u00e9ho vzorku vyvozuj\u00ed rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 z\u00e1v\u011bry o populaci, co\u017e vede k nep\u0159esn\u00fdm v\u00fdsledk\u016fm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Techniky v\u00fdb\u011bru vzork\u016f v kvalitativn\u00edm v\u00fdzkumu<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

V kvalitativn\u00edm v\u00fdzkumu pat\u0159\u00ed mezi b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 techniky v\u00fdb\u011bru vzorku:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00da\u010delov\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br vzork\u016f:<\/strong> Jedn\u00e1 se o v\u00fdb\u011br \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f na z\u00e1klad\u011b specifick\u00fdch krit\u00e9ri\u00ed, kter\u00e1 jsou relevantn\u00ed pro v\u00fdzkumnou ot\u00e1zku nebo c\u00edl. M\u016f\u017ee j\u00edt o v\u00fdb\u011br osob, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed odborn\u00e9 znalosti, zku\u0161enosti nebo jedine\u010dn\u00e9 perspektivy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdb\u011br vzork\u016f sn\u011bhovou koul\u00ed: <\/strong>Za\u010dne s malou skupinou \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f a pot\u00e9 je po\u017e\u00e1d\u00e1, aby doporu\u010dili dal\u0161\u00ed potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edky, kte\u0159\u00ed spl\u0148uj\u00ed krit\u00e9ria v\u00fdzkumu. Tato technika m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e1 v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee je z\u00e1jmov\u00e1 populace obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b dosa\u017eiteln\u00e1 nebo m\u00e1 n\u00edzkou m\u00edru odpov\u011bd\u00ed. Pod\u00edvejte se na n\u00e1\u0161 obsahov\u00fd blog o \"V\u00fdb\u011br vzorku sn\u011bhovou koul\u00ed: Odhalen\u00ed tajemstv\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho n\u00e1stroje<\/a>“.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdb\u011br vzork\u016f s maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed odchylkou:<\/strong> Pokud se sna\u017e\u00edme prozkoumat ur\u010dit\u00fd jev do hloubky a zachytit jeho komplexnost, je v\u00fdhodn\u00e9 vybrat \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edky, kte\u0159\u00ed zahrnuj\u00ed \u0161irok\u00e9 spektrum pohled\u016f nebo zku\u0161enost\u00ed relevantn\u00edch pro v\u00fdzkumnou ot\u00e1zku. Tento p\u0159\u00edstup umo\u017e\u0148uje v\u00fdzkumn\u00edkovi zahrnout \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed \u0161k\u00e1lu poznatk\u016f a zv\u00fd\u0161it komplexnost studie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Teoretick\u00fd odb\u011br vzork\u016f: <\/strong>Tato technika vy\u017eaduje v\u00fdb\u011br \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f na z\u00e1klad\u011b vznikaj\u00edc\u00edch t\u00e9mat nebo vzorc\u016f, kter\u00e9 se objevuj\u00ed b\u011bhem sb\u011bru dat. B\u011b\u017en\u011b se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 ve v\u00fdzkumu zalo\u017een\u00e9 teorie, jeho\u017e c\u00edlem je vytvo\u0159it teorii, kter\u00e1 je zakotvena v datech.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdhodn\u00fd odb\u011br vzork\u016f: <\/strong>V\u00fdb\u011brov\u00fd soubor vyb\u00edr\u00e1 \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edky, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou pro \u00fa\u010dast ve v\u00fdzkumu snadno dostupn\u00ed nebo snadno dosa\u017eiteln\u00ed. V\u00fdzkumn\u00edci tuto techniku \u010dasto vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed p\u0159i pr\u016fzkumn\u00e9m v\u00fdzkumu nebo v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, kdy jsou \u010das a zdroje omezen\u00e9. M\u016f\u017ee v\u0161ak v\u00e9st ke zkreslen\u00ed vzorku, pokud \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edci nejsou reprezentativn\u00ed pro z\u00e1jmovou populaci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Techniky v\u00fdb\u011bru vzork\u016f v kvantitativn\u00edm v\u00fdzkumu<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Zde jsou uvedeny n\u011bkter\u00e9 b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 techniky v\u00fdb\u011bru vzork\u016f pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 v kvantitativn\u00edm v\u00fdzkumu:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jednoduch\u00fd n\u00e1hodn\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br: <\/strong>Jedn\u00e1 se o z\u00e1kladn\u00ed v\u00fdb\u011brovou techniku, p\u0159i n\u00ed\u017e m\u00e1 ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010dlen souboru stejnou \u0161anci b\u00fdt vybr\u00e1n do vzorku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stratifikovan\u00fd n\u00e1hodn\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br:<\/strong> Pro zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed reprezentativnosti zahrnuje technika stratifikovan\u00e9ho n\u00e1hodn\u00e9ho v\u00fdb\u011bru rozd\u011blen\u00ed populace do vrstev nebo skupin na z\u00e1klad\u011b ur\u010dit\u00fdch krit\u00e9ri\u00ed a v\u00fdb\u011br vzork\u016f z ka\u017ed\u00e9 vrstvy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Shlukov\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br: <\/strong>Jedn\u00e1 se o techniku, kter\u00e1 spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 ve v\u00fdb\u011bru n\u00e1hodn\u00e9ho vzorku shluk\u016f nebo skupin, jako jsou \u0161koly nebo \u010dtvrti, a n\u00e1sledn\u00e9m v\u00fdb\u011bru jednotlivc\u016f v r\u00e1mci ka\u017ed\u00e9ho vybran\u00e9ho shluku, kte\u0159\u00ed tvo\u0159\u00ed vzorek. Pod\u00edvejte se na n\u00e1\u0161 obsahov\u00fd blog o \"Odhalen\u00ed s\u00edly shlukov\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy<\/a>“.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Systematick\u00fd odb\u011br vzork\u016f: <\/strong>Systematick\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br je technika v\u00fdb\u011bru jedinc\u016f z populace v\u00fdb\u011brem ka\u017ed\u00e9ho n-t\u00e9ho \u010dlena, nap\u0159\u00edklad ka\u017ed\u00e9 des\u00e1t\u00e9 osoby ze seznamu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00edcestup\u0148ov\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br vzork\u016f:<\/strong> Vzorky se vyb\u00edraj\u00ed v n\u011bkolika f\u00e1z\u00edch. V\u00fdzkumn\u00edci mohou nap\u0159\u00edklad za\u010d\u00edt v\u00fdb\u011brem n\u00e1hodn\u00e9ho vzorku st\u00e1t\u016f, n\u00e1sledovat bude n\u00e1hodn\u00fd vzorek m\u011bst z t\u011bchto st\u00e1t\u016f a nakonec n\u00e1hodn\u00fd vzorek jednotlivc\u016f v t\u011bchto m\u011bstech.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdhodn\u00fd odb\u011br vzork\u016f:<\/strong> <\/em>Jedn\u00e1 se o techniku, kter\u00e1 ozna\u010duje postup v\u00fdb\u011bru \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f studie, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou pro v\u00fdzkumn\u00edka snadno dostupn\u00ed nebo vhodn\u00ed, nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u00fdb\u011br student\u016f ze t\u0159\u00eddy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kv\u00f3tn\u00ed v\u00fdb\u011br vzork\u016f:<\/strong> <\/em>V\u00fdb\u011brem kv\u00f3tn\u00edho v\u00fdb\u011bru se rozum\u00ed metoda v\u00fdb\u011bru vzork\u016f na z\u00e1klad\u011b p\u0159edem stanoven\u00fdch kv\u00f3t nebo p\u0159edem stanoven\u00fdch po\u010dt\u016f pro ur\u010dit\u00e1 krit\u00e9ria, jako je v\u011bk nebo pohlav\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

200+ p\u0159edp\u0159ipraven\u00fdch kr\u00e1sn\u00fdch \u0161ablon pro profesion\u00e1ln\u00ed infografiky<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Mind the Graph<\/a> je cenn\u00fdm zdrojem informac\u00ed pro v\u011bdce, kte\u0159\u00ed se sna\u017e\u00ed zlep\u0161it dopad sv\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu a efektivn\u011b komunikovat sv\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky. Jednou z kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch funkc\u00ed platformy je p\u0159\u00edstup k v\u00edce ne\u017e 200 p\u0159edp\u0159ipraven\u00fdm, kr\u00e1sn\u00fdm \u0161ablon\u00e1m profesion\u00e1ln\u00edch infografik. Tato funkce umo\u017e\u0148uje v\u011bdc\u016fm snadno a efektivn\u011b vytv\u00e1\u0159et ohromuj\u00edc\u00ed vizu\u00e1ln\u00ed reprezentace sv\u00fdch dat, kter\u00e9 mohou pomoci upoutat pozornost c\u00edlov\u00e9ho publika a zlep\u0161it celkov\u00fd dopad jejich v\u00fdzkumu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n
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\"\"<\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Chcete v\u011bd\u011bt, jak\u00e9 jsou typy odb\u011bru vzork\u016f? U\u017e nemus\u00edte hledat d\u00e1l! Seznamte se podrobn\u011b s r\u016fzn\u00fdmi technikami pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdmi p\u0159i sb\u011bru dat.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":35,"featured_media":29203,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959,28],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nHow to Choose the Right Types of Sampling for Your Research - Mind the Graph Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Want to know what are the types of sampling? Look no further! 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