{"id":26981,"date":"2023-02-25T15:58:28","date_gmt":"2023-02-25T18:58:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/?p=26981"},"modified":"2023-03-07T16:13:17","modified_gmt":"2023-03-07T19:13:17","slug":"research-variables","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/cs\/vyzkumne-promenne\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 prom\u011bnn\u00e9: Nejsou to obvykl\u00e9 matematick\u00e9 v\u011bci"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Kdy\u017e vid\u00edte pojem \"prom\u011bnn\u00e1\", mo\u017en\u00e1 jste si vzpomn\u011bli na \u0161koln\u00ed l\u00e9ta, kdy jste m\u011bli trauma \u0159e\u0161it tyto takzvan\u00e9 prom\u011bnn\u00e9 v algeb\u0159e. Ale po\u010dkat... \"prom\u011bnn\u00e1\", kterou se zde budeme u\u010dit, je jin\u00e1. Tak\u017ee se uklidn\u011bte!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ka\u017ed\u00fd v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 term\u00edn \"<strong>v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 prom\u011bnn\u00e9<\/strong>\" v jejich publikaci a je docela zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 v\u011bd\u011bt, co to vlastn\u011b znamen\u00e1 a pro\u010d je tento term\u00edn mezi v\u011bdci tak obl\u00edben\u00fd. Poj\u010fme se o n\u011bm dozv\u011bd\u011bt v\u00edce <strong>v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 prom\u011bnn\u00e9<\/strong> a jejich typy v tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2>Co jsou v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 prom\u011bnn\u00e9?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ve v\u00fdzkumu se prom\u011bnn\u00fdmi rozum\u00ed jak\u00e1koli vlastnost nebo atribut, kter\u00fd lze v experimentu m\u011b\u0159it, manipulovat s n\u00edm nebo jej kontrolovat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zjednodu\u0161en\u011b \u0159e\u010deno, stejn\u011b jako v matematice prom\u011bnn\u00e9 znamenaj\u00ed jakoukoli hodnotu, kterou bereme za \u00fa\u010delem \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9m\u016f, zde se jedn\u00e1 o re\u00e1ln\u00e9 veli\u010diny, jako je v\u011bk, tlak, v\u00e1ha, v\u00fd\u0161ka atd., a tyto hodnoty pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pro sv\u00e9 experimenty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u011bkter\u00e9 prom\u011bnn\u00e9 mohou b\u00fdt konstantn\u00ed a jasn\u00e9, nap\u0159\u00edklad pohlav\u00ed, datum narozen\u00ed atd., proto\u017ee je nelze \u010dasto m\u011bnit, zat\u00edmco hodnoty jako p\u0159\u00edjem, hmotnost, teplota atd. se neust\u00e1le m\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tyto hodnoty jsou subjektivn\u00ed, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee se li\u0161\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bk od \u010dlov\u011bka, a ne ka\u017ed\u00fd m\u00e1 stejnou t\u011blesnou hmotnost nebo stejnou \u00farove\u0148 p\u0159\u00edjm\u016f. A pr\u00e1v\u011b z tohoto d\u016fvodu vznikl term\u00edn \"prom\u011bnn\u00e9\", jak u\u017e n\u00e1zev napov\u00edd\u00e1, je to n\u011bco, co se li\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"651\" height=\"174\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/banner-blog-trial-03.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-26762\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/banner-blog-trial-03.jpg 651w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/banner-blog-trial-03-300x80.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/banner-blog-trial-03-18x5.jpg 18w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/banner-blog-trial-03-100x27.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 651px) 100vw, 651px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2>Typy v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch prom\u011bnn\u00fdch<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Existuje mnoho typ\u016f v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch prom\u011bnn\u00fdch, kter\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed, a ty se d\u011bl\u00ed na n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3>Nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 prom\u011bnn\u00e9<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00fdzkumn\u00edk manipuluje s t\u011bmito prom\u011bnn\u00fdmi, aby zjistil, jak ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed z\u00e1visl\u00e9 prom\u011bnn\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3>Z\u00e1visl\u00e9 prom\u011bnn\u00e9<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Jedn\u00e1 se o prom\u011bnn\u00e9, kter\u00e9 jsou m\u011b\u0159eny nebo pozorov\u00e1ny v d\u016fsledku manipulace s nez\u00e1visl\u00fdmi prom\u011bnn\u00fdmi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3>Kontroln\u00ed prom\u011bnn\u00e9<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Jedn\u00e1 se o prom\u011bnn\u00e9, kter\u00e9 jsou kontrolov\u00e1ny nebo udr\u017eov\u00e1ny konstantn\u00ed, aby nem\u011bly \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd vliv na z\u00e1vislou prom\u011bnnou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3>Souvisej\u00edc\u00ed prom\u011bnn\u00e9<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Jedn\u00e1 se o prom\u011bnn\u00e9, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed potenci\u00e1l ovlivnit platnost v\u00fdsledk\u016f a vztah, kter\u00fd existuje mezi nez\u00e1visl\u00fdmi a z\u00e1visl\u00fdmi prom\u011bnn\u00fdmi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3>Ciz\u00ed prom\u011bnn\u00e9<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Vztah mezi nez\u00e1visl\u00fdmi a z\u00e1visl\u00fdmi prom\u011bnn\u00fdmi m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt ovlivn\u011bn t\u011bmito prom\u011bnn\u00fdmi, i kdy\u017e nejsou zahrnuty ve v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 ot\u00e1zce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3>Prom\u011bnn\u00e9 moder\u00e1tora<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Vztah mezi nez\u00e1vislou a z\u00e1vislou prom\u011bnnou m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt t\u011bmito prom\u011bnn\u00fdmi m\u011bn\u011bn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3>Zprost\u0159edkuj\u00edc\u00ed prom\u011bnn\u00e9<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00edm, \u017ee ukazuj\u00ed, jak spolu nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 a z\u00e1visl\u00e9 prom\u011bnn\u00e9 souvisej\u00ed, jsou to prom\u011bnn\u00e9, kter\u00e9 demonstruj\u00ed vztah mezi nimi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3>Kovari\u00e1tov\u00e9 prom\u011bnn\u00e9<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Jedn\u00e1 se o prom\u011bnn\u00e9, kter\u00e9 jsou do studie zahrnuty za \u00fa\u010delem kontroly jejich vlivu na z\u00e1vislou prom\u011bnnou, ale p\u0159\u00edmo nesouvis\u00ed se zkoumanou ot\u00e1zkou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3>Prom\u011bnn\u00e9 odezvy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Jedn\u00e1 se o prom\u011bnn\u00e9, kter\u00e9 ukazuj\u00ed, jak nez\u00e1visl\u00e1 prom\u011bnn\u00e1 ovliv\u0148uje z\u00e1vislou prom\u011bnnou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3>Demografick\u00e9 prom\u011bnn\u00e9<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Jedn\u00e1 se o prom\u011bnn\u00e9, kter\u00e9 popisuj\u00ed shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00fd studijn\u00ed vzorek a ur\u010duj\u00ed, zda shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00fd vzorek reprezentuje z\u00e1jmovou populaci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2>Nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 a z\u00e1visl\u00e9 prom\u011bnn\u00e9&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se, \u017ee nez\u00e1visl\u00e1 prom\u011bnn\u00e1 m\u00e1 vliv na z\u00e1vislou prom\u011bnnou experimentu a \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o manipulovan\u00fd faktor. Proto\u017ee nez\u00e1vis\u00ed na \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 jin\u00e9 prom\u011bnn\u00e9 v experimentu, naz\u00fdv\u00e1 se nez\u00e1vislou prom\u011bnnou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00fdsledek, kter\u00fd se m\u011b\u0159\u00ed v z\u00e1vislosti na zm\u011bn\u00e1ch nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 prom\u011bnn\u00e9, je z\u00e1visl\u00e1 prom\u011bnn\u00e1. Z\u00e1vis\u00ed na nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 prom\u011bnn\u00e9, a kdy\u017e se jej\u00ed hodnota zm\u011bn\u00ed, zm\u011bn\u00ed se i hodnota z\u00e1visl\u00e9 prom\u011bnn\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pokud bychom nap\u0159\u00edklad provedli experiment, v n\u011bm\u017e bychom zkoumali vliv intenzity sv\u011btla na r\u016fst rostlin, nez\u00e1vislou prom\u011bnnou by byla intenzita sv\u011btla a z\u00e1vislou prom\u011bnnou r\u016fst rostlin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2>V\u011bt\u0161\u00ed dopad a zviditeln\u011bn\u00ed va\u0161\u00ed pr\u00e1ce<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00fdzkum nen\u00ed v\u017edy snadn\u00e9 pochopit, zejm\u00e9na pro b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka, kter\u00fd nem\u00e1 o t\u00e9matu v\u00fdzkumu nebo jeho pozad\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dnou p\u0159edstavu. Pr\u00e1v\u011b tehdy se hod\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed ilustrac\u00ed. Ilustrace pom\u00e1haj\u00ed v\u011bdc\u016fm podat jejich pr\u00e1ci jednoduch\u00fdm a srozumiteln\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Mind the Graph<\/a> m\u00e1 knihovnu vysoce p\u016fsobiv\u00fdch infografik, kter\u00e9 zviditel\u0148uj\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce a usnad\u0148uj\u00ed v\u011bdc\u016fm pr\u00e1ci. Zaregistrujte se a prohl\u00e9dn\u011bte si obrovskou sb\u00edrku v\u011bdeck\u00fdch infografik.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"V\u00fdukov\u00fd program | Vytvo\u0159en\u00ed srovn\u00e1vac\u00ed infografiky na Mind the Graph\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/hB6pX4wHU6g?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button aligncenter\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-background wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/\" style=\"border-radius:50px;background-color:#dc1866\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Za\u010dn\u011bte tvo\u0159it hned te\u010f<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:44px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Podrobn\u011b se seznamte s v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdmi prom\u011bnn\u00fdmi, jejich typy a zp\u016fsoby jejich m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed, manipulace nebo kontroly v experimentu.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":26982,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959,28],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v19.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Research Variables: Not the Usual Math Stuff<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn in detail about research 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