{"id":26914,"date":"2023-02-27T12:44:00","date_gmt":"2023-02-27T15:44:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/what-is-stargazing-copy\/"},"modified":"2023-02-28T18:06:09","modified_gmt":"2023-02-28T21:06:09","slug":"earthquake-magnitude","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/cs\/zemetreseni-o-sile\/","title":{"rendered":"Porozum\u011bn\u00ed magnitud\u00e1m zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed a jejich dopad\u016fm"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed jsou roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edm jevem, ke kter\u00e9mu doch\u00e1z\u00ed pravideln\u011b po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. Podle americk\u00e9 geologick\u00e9 slu\u017eby (USGS) doch\u00e1z\u00ed ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b ke statis\u00edc\u016fm zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed, z nich\u017e v\u011bt\u0161ina je p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 slab\u00e1 na to, aby si jich lid\u00e9 v\u0161imli.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u010cetnost zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed se v\u00fdrazn\u011b li\u0161\u00ed v z\u00e1vislosti na m\u00edst\u011b jejich v\u00fdskytu. Vzhledem k poloze na hranic\u00edch aktivn\u00edch zemsk\u00fdch desek doch\u00e1z\u00ed v n\u011bkter\u00fdch lokalit\u00e1ch, nap\u0159\u00edklad v Kalifornii a Japonsku, k pravideln\u00fdm zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00edm, zat\u00edmco v jin\u00fdch lokalit\u00e1ch se zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed vyskytuj\u00ed pouze sporadicky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u00fdrie a Turecko jsou tak\u00e9 n\u00e1chyln\u00e9 k zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00edm. Turecko le\u017e\u00ed na hranici africk\u00e9 a euroasijsk\u00e9 tektonick\u00e9 desky, zat\u00edmco S\u00fdrie na hranici africk\u00e9 a arabsk\u00e9 tektonick\u00e9 desky.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Proto je 6. \u00fanora 2023 postihlo stra\u0161liv\u00e9 zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 zabilo p\u0159es 11 000 lid\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00ed desetitis\u00edce zranilo. Zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed dos\u00e1hlo s\u00edly 7,8 stupn\u011b, co\u017e je pova\u017eov\u00e1no za velmi siln\u00e9 a potenci\u00e1ln\u011b ni\u010div\u00e9 zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2>Co je to magnitudo zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Magnitudo zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed je m\u011b\u0159\u00edtkem jeho velikosti nebo s\u00edly, kter\u00e9 se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed energie vznikl\u00e9 p\u0159i zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed. Magnitudo se vypo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1v\u00e1 na z\u00e1klad\u011b velikosti seismick\u00fdch vln a mno\u017estv\u00ed pozorovan\u00fdch pohyb\u016f p\u016fdy.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Richterova stupnice, kterou ve 30. letech 20. stolet\u00ed vytvo\u0159il Charles Richter, byla po mnoho let tradi\u010dn\u00edm m\u011b\u0159\u00edtkem s\u00edly zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed, ale v sou\u010dasnosti ji v podstat\u011b nahradila Momentov\u00e1 stupnice.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2>Jak m\u011b\u0159it s\u00edlu zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed?&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Existuje mnoho metod m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed magnituda zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed a ka\u017ed\u00e1 z nich poskytuje jin\u00fd odhad velikosti zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed. N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupy jsou nejroz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3>Richterova stupnice<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Richterova stupnice vych\u00e1z\u00ed z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed seismick\u00e9 vlny zaznamenan\u00e9 seismometrem a nab\u00edz\u00ed jedinou hodnotu, kter\u00e1 popisuje celkovou s\u00edlu zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Je logaritmick\u00fd, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee mal\u00fd n\u00e1r\u016fst magnituda m\u00e1 za n\u00e1sledek v\u00fdrazn\u00fd n\u00e1r\u016fst velikosti zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed. Zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed o s\u00edle 7,0 stupn\u011b je nap\u0159\u00edklad desetkr\u00e1t v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed o s\u00edle 6,0 stupn\u011b a stokr\u00e1t v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed o s\u00edle 5,0 stupn\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Richterova stupnice se pohybuje od 0 do 9 stup\u0148\u016f, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e \u010d\u00edsla men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 2,0 lid\u00e9 obvykle nec\u00edt\u00ed a \u010d\u00edsla v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 8,0 jsou pova\u017eov\u00e1na za velk\u00e1 zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed schopn\u00e1 zp\u016fsobit rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 \u0161kody a katastrofy.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3>Momentov\u00e1 stupnice<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Momentov\u00e1 stupnice byla zavedena jako alternativa k Richterov\u011b stupnici pro ur\u010den\u00ed s\u00edly zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed. Momentov\u00e1 stupnice na rozd\u00edl od Richterovy stupnice odhaduje celkovou energii vzniklou p\u0159i zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vych\u00e1z\u00ed z koncepce seismick\u00e9ho momentu, co\u017e je velikost zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed zalo\u017een\u00e1 na velikosti skluzu (pohybu) na zlomu, plo\u0161e zlomu, kter\u00e1 se sesunula, a tuhosti zemsk\u00e9 k\u016fry. Seismick\u00fd moment se vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed na z\u00e1klad\u011b m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed seismick\u00fdch vln a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se k posouzen\u00ed magnituda zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Momentov\u00e1 stupnice, stejn\u011b jako Richterova stupnice, je logaritmick\u00e1, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee mal\u00fd n\u00e1r\u016fst magnituda znamen\u00e1 obrovsk\u00fd n\u00e1r\u016fst velikosti zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Momentov\u00e1 stupnice m\u00e1 rozsah od -2,0 do 9,0 a je nej\u010dast\u011bji pou\u017e\u00edvanou stupnic\u00ed magnituda zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed, proto\u017ee m\u011b\u0159\u00ed velikost zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed p\u0159esn\u011bji ne\u017e Richterova stupnice, zejm\u00e9na u velk\u00fdch zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed, kter\u00e1 se vyskytuj\u00ed ve zna\u010dn\u00fdch hloubk\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/preview-529947.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-26922\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/preview-529947.png 500w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/preview-529947-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/preview-529947-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/preview-529947-12x12.png 12w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/preview-529947-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Ilustrace k dispozici v <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Mind the Graph<\/a><\/strong><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/app\/illustrations\/earthquake-buildings\"><\/a>Mercalliho stupnice<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Mercalliho stupnice je stupnice s\u00edly zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed, kter\u00e1 zn\u00e1zor\u0148uje dopady zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed na zemskou k\u016fru i na jednotlivce, budovy a dal\u0161\u00ed stavby. Mercalliho stupnice se \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v kombinaci s Richterovou nebo Momentovou stupnic\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k ur\u010den\u00ed s\u00edly zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Stupnice je zalo\u017eena na syst\u00e9mu \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch \u010d\u00edslic od I do XII, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e I znamen\u00e1 slab\u00e9 ot\u0159esy, kter\u00e9 lid\u00e9 nec\u00edt\u00ed, a XII ozna\u010duje extr\u00e9mn\u011b siln\u00e9 ot\u0159esy, kter\u00e9 zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 \u0161kody a destrukci. Zohled\u0148uje typ povrchu, na kter\u00e9m k zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed doch\u00e1z\u00ed, typ zasa\u017een\u00fdch staveb a rozsah zp\u016fsoben\u00fdch \u0161kod.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mercalliho stupnice a stupnice momentov\u00e9 magnitudy nebo Richterova stupnice v kombinaci umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed celkov\u00e9 pochopen\u00ed zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 zahrnuje jak jeho s\u00edlu, tak dopad.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nap\u0159\u00edklad pokud zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed s vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm momentov\u00fdm magnitudem nastane v m\u00e9n\u011b zalidn\u011bn\u00e9 lokalit\u011b nebo pokud je p\u016fda m\u00e9n\u011b n\u00e1chyln\u00e1 k po\u0161kozen\u00ed, nemus\u00ed zp\u016fsobit takov\u00e9 \u0161kody jako zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed s ni\u017e\u0161\u00edm momentov\u00fdm magnitudem ve vysoce zalidn\u011bn\u00e9 oblasti nebo pokud je p\u016fda vysoce n\u00e1chyln\u00e1 k po\u0161kozen\u00ed, mohou b\u00fdt \u0161kody v t\u00e9to situaci v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Proto m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt nejlep\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edstupem kombinace obou stupnic, proto\u017ee Mercalliho stupnice je zalo\u017eena na pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed osob, kter\u00e9 zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed za\u017eily a nahl\u00e1sily dopady, kter\u00e9 vid\u011bly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2>Jak lokalizovat epicentrum zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Seismologov\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k ur\u010den\u00ed epicentra zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed techniku zn\u00e1mou jako triangulace.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed my\u0161lenka triangulace spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, \u017ee seismick\u00e9 vlny ze zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed proch\u00e1zej\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdmi materi\u00e1ly r\u016fznou rychlost\u00ed a do seismografick\u00fdch stanic um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdch v r\u016fzn\u00fdch vzd\u00e1lenostech od epicentra doraz\u00ed v r\u016fzn\u00e9m \u010dase. Seismologov\u00e9 mohou odhadnout polohu epicentra studiem \u010das\u016f p\u0159\u00edchodu seismick\u00fdch vln na n\u011bkolika seismografick\u00fdch m\u00edstech.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2>Intenzita zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table aligncenter\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Magnituda<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Intenzita<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Dopad<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 \u010detnost zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>2,0 nebo m\u00e9n\u011b<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Micro<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Z\u0159\u00eddka poci\u0165ovan\u00e9<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">V\u00edce ne\u017e miliony ro\u010dn\u011b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>2,0 a\u017e 2,9<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Drobn\u00e9<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">M\u00edrn\u011b c\u00edtit<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">V\u00edce ne\u017e jeden milion ro\u010dn\u011b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>3,0 a\u017e 3,9<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">V\u00edce ne\u017e drobn\u00e9<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u010casto se c\u00edtil<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">V\u00edce ne\u017e sto tis\u00edc ro\u010dn\u011b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>4,0 a\u017e 4,9<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Sv\u011btlo<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Poci\u0165uje v\u011bt\u0161ina lid\u00ed<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">V\u00edce ne\u017e deset tis\u00edc ro\u010dn\u011b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>5,0 a\u017e 5,9<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">M\u00edrn\u00e1<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">M\u016f\u017ee po\u0161kodit \u0161patn\u00e9 struktury<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">V\u00edce ne\u017e tis\u00edc ro\u010dn\u011b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>6,0 a\u017e 6,9<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Siln\u00fd<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Zp\u016fsobuje po\u0161kozen\u00ed st\u0159edn\u011b t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdch dob\u0159e postaven\u00fdch konstrukc\u00ed<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">V\u00edce ne\u017e sto ro\u010dn\u011b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>7,0 a\u017e 7,9<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Hlavn\u00ed<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Zp\u016fsobuje \u0161kody na v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b budov<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Deset a\u017e dvacet ro\u010dn\u011b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>8,0 a\u017e 8,9<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Skv\u011bl\u00e9<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Velk\u00e9 \u0161kody na budov\u00e1ch<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Jednou ro\u010dn\u011b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>9,0 nebo v\u00edce<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">M\u016f\u017ee zni\u010dit v\u0161echny budovy<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Jednou za deset nebo v\u00edce let<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2>Specializujeme se na grafick\u00e9 abstrakty, v\u011bdeck\u00e9 \u00fadaje, kter\u00e9 sestavuj\u00ed v\u011bdci.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Grafick\u00e9 abstrakty mohou v\u011bdc\u016fm pomoci zprost\u0159edkovat komplikovan\u00e9 koncepty, zd\u016fraznit kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 poznatky, zv\u00fd\u0161it objevnost v\u00fdzkumu a podpo\u0159it multidisciplin\u00e1rn\u00ed pr\u00e1ci.  V\u011bdci mohou zp\u0159\u00edstupnit sv\u00e9 studie a u\u010dinit je srozumiteln\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi d\u00edky grafick\u00fdm abstrakt\u016fm, co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee napomoci pokroku v oblasti v\u011bdy ve v\u0161ech oblastech.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pokud pot\u0159ebujete jednoduch\u00fd n\u00e1stroj pro vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed grafick\u00fdch abstrakt\u016f, vyu\u017eijte n\u00e1stroj Mind The Graph, kter\u00fd je u\u017eivatelsky p\u0159\u00edv\u011btiv\u00fd a umo\u017e\u0148uje vytv\u00e1\u0159et grafiku profesion\u00e1ln\u00ed kvality komukoli, i t\u011bm s omezen\u00fdmi n\u00e1vrh\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdmi schopnostmi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:39px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/app\/offer-trial\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"651\" height=\"174\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/banner-blog-trial-01.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-26823\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/banner-blog-trial-01.jpg 651w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/banner-blog-trial-01-300x80.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/banner-blog-trial-01-18x5.jpg 18w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/banner-blog-trial-01-100x27.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 651px) 100vw, 651px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:44px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Je \u010das porozum\u011bt s\u00edle zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed, nej\u010dast\u011bji pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdm stupnic\u00edm a tomu, jak mohou 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