{"id":26890,"date":"2023-02-24T17:29:11","date_gmt":"2023-02-24T20:29:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/what-are-nanomaterials-copy\/"},"modified":"2023-02-28T17:41:23","modified_gmt":"2023-02-28T20:41:23","slug":"observer-bias","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/cs\/predsudky-pozorovatele\/","title":{"rendered":"P\u0159ekon\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159edsudk\u016f pozorovatele ve v\u00fdzkumu: Jak ji minimalizovat?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Na\u0161e o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed mohou m\u00edt velk\u00fd vliv na to, jak vn\u00edm\u00e1me a ch\u00e1peme sv\u011bt kolem n\u00e1s. Pokud jde o v\u00fdzkum, mohou tato p\u0159edsudky zp\u016fsobit, \u017ee studie bude naprosto zaujat\u00e1, co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st ke zkreslen\u00fdm, zav\u00e1d\u011bj\u00edc\u00edm nebo dokonce zcela nespr\u00e1vn\u00fdm z\u00e1v\u011br\u016fm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tento jev je zn\u00e1m jako zkreslen\u00ed pozorovatele a ve v\u00fdzkumu se vyskytuje pravideln\u011b. Je to norm\u00e1ln\u00ed lidsk\u00e1 predispozice interpretovat informace instinktivn\u011b zp\u016fsobem, kter\u00fd posiluje vlastn\u00ed p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed, o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed nebo p\u0159edsudky. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku chceme nejen vysv\u011btlit, co je to zkreslen\u00ed pozorovatele, ale tak\u00e9 poskytnout n\u011bkolik doporu\u010den\u00ed, jak ho minimalizovat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Co je to observa\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdzkum?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Pozorovac\u00ed v\u00fdzkum je v podstat\u011b u\u017eite\u010dnou metodou pro sb\u011br dat a pochopen\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed a ud\u00e1lost\u00ed neintruzivn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edstupem. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Naturalistick\u00e9 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed, z\u00fa\u010dastn\u011bn\u00e9 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed a archivn\u00ed v\u00fdzkum jsou p\u0159\u00edklady observa\u010dn\u00edho v\u00fdzkumu. Krom\u011b toho se observa\u010dn\u00ed studie pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v mnoha oblastech v\u00fdzkumu, v\u010detn\u011b medic\u00edny, psychologie, behavior\u00e1ln\u00edch v\u011bd a etnografie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Co je to zkreslen\u00ed pozorovatele?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Vliv osobn\u00edch n\u00e1zor\u016f, o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed nebo p\u0159edsudk\u016f v\u00fdzkumn\u00edka na v\u00fdsledky v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 studie se ozna\u010duje jako zkreslen\u00ed pozorovatele. K tomu doch\u00e1z\u00ed, kdy\u017e v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk podv\u011bdom\u011b ovliv\u0148uje v\u00fdsledky studie na z\u00e1klad\u011b sv\u00fdch vlastn\u00edch n\u00e1zor\u016f nebo p\u0159edpojat\u00fdch p\u0159edpoklad\u016f, co\u017e vede k nep\u0159esn\u00e9 interpretaci \u00fadaj\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vzhledem k povaze v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 metody je u observa\u010dn\u00edho v\u00fdzkumu pravd\u011bpodobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zkreslen\u00ed pozorovatele. V\u00fdzkumn\u00edk je v observa\u010dn\u00edm v\u00fdzkumu \u010dasto pasivn\u00edm pozorovatelem, kter\u00fd je p\u0159i z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed dat z\u00e1visl\u00fd na vlastn\u00edm pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed a interpretac\u00edch. V d\u016fsledku toho mohou osobn\u00ed n\u00e1zory, o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed nebo p\u0159edsudky v\u00fdzkumn\u00edka ovlivnit zp\u016fsob, jak\u00fdm interpretuje a uv\u00e1d\u00ed \u00fadaje, co\u017e zvy\u0161uje riziko zkreslen\u00ed pozorovatele.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Typy zkreslen\u00ed pozorovatele<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Existuje n\u011bkolik typ\u016f zkreslen\u00ed pozorovatele; p\u0159e\u010dt\u011bte si o nich v\u00edce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zkreslen\u00ed akt\u00e9r-pozorovatel<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Zkreslen\u00ed akt\u00e9ra a pozorovatele se t\u00fdk\u00e1 sklonu lid\u00ed p\u0159isuzovat sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed podm\u00ednk\u00e1m prost\u0159ed\u00ed, zat\u00edmco jedn\u00e1n\u00ed jin\u00fdch lid\u00ed p\u0159isuzuj\u00ed jejich osobnosti nebo dispozic\u00edm. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, kdy\u017e lid\u00e9 uva\u017euj\u00ed o sv\u00e9m vlastn\u00edm chov\u00e1n\u00ed, maj\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed sklon hodnotit kontext a okolnosti, kter\u00e9 vedly k jejich chov\u00e1n\u00ed, ale kdy\u017e vid\u00ed jedn\u00e1n\u00ed druh\u00fdch, maj\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed sklon p\u0159ipisovat takov\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed osobnostn\u00edm vlastnostem nebo vnit\u0159n\u00edm sklon\u016fm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

P\u0159\u00edklad: <\/strong>J\u00e1 jsem p\u0159i\u0161el pozd\u011b na sch\u016fzku, proto\u017ee jsem uv\u00edzl v z\u00e1cp\u011b, ale ona p\u0159i\u0161la pozd\u011b, proto\u017ee byla neorganizovan\u00e1.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Efekt o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed pozorovatele<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Efekt o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed pozorovatele zahrnuje vliv, kter\u00fd mohou m\u00edt o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed nebo p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed pozorovatele na to, jak vn\u00edm\u00e1 a interpretuje d\u016fkazy. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nap\u0159\u00edklad pokud m\u00e1 pozorovatel p\u0159edem utvo\u0159enou p\u0159edstavu o ur\u010dit\u00e9 skupin\u011b osob nebo specifick\u00fdch jevech, m\u016f\u017ee se p\u0159ednostn\u011b v\u011bnovat informac\u00edm, kter\u00e9 podporuj\u00ed jeho p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed, a ignorovat d\u016fkazy, kter\u00e9 jsou s t\u00edmto p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00edm v rozporu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Praktick\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem je fyziolog prov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdzkum \u00fa\u010dinnosti potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed l\u00e9\u010dby \u00fazkostn\u00fdch poruch. P\u0159i hodnocen\u00ed \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f se psycholog m\u016f\u017ee ne\u00famysln\u011b zam\u011b\u0159it na d\u016fkazy, kter\u00e9 podporuj\u00ed jeho hypot\u00e9zu, \u017ee terapie je mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b prosp\u011b\u0161n\u00e1, a m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159ehl\u00e9dnout nebo minimalizovat \u00fadaje, kter\u00e9 ukazuj\u00ed opak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zkreslen\u00ed experiment\u00e1tora<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Zkreslen\u00ed experiment\u00e1tora je vliv o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed nebo osobn\u00edch p\u0159edsudk\u016f experiment\u00e1tora na v\u00fdsledky experimentu. K tomuto zkreslen\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee doj\u00edt, kdy\u017e experiment\u00e1tor ne\u00famysln\u011b manipuluje s daty nebo je interpretuje tak, aby podpo\u0159il sv\u00e1 o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed nebo n\u00e1zory, co\u017e vede k chybn\u00fdm nebo neobjektivn\u00edm z\u00e1v\u011br\u016fm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed zkreslen\u00ed se od efektu o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed pozorovatele li\u0161\u00ed t\u00edm, \u017ee experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed zkreslen\u00ed ovliv\u0148uje v\u00fdsledky experimentu, stejn\u011b jako zp\u016fsob, jak\u00fdm je experiment prov\u00e1d\u011bn a interpretov\u00e1n, zat\u00edmco efekt o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed pozorovatele se t\u00fdk\u00e1 vlivu, kter\u00fd mohou m\u00edt o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed nebo p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed pozorovatele na to, jak vn\u00edm\u00e1, shroma\u017e\u010fuje, analyzuje a interpretuje data z pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Krom\u011b toho je zkreslen\u00ed pozorovatele obvykle spojeno s experiment\u00e1ln\u00edm v\u00fdzkumem, zat\u00edmco zkreslen\u00ed experiment\u00e1tora je obvykle spojeno s pozorovac\u00edm v\u00fdzkumem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pou\u017eijme stejn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edklad jako v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b efektu o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed pozorovatele. Fyziolog prov\u00e1d\u00ed v\u00fdzkum \u00fa\u010dinnosti potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed l\u00e9\u010dby \u00fazkostn\u00fdch poruch. Psycholog m\u016f\u017ee b\u011bhem v\u00fdzkumu ne\u00famysln\u011b uspo\u0159\u00e1dat experiment tak, aby zv\u00fd\u0161il \u0161anci na dobr\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky. M\u016f\u017ee nap\u0159\u00edklad vybrat dobrovoln\u00edky, u nich\u017e je v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost, \u017ee budou na l\u00e9k p\u0159\u00edzniv\u011b reagovat, nebo m\u016f\u017ee zm\u011bnit d\u00e1vkov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010di d\u00e9lku trv\u00e1n\u00ed l\u00e9\u010dby, aby optimalizoval jej\u00ed p\u0159\u00ednos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hawthornsk\u00fd efekt<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Hawthorn\u016fv efekt je jev, kter\u00fd se t\u00fdk\u00e1 vlivu, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt na chov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka v\u011bdom\u00ed, \u017ee je sledov\u00e1n. Efekt byl nazv\u00e1n podle s\u00e9rie experiment\u016f proveden\u00fdch ve 20. a 30. letech 20. stolet\u00ed v tov\u00e1rn\u011b Hawthorne Works v Illinois, kde v\u011bdci zjistili, \u017ee \u00fapravy pracovn\u00edch podm\u00ednek, jako je lep\u0161\u00ed osv\u011btlen\u00ed nebo krat\u0161\u00ed pracovn\u00ed doba, vedou ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed pracovn\u00edho v\u00fdkonu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdzkumn\u00edci zjistili, \u017ee zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed produktivity bylo zp\u016fsobeno sp\u00ed\u0161e v\u011bdom\u00edm pracovn\u00edk\u016f, \u017ee jsou sledov\u00e1ni, a pozornost\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se jim v d\u016fsledku toho dostalo, ne\u017e konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm zlep\u0161en\u00edm pracovn\u00edch podm\u00ednek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jak minimalizovat zkreslen\u00ed pozorovatele?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee zkreslen\u00ed pozorovatele m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt v\u00fdznamn\u00fd dopad na platnost a spolehlivost v\u00fdsledk\u016f v\u00fdzkumu, je t\u0159eba p\u0159ijmout opat\u0159en\u00ed k minimalizaci jeho dopad\u016f. Zde jsou uvedeny n\u011bkter\u00e9 metody pro minimalizaci zkreslen\u00ed pozorovatele:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. Zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed pov\u011bdom\u00ed o p\u0159edpojatosti pozorovatel\u016f a \u0161kolen\u00ed o jej\u00edch dopadech m\u016f\u017ee pozorovatel\u016fm pomoci rozpoznat a kontrolovat jejich p\u0159edpojatost v n\u00e1lezech.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
      \n
    1. K\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e1 kontrola \u00fadaj\u016f u r\u016fzn\u00fdch pozorovatel\u016f m\u016f\u017ee pomoci zajistit konzistenci a p\u0159esnost pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed. To m\u016f\u017ee pomoci odhalit p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9 nesrovnalosti nebo zkreslen\u00ed pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed, co\u017e povede k v\u011brohodn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu zobrazen\u00ed \u00fadaj\u016f. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
        \n
      1. Standardizovan\u00e9 protokoly mohou pomoci zajistit, aby pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed byla prov\u00e1d\u011bna d\u016fsledn\u011b a objektivn\u011b. Eliminace mo\u017enosti individu\u00e1ln\u00ed interpretace nebo odchylky v pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee pomoci sn\u00ed\u017eit vliv zkreslen\u00ed pozorovatele.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
          \n
        1. Zaslepuj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupy, jako jsou dvojit\u011b zaslepen\u00e9 studie, mohou pomoci sn\u00ed\u017eit vliv zkreslen\u00ed pozorovatele t\u00edm, \u017ee pozorovatel nev\u00ed, jak\u00e1 l\u00e9\u010dba nebo intervence je \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016fm p\u0159id\u011blena. T\u00edm je zaji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a p\u0159edsudky pozorovatele neovlivn\u00ed jeho pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed nebo interpretaci fakt\u016f.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
            \n
          1. Pokud je pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed co nejm\u00e9n\u011b n\u00e1padn\u00e9, m\u016f\u017ee pomoci omezit Hawthornsk\u00fd efekt, kter\u00fd se t\u00fdk\u00e1 vlivu v\u011bdom\u00ed, \u017ee je n\u011bkdo sledov\u00e1n, na jeho chov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

            \u0160ablony infografiky vytvo\u0159en\u00e9 v\u011bdci<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

            Nen\u00ed nic lep\u0161\u00edho, ne\u017e kdy\u017e v\u00e1m pom\u00e1h\u00e1 n\u011bkdo, kdo rozum\u00ed va\u0161im pot\u0159eb\u00e1m. Pokud jste v\u011bdec a hled\u00e1te vhodn\u00fd n\u00e1stroj pro sv\u00e9 infografiky a ilustrace, Pozor na graf<\/a> je nejlep\u0161\u00edm m\u00edstem, kam se m\u016f\u017eete obr\u00e1tit, proto\u017ee p\u0159esn\u011b v\u00edme, co pot\u0159ebujete!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            <\/div>\n\n\n
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            \"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
            <\/div>\n\n\n\n
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            Za\u010dn\u011bte pou\u017e\u00edvat Mind the Graph<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
            <\/div>\n\n\n\n

            <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

            Zjist\u011bte, co je to zkreslen\u00ed pozorovatele, jak\u00e9 jsou jeho druhy, jak ovliv\u0148uje v\u00fdzkum a hlavn\u011b jak ho minimalizovat.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":28,"featured_media":26897,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959,28],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nOvercoming Observer Bias in Research: How To Minimize It?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn what observer bias is, the different types, how it affects research, and, most importantly, how to minimize it.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/cs\/predsudky-pozorovatele\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Overcoming Observer Bias in 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