{"id":26864,"date":"2023-02-23T10:11:00","date_gmt":"2023-02-23T13:11:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/systematic-review-and-meta-analysis-copy\/"},"modified":"2024-12-05T16:09:52","modified_gmt":"2024-12-05T19:09:52","slug":"what-are-nanomaterials","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/cs\/co-jsou-nanomaterialy\/","title":{"rendered":"Co jsou nanomateri\u00e1ly a pro\u010d jsou d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"702\" height=\"459\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/0103190648_editor.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-26875\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/0103190648_editor.jpg 702w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/0103190648_editor-300x196.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/0103190648_editor-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/0103190648_editor-100x65.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 702px) 100vw, 702px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Obr\u00e1zek z <strong>edelweisspublications.com<\/strong><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2>Pro\u010d byste m\u011bli v\u011bd\u011bt, co jsou to nanomateri\u00e1ly?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00fdznam nanomateri\u00e1l\u016f spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v jejich potenci\u00e1lu zm\u011bnit \u0159adu obor\u016f, jako je elektronika, energetika a medic\u00edna, a to d\u00edky zlep\u0161en\u00ed jejich v\u00fdkonnostn\u00edch charakteristik.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nanomateri\u00e1ly mohou usnadnit vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed mal\u00fdch v\u00fdrobk\u016f a proces\u016f v nanorozm\u011brech. N\u011bkter\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edklady pou\u017eit\u00ed nanomateri\u00e1l\u016f zahrnuj\u00ed elektroniku, kde lze nanomateri\u00e1ly vyu\u017e\u00edt k v\u00fdrob\u011b rychlej\u0161\u00edch a \u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed; v medic\u00edn\u011b je lze vyu\u017e\u00edt k v\u00fdvoji syst\u00e9m\u016f c\u00edlen\u00e9ho pod\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed l\u00e9\u010div a v energetice mohou zlep\u0161it p\u0159em\u011bnu a skladov\u00e1n\u00ed energie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2>Co jsou to nanomateri\u00e1ly?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Nanomateri\u00e1ly jsou materi\u00e1ly, jejich\u017e struktura a vlastnosti se vzhledem k jejich mal\u00fdm rozm\u011br\u016fm v\u00fdrazn\u011b li\u0161\u00ed od vlastnost\u00ed objemov\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f. Tyto materi\u00e1ly maj\u00ed rozm\u011bry v nanorozm\u011brech, obvykle mezi 1 a 100 nanometry, a vykazuj\u00ed jedine\u010dn\u00e9 fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed, chemick\u00e9 a biologick\u00e9 vlastnosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jsou \u0161iroce pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny v r\u016fzn\u00fdch oborech d\u00edky sv\u00e9mu vysok\u00e9mu povrchu, pozoruhodn\u00e9 biokompatibilit\u011b, optick\u00fdm a elektrick\u00fdm vlastnostem. Mezi p\u0159\u00edklady nanomateri\u00e1l\u016f pat\u0159\u00ed nano\u010d\u00e1stice, nanovl\u00e1kna, nanotrubi\u010dky, uhl\u00edk a kvantov\u00e9 te\u010dky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3>4 hlavn\u00ed typy nanomateri\u00e1l\u016f:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Nano\u010d\u00e1stice: <\/strong>Jedn\u00e1 se o \u010d\u00e1stice, jejich\u017e alespo\u0148 jeden rozm\u011br je men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 100 nanometr\u016f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Nanovl\u00e1kna:<\/strong> Jedn\u00e1 se o dlouh\u00e1, tenk\u00e1 vl\u00e1kna s pr\u016fm\u011brem vrozsahu nanorozm\u011br\u016f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Nanotrubi\u010dky:<\/strong> Jedn\u00e1 se o trubice se st\u011bnami z jedn\u00e9 vrstvy atom\u016f o pr\u016fm\u011bru v rozsahu nanorozm\u011br\u016f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Nanolamin\u00e1ty:<\/strong> Jedn\u00e1 se o tenk\u00e9 vrstvy r\u016fzn\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f, kter\u00e9 se skl\u00e1daj\u00ed na sebe a vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed kompozitn\u00ed materi\u00e1l.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2>Jak lze charakterizovat nanomateri\u00e1ly?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Nanomateri\u00e1ly se mohou vyskytovat v p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b, mohou vznikat jako vedlej\u0161\u00ed produkty spalovac\u00edch reakc\u00ed nebo mohou b\u00fdt z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b vyrobeny pomoc\u00ed in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed, aby plnily specializovanou funkci. Lze je fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b a chemicky charakterizovat a ur\u010dit jejich velikost, tvar, slo\u017een\u00ed a strukturu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3>Fyzick\u00e9:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Transmisn\u00ed elektronov\u00e1 mikroskopie (TEM):<\/strong> TEM vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 vysokoenergetick\u00e9 elektrony k vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed obraz\u016f nanomateri\u00e1l\u016f, kter\u00e9 poskytuj\u00ed informace o jejich velikosti, tvaru a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Rastrovac\u00ed elektronov\u00e1 mikroskopie (SEM):<\/strong> SEM vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 fokusovan\u00fd svazek elektron\u016f k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed obrazu povrchu nanomateri\u00e1l\u016f, kter\u00fd poskytuje informace o morfologii a topografii povrchu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Dynamick\u00fd rozptyl sv\u011btla (DLS): <\/strong>DLS m\u011b\u0159\u00ed Brown\u016fv pohyb \u010d\u00e1stic v roztoku a poskytuje informace o distribuci velikosti \u010d\u00e1stic.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Rentgenov\u00e1 difrakce (XRD):<\/strong> XRD vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 rentgenov\u00e9 z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed k ur\u010den\u00ed krystalov\u00e9 struktury materi\u00e1lu a identifikaci jeho slo\u017eek.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3>Chemick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Energetick\u00e1 disperzn\u00ed spektroskopie (EDS):<\/strong> EDS vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 rentgenov\u00e9 z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed k anal\u00fdze slo\u017een\u00ed nanomateri\u00e1l\u016f m\u011b\u0159en\u00edm energetick\u00fdch spekter elektron\u016f emitovan\u00fdch ze vzorku.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Infra\u010derven\u00e1 spektroskopie s Fourierovou transformac\u00ed (FTIR):<\/strong> FTIR vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 infra\u010derven\u00e9 sv\u011btlo k m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed vibra\u010dn\u00edch spekter chemick\u00fdch vazeb v materi\u00e1lu a poskytuje tak informace o jeho chemick\u00e9m slo\u017een\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Rentgenov\u00e1 fotoelektronov\u00e1 spektroskopie (XPS): <\/strong>XPS vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 rentgenov\u00e9 z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed k excitaci elektron\u016f v materi\u00e1lu a poskytuje informace o jeho chemick\u00e9m slo\u017een\u00ed a elektronick\u00e9 struktu\u0159e.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Induk\u010dn\u011b v\u00e1zan\u00e1 plazmov\u00e1 hmotnostn\u00ed spektrometrie (ICP-MS):<\/strong> ICP-MS pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 plazmov\u00fd ho\u0159\u00e1k k odpa\u0159en\u00ed a ionizaci vzorku a pot\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159\u00ed hmotnost iont\u016f, aby ur\u010dila slo\u017een\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/researcher.life\/all-access-pricing?utm_source=mtg&amp;utm_campaign=all-access-promotion&amp;utm_medium=blog\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"410\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Banner3-1024x410.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-55425\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Banner3-1024x410.png 1024w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Banner3-300x120.png 300w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Banner3-768x307.png 768w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Banner3-1536x615.png 1536w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Banner3-2048x820.png 2048w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Banner3-18x7.png 18w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Banner3-100x40.png 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2>Jak\u00e9 jsou aplikace nanomateri\u00e1l\u016f?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"724\" height=\"483\" src=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/characterising-nanomaterials-in-food-by-fff-icp-ms.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-26874\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/characterising-nanomaterials-in-food-by-fff-icp-ms.jpg 724w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/characterising-nanomaterials-in-food-by-fff-icp-ms-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/characterising-nanomaterials-in-food-by-fff-icp-ms-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/characterising-nanomaterials-in-food-by-fff-icp-ms-100x67.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 724px) 100vw, 724px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Obr\u00e1zek z<strong> foodnavigator.com<\/strong><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Technologick\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed nanomateri\u00e1l\u016f je vyu\u017eiteln\u00e9 v mnoha odv\u011btv\u00edch, od zdravotnictv\u00ed a mechaniky a\u017e po ochranu \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed a \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vzduchu. Lze je vyu\u017e\u00edt k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch bateri\u00ed, \u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f pro pod\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed l\u00e9k\u016f a pevn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch a leh\u010d\u00edch materi\u00e1l\u016f. N\u00ed\u017ee uv\u00e1d\u00edme n\u011bkolik p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Elektronika:<\/strong> Nanomateri\u00e1ly lze pou\u017e\u00edt v elektronick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch, jako jsou chytr\u00e9 telefony, notebooky a televizory, ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed v\u00fdkonu a sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed spot\u0159eby energie. Vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed displeje s vysok\u00fdm rozli\u0161en\u00edm, zlep\u0161uj\u00ed \u00falo\u017enou kapacitu a \u00fa\u010dinnost dob\u00edjec\u00edch bateri\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklady.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>L\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed:<\/strong> Lze jej pou\u017e\u00edt v l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fdch aplikac\u00edch, jako je zobrazov\u00e1n\u00ed, diagnostika a l\u00e9\u010dba. Syst\u00e9my pro pod\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed l\u00e9\u010div v nanorozm\u011brech mohou zlep\u0161it \u00fa\u010dinnost a c\u00edlovou specifi\u010dnost l\u00e9\u010div.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Sanace \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed:<\/strong> \u010ci\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek a kontaminant\u016f pomoc\u00ed katalyz\u00e1tor\u016f na b\u00e1zi nano\u010d\u00e1stic a nanofiltr\u016f, kter\u00e9 mohou \u010distit kontaminovanou vodu, vzduch a p\u016fdu odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00edm zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek a patogen\u016f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>V\u011bda o materi\u00e1lech:<\/strong> Dok\u00e1\u017ee vytv\u00e1\u0159et pevn\u00e9 a lehk\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly s lep\u0161\u00edmi mechanick\u00fdmi a tepeln\u00fdmi vlastnostmi, kter\u00e9 jsou vhodn\u00e9 pro pou\u017eit\u00ed v n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fdch aplikac\u00edch, jako jsou leteck\u00e9 a automobilov\u00e9 komponenty.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Potraviny a zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed: <\/strong>Zv\u00fd\u0161it kvalitu, bezpe\u010dnost a trvanlivost potravin a zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch produkt\u016f zlep\u0161en\u00edm \u00fa\u010dinnosti a efektivity pesticid\u016f p\u0159i sou\u010dasn\u00e9m sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed jejich dopadu na \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed a zlep\u0161en\u00edm \u00fa\u010dinnosti a efektivity zavla\u017eovac\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f, co\u017e povede ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed spot\u0159eby vody a zlep\u0161en\u00ed r\u016fstu plodin.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2>Jak\u00e1 jsou rizika nanomateri\u00e1l\u016f?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Nanomateri\u00e1ly mohou p\u0159edstavovat ur\u010dit\u00e1 rizika pro lidsk\u00e9 zdrav\u00ed a \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b toxicity, reaktivity a uvol\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stic do vzduchu, vody a p\u016fdy. Dlouhodob\u00e1 expozice \u010d\u00e1stic\u00edm nanomateri\u00e1l\u016f m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt za n\u00e1sledek chronick\u00e9 zdravotn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky, jako jsou respira\u010dn\u00ed, kardiovaskul\u00e1rn\u00ed a reproduk\u010dn\u00ed probl\u00e9my.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Existuj\u00ed tak\u00e9 obavy z jejich mo\u017en\u00e9ho dopadu na ekosyst\u00e9my a voln\u011b \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed \u017eivo\u010dichy, jako\u017e i z jejich p\u0159etrv\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v \u017eivotn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Krom\u011b toho mohou jedine\u010dn\u00e9 vlastnosti nanomateri\u00e1l\u016f vyvol\u00e1vat obavy o bezpe\u010dnost p\u0159i v\u00fdrob\u011b, manipulaci a likvidaci. K \u00fapln\u00e9mu pochopen\u00ed t\u011bchto rizik je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edho v\u00fdzkumu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2>Hled\u00e1te obr\u00e1zky a ilustrace na vy\u017e\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed, abyste mohli p\u0159ed\u00e1vat informace o v\u011bd\u011b?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Mind the Graph<\/a> je platforma, kter\u00e1 pom\u00e1h\u00e1 v\u011bdc\u016fm a v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk\u016fm vizu\u00e1ln\u011b sd\u011blovat jejich v\u011bdeck\u00e9 my\u0161lenky a v\u00fdsledky. Platforma poskytuje \u0159adu \u0161ablon, ikon a ilustrac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 u\u017eivatel\u016fm pom\u00e1haj\u00ed vytv\u00e1\u0159et infografiky, plak\u00e1ty, prezentace a zpr\u00e1vy, kter\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinn\u011b informuj\u00ed o jejich v\u00fdzkumu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:39px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Jak na to | Pou\u017eit\u00ed funkce molekul na Mind the Graph\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/PXhae8zSjlA?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button aligncenter\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-background wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/app\/illustrations\" style=\"border-radius:50px;background-color:#dc1866\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Za\u010dn\u011bte pou\u017e\u00edvat Mind the Graph<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Co jsou to nanomateri\u00e1ly? Zjist\u011bte v\u0161e o t\u011bchto materi\u00e1lech a jejich \u0161irok\u00e9m vyu\u017eit\u00ed v r\u016fzn\u00fdch aplikac\u00edch v mnoha oblastech.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":35,"featured_media":26872,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959,28],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v19.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>What are nanomaterials and why are they important?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"What are nanomaterials? Learn all about these materials and how they are widely used in various applications in many areas.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/cs\/co-jsou-nanomaterialy\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"What are nanomaterials and why are they important?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"What are nanomaterials? 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