{"id":26270,"date":"2023-01-18T10:42:10","date_gmt":"2023-01-18T13:42:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/viruses-that-can-cause-cancer-copy\/"},"modified":"2023-01-25T10:55:01","modified_gmt":"2023-01-25T13:55:01","slug":"nuclear-fusion","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/cs\/jaderna-fuze\/","title":{"rendered":"Jadern\u00e1 f\u00faze: Srozumiteln\u00fd \u00favod"},"content":{"rendered":"

V\u011bdci dos\u00e1hli v\u00fdznamn\u00e9ho pokroku v oblasti jadern\u00e9 f\u00faze, kter\u00fd by mohl v budoucnu otev\u0159\u00edt dve\u0159e k z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed velk\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed \u010dist\u00e9 energie. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toto zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 u\u010dinit pouze d\u00edky v\u00edce ne\u017e p\u016flstolet\u00ed trvaj\u00edc\u00edmu v\u00fdzkumu jadern\u00e9 f\u00faze. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00edme v\u00e1m srozumiteln\u00fd \u00favod do jadern\u00e9 f\u00faze, abyste mohli tuto vzru\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed novinku spr\u00e1vn\u011b pochopit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Co je jadern\u00e1 f\u00faze?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Jadern\u00e1 f\u00faze je druh jadern\u00e9ho procesu, ke kter\u00e9mu doch\u00e1z\u00ed, kdy\u017e se dv\u011b nebo v\u00edce atomov\u00fdch jader spoj\u00ed a vytvo\u0159\u00ed jedno v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed j\u00e1dro. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

F\u00fazn\u00ed reakce prob\u00edhaj\u00ed ve stavu hmoty zn\u00e1m\u00e9m jako plazma, co\u017e je hork\u00fd nabit\u00fd plyn slo\u017een\u00fd z kladn\u00fdch iont\u016f a voln\u011b se pohybuj\u00edc\u00edch elektron\u016f, kter\u00fd se sv\u00fdmi vlastnostmi li\u0161\u00ed od pevn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek, kapalin nebo plyn\u016f. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jadern\u00e1 f\u00faze je mechanismus, kter\u00fdm se vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed Slunce a dal\u0161\u00ed hv\u011bzdy z\u00edsk\u00e1vaj\u00ed energii<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nap\u0159\u00edklad: Atomy tritia a deuteria (izotopy vod\u00edku Vod\u00edk-3, resp. Vod\u00edk-2) se spojuj\u00ed za vzniku neutronu a izotopu helia. Spolu s t\u00edm se uvol\u0148uje obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed energie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tuto energii lze vyu\u017e\u00edt k v\u00fdrob\u011b elekt\u0159iny nebo k pohonu jin\u00fdch v\u011bc\u00ed. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se, \u017ee je to potenci\u00e1ln\u011b nekone\u010dn\u00fd a \u010dist\u00fd zdroj energie. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Aby se j\u00e1dra spojila, mus\u00ed se st\u00fdkat p\u0159i mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b vysok\u00fdch teplot\u00e1ch, t\u0159eba 10 milion\u016f stup\u0148\u016f Celsia. D\u00edky vysok\u00e9 teplot\u011b maj\u00ed dostatek energie k p\u0159ekon\u00e1n\u00ed vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9ho elektrick\u00e9ho odporu. Kdy\u017e jsou j\u00e1dra velmi bl\u00edzko sebe, jadern\u00e1 p\u0159ita\u017elivost mezi nimi p\u0159ekon\u00e1 elektrick\u00e9 odpuzov\u00e1n\u00ed a umo\u017en\u00ed jim f\u00fazi, jej\u00edm\u017e v\u00fdsledkem je vznik energie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jadern\u00e1 f\u00faze vs. jadern\u00e9 \u0161t\u011bpen\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u0160t\u011bpen\u00ed i f\u00faze jsou jadern\u00e9 reakce, p\u0159i nich\u017e doch\u00e1z\u00ed k p\u0159em\u011bn\u011b atom\u016f za \u00fa\u010delem z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed energie, ale jak\u00fd je mezi nimi rozd\u00edl? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

F\u00faze je spojen\u00ed dvou leh\u010d\u00edch atom\u016f za vzniku v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho atomu, zat\u00edmco \u0161t\u011bpen\u00ed je rozd\u011blen\u00ed jednoho atomu na dva. Jedn\u00e1 se v podstat\u011b o protich\u016fdn\u00e9 procesy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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P\u0159edpov\u011b\u010f Alberta Einsteina, \u017ee hmotu lze p\u0159em\u011bnit na energii, inspirovala objev d\u011blen\u00ed jader. V\u011bdci za\u010dali experimentovat v roce 1939 a o rok pozd\u011bji Enrico Fermi sestrojil prvn\u00ed jadern\u00fd reaktor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b nestabiln\u00ed izotop je zasa\u017een vysokorychlostn\u00edmi \u010d\u00e1sticemi, zpravidla neutrony, kter\u00e9 jsou urychleny a donuceny narazit do nestabiln\u00edho izotopu, co\u017e vyvol\u00e1 \u0161t\u011bpen\u00ed a rozpad na dva men\u0161\u00ed izotopy, t\u0159i vysokorychlostn\u00ed neutrony a obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed energie. Uran-235 se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jako neutron v naprost\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b jadern\u00fdch reaktor\u016f. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vyroben\u00e1 energie se vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k oh\u0159evu vody v jadern\u00fdch reaktorech, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1sledn\u011b vyr\u00e1b\u011bj\u00ed elekt\u0159inu. Zat\u00edmco se vysokorychlostn\u00ed neutrony vyb\u00edjej\u00ed a st\u00e1vaj\u00ed se projektily, spou\u0161t\u011bj\u00ed nov\u00e9 \u0161t\u011bpn\u00e9 procesy, zn\u00e1m\u00e9 tak\u00e9 jako \u0159et\u011bzov\u00e9 reakce. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159i jadern\u00e9m \u0161t\u011bpen\u00ed vznik\u00e1 velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed radioaktivn\u00edho odpadu, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt nebezpe\u010dn\u00fd a mus\u00ed se pe\u010dliv\u011b skladovat - t\u0159eba i stovky let. Zat\u00edmco jadern\u00e1 f\u00faze produkuje \u010distou energii bez radioaktivn\u00edho odpadu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je t\u0159eba tak\u00e9 upozornit na to, \u017ee jadern\u00e9 \u0161t\u011bpen\u00ed nen\u00ed p\u0159irozen\u00fd proces a mus\u00ed b\u00fdt vyvol\u00e1no, zat\u00edmco jadern\u00e1 f\u00faze je p\u0159irozen\u00fd proces, nap\u0159. Slunce vyr\u00e1b\u00ed energii jadernou f\u00faz\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pro\u010d je jadern\u00e1 f\u00faze d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

F\u00fazn\u00ed reaktory jsou schopny dod\u00e1vat energii s minim\u00e1ln\u00edmi nebo \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fdmi emisemi sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f, radioaktivn\u00edm odpadem nebo jin\u00fdmi d\u016fsledky pro \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Mohly by poskytnout prakticky neomezen\u00e9 z\u00e1soby \u010dist\u00e9 energie a sn\u00ed\u017eit na\u0161i z\u00e1vislost na fosiln\u00edch palivech a jin\u00fdch omezen\u00fdch zdroj\u00edch energie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Proto\u017ee f\u00fazn\u00ed reaktory neprodukuj\u00ed vysoce radioaktivn\u00ed odpad jako \u0161t\u011bpn\u00e9 reaktory, bude jeho likvidace snaz\u0161\u00ed. Na rozd\u00edl od \u0161t\u011bpn\u00fdch reaktor\u016f nav\u00edc odpad nebude obsahovat radioaktivn\u00ed prvky vhodn\u00e9 pro v\u00fdrobu zbran\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pr\u016flom v jadern\u00e9 f\u00fazi <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Podle Financial Times se v\u011bdc\u016fm poda\u0159ilo uvolnit 2,5 MJ energie pot\u00e9, co k oh\u0159evu paliva pomoc\u00ed laseru pou\u017eili pouze 2,1 MJ. Tento objev mus\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b potvrdit N\u00e1rodn\u00ed z\u00e1paln\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed (National Ignition Facility, NIF) v Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory v Kalifornii, ale i tak je to fantastick\u00e1 zpr\u00e1va.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jedn\u00e1 se o v\u00fdznamn\u00fd v\u011bdeck\u00fd \u00fasp\u011bch v oblasti jadern\u00e9 f\u00faze, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm proto, \u017ee se v\u011bdc\u016fm poprv\u00e9 poda\u0159ilo vytvo\u0159it proces jadern\u00e9 f\u00faze s kladn\u00fdm \u010dist\u00fdm ziskem energie. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, \u017ee je t\u0159eba je\u0161t\u011b pracovat na tom, aby se tato mo\u017enost stala proveditelnou, ale pro v\u011bdu je v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm krokem kup\u0159edu, \u017ee v\u011bdci dok\u00e1zali vyrobit v\u00edce energie, ne\u017e kdy\u017e s experimentem za\u010d\u00ednali. To d\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00fdzkumu kontext a smysl.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0160\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed vizu\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00e9 komunikace po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Roz\u0161i\u0159te svou pr\u00e1ci po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b pomoc\u00ed vizu\u00e1ln\u00edch plak\u00e1t\u016f. Krom\u011b toho, \u017ee se va\u0161e pr\u00e1ce hod\u00ed ke kr\u00e1tk\u00e9mu \u010dten\u00ed, m\u016f\u017ee odborn\u011b vytvo\u0159en\u00fd plak\u00e1t pomoci va\u0161\u00ed pr\u00e1ci oslovit publikum, o kter\u00e9m se v\u00e1m ani nesnilo. Plak\u00e1ty se snadn\u011bji doru\u010duj\u00ed a \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed a jist\u011b mohou zp\u016fsobit, \u017ee si lid\u00e9 v\u00e1\u0161 v\u00fdzkum zapamatuj\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pou\u017eijte jednoduch\u00fd n\u00e1stroj pro tvorbu plak\u00e1t\u016f. Pou\u017eijte n\u00e1stroj Mind The Graph.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Zvy\u0161te sv\u016fj v\u00fdzkum pomoc\u00ed ilustrac\u00ed<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V\u011bdci ned\u00e1vno dos\u00e1hli pokroku v oblasti jadern\u00e9 f\u00faze. Pod\u00edvejte se na tento jednoduch\u00fd \u00favod a dozv\u00edte se o n\u00ed v\u0161e.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":28,"featured_media":26279,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[959,28],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nNuclear Fusion: An easy-to-understand introduction<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Scientists have recently achieved advances in nuclear fusion. Take a look at this easy introduction to learn everything about it.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/cs\/jaderna-fuze\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Nuclear Fusion: An easy-to-understand introduction\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Scientists have recently achieved advances in nuclear fusion. Take a look at this easy introduction to learn everything about it.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/cs\/jaderna-fuze\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Mind the Graph Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-01-18T13:42:10+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-01-25T13:55:01+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/nuclear-fusion-blog.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1123\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"612\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Jessica Abbadia\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"Nuclear Fusion: An easy-to-understand introduction\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"Scientists have recently achieved advances in nuclear fusion. Take a look at this easy introduction to learn everything about it.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:image\" content=\"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/nuclear-fusion-blog.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Jessica Abbadia\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Nuclear Fusion: An easy-to-understand introduction","description":"Scientists have recently achieved advances in nuclear fusion. 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Take a look at this easy introduction to learn everything about it.","twitter_image":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/nuclear-fusion-blog.jpg","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Jessica Abbadia","Est. reading time":"4 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/nuclear-fusion\/","url":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/nuclear-fusion\/","name":"Nuclear Fusion: An easy-to-understand introduction","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/#website"},"datePublished":"2023-01-18T13:42:10+00:00","dateModified":"2023-01-25T13:55:01+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/96ecc2d785106e951f7773dc7c96d699"},"description":"Scientists have recently achieved advances in nuclear fusion. 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Currently developing scientific and intellectual knowledge for the community's benefit. Jessica is an animal rights activist who enjoys reading and drinking strong coffee.","sameAs":["https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jessica-abbadia-9b834a13b\/"],"url":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/cs\/author\/jessica\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26270"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/28"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=26270"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26270\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":26287,"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26270\/revisions\/26287"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/26279"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26270"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=26270"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=26270"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}